The ecology, evolution and management of mast reproduction in Australian plants
Boyd R. Wright
A B C * , Donald C. Franklin D E and Roderick J. Fensham F G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Botany, School of Environmental and Rural Science, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
B School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
C The Northern Territory Herbarium, Department of Environment, Parks and Water Security, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia.
D Ecological Communications, 24 Broadway, Herberton, Qld 4887, Australia.
E Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia.
F Queensland Herbarium, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Qld 4066, Australia.
G School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
Australian Journal of Botany 70(8) 509-530 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT22043
Submitted: 2 May 2022 Accepted: 25 October 2022 Published: 20 December 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Australia is home to a diverse assemblage of plant species that display marked population-level variation in inter-annual flower or seed output (i.e. masting). These include a semelparous bamboo with an estimated inter-crop period of 40–50 years, numerous iteroparous masting gymnosperms, angiosperms that include landscape-dominant eucalypts, arid-zone wattles and spinifex (Triodia spp.) grasses, and a rich selection of species that display disturbance-related forms of masting such as pyrogenic flowering and environmental prediction. Despite the prevalence of masting in the Australian flora, there has been a paucity of research on these plants. Nevertheless, from the literature available, it appears that, similar to other parts of the world, a continuum of inter-year reproductive variability exists, with a small number of species displaying extreme–high inter-annual seeding variability. From experimental studies and many anecdotal reports, most of the fitness benefits associated with masting evident overseas also operate in Australia (e.g. predator satiation, improved pollination efficiency, and environmental prediction). Additionally, some Australian masting species offer periodically important food resources for Aboriginal nations in the form of seed or fruit. These include the bunya pine (Araucaria bidwillii), members of the cycad genera Cycas and Macrozamia, spinifex (Triodia) grasses, and mulga shrubs (Acacia aneura). Key future research areas for effective conservation of Australian masting plants include (1) improved understanding of how management interventions such as burning and silvicultural thinning influence regeneration dynamics and higher-order trophic interactions, (2) further longitudinal monitoring across a range of habitats to identify other, as yet unknown, species that display reproductive intermittency, and (3) elucidation of how changes to temperature, precipitation and fire regimes under climate change will affect reproduction and regeneration dynamics of the Australian masting flora.
Keywords: iteroparous, mass flowering, masting, mast fruiting, predator satiation, pyrogenic flowering, semelparous, synchronised reproduction, wind pollination.
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