Phenological diversity of Maprounea guianensis (Euphorbiaceae) in humid and dry neotropical forests
Marília G. M. dos Santos![https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4868-7633](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
A Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Laboratório Flora e Vegetação, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.
B Laboratório Flora e Vegetação, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, UEFS, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.
C Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), 45700-000, Itapetinga, BA, Brazil.
D Centro Estadual de Educação Profissional em Saúde do Centro Baiano, 44135-000, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.
E Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP 14884-900, Jaboticabal – SP, Brazil.
F Corresponding author. Email: mara_cte@hotmail.com
Australian Journal of Botany 68(4) 288-299 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT19196
Submitted: 14 December 2019 Accepted: 5 June 2020 Published: 16 July 2020
Abstract
Phenological diversity, seasonality and leaf longevity may affect leaf habits, reflecting plant responses to environmental conditions. Maprounea guianensis Aubl. is a widespread species in Brazil that is associated with different forest types. We investigated how phenological diversity, seasonality and leaf longevity affect leaf habits of its populations growing in humid and dry forests in the Chapada Diamantina mountains. We made monthly observations of leaf budding and fall in 62 individual trees between 2004 and 2012 (84 months), estimating leaf longevity based on phenophase evaluations. We made use of circular statistics, cross correlations and the Shannon–Wiener Index to evaluate our data. There was little variation in rainfall distribution between the study years, although water availability differed at each site. Phenophase seasonality was found to be negatively correlated with rainfall but positively correlated with photoperiod. Low phenological diversity was observed within each site, but not between sites, and leaf longevity was reduced in the dry forest. Although macroclimatic conditions were similar throughout the range of occurrence of M. guianensis in the region, we found that phenological behaviour and leaf longevity differed according to micro-site differences, demonstrating the plasticity of the species, which may favour its occupation of different environments.
Additional keywords: drought, intraspecific variation, photoperiod, water relations.
References
Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, de Gonçalves JLM, Saparovek G (2013) Köppen climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, 711–728.| Köppen climate classification map for Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Amorim IL, Sampaio EVSB, Araújo EL (2009) Fenologia de espécies lenhosas da caatinga do Seridó, RN. Revista Árvore 33, 491–499.
| Fenologia de espécies lenhosas da caatinga do Seridó, RN.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Augspurger CK, Salk CF (2017) Constraints of cold and shade on the phenology of spring ephemeral herb species. Journal of Ecology 105, 246–254.
| Constraints of cold and shade on the phenology of spring ephemeral herb species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barbosa DCA, Alves JLH, Prazeres SM, Paiva AMA (1989) Dados fenológicos de 10 espécies arbóreas de uma área de Caatinga (Alagoinhas – PE). Acta Botanica Brasílica 3, 109–117.
| Dados fenológicos de 10 espécies arbóreas de uma área de Caatinga (Alagoinhas – PE).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Berlin KE, Pratt TK, Simon JC, Kowalsky JR, Hatfield JS (2000) Plant phenology in a cloud forest on the Island of Maui, Hawaii. Biotropica 32, 90–99.
| Plant phenology in a cloud forest on the Island of Maui, Hawaii.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borchert R (1980) Phenology and ecology of a tropical tree Erythryna poeppigiana O.F. Cook. Ecology 61, 1065–1074.
| Phenology and ecology of a tropical tree Erythryna poeppigiana O.F. Cook.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borchert R, Renner SS, Calle Z, Navarrete D, Tye A, Gautier L, Spichiger R, Von Hildebrand P (2005) Photoperiodic induction of synchronous flowering near the equator. Nature 433, 627–629.
| Photoperiodic induction of synchronous flowering near the equator.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15703746PubMed |
Brito VLG, Maia FR, Silveira FAO, Fracasso CM, Lemos-Filho JP, Fernandes GW, Goldenberg R, Morellato LPC, Sazima M, Staggemeier VGM (2017) Reproductive phenology of Melastomataceae species with contrasting reproductive systems: contemporary and historical drivers. Plant Biology 19, 806–817.
| Reproductive phenology of Melastomataceae species with contrasting reproductive systems: contemporary and historical drivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28627760PubMed |
Calle Z, Strahler AH, Borchert R (2009) Declining insolation induces synchronous flowering of Montanoa and Simsia (Asteraceae) between Mexico and the equator. Trees 23, 1247–1254.
| Declining insolation induces synchronous flowering of Montanoa and Simsia (Asteraceae) between Mexico and the equator.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Capuzzo JP, Rossatto DR, Franco AC (2012) Differences in morphological and physiological leaf characteristics between Tabebuia aurea and T. impetiginosa is related to their typical habitats of occurrence. Acta Botanica Brasílica 26, 519–526.
| Differences in morphological and physiological leaf characteristics between Tabebuia aurea and T. impetiginosa is related to their typical habitats of occurrence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cerqueira OC (2009) Fenologia, caracteres morfológicos foliares e dispersão em uma floresta montana, Serra da Bacia, Palmeiras, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. PhD thesis, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.
Cody ML, Prigge BA (2003) Spatial and temporal variations in the timing of leaf replacement in a Quercus cornelius-mulleri population. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 781–798.
de Lima ALA, Castro CC, Rodal M, Antonio CDA, Melo AL (2012) Do the phenology and functional stem attributes of woody species allow for the identification of functional groups in the semiarid region of Brazil? Trees 26, 1605–1616.
| Do the phenology and functional stem attributes of woody species allow for the identification of functional groups in the semiarid region of Brazil?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Oliveira CC, Zandavalli RB, Lima ALA, Rodal MJN (2015) Functional groups of woody species in semi-arid regions at low latitudes. Austral Ecology 40, 40–49.
| Functional groups of woody species in semi-arid regions at low latitudes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Devi AF, Garkoti SC (2013) Variation in evergreen and deciduous species leaf phenology in Assam, India. Trees 27, 985–997.
| Variation in evergreen and deciduous species leaf phenology in Assam, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
do Couto AP (2014) Efeito de borda na estrutura, diversidade e fenologia de floresta tropical estacional submontana. PhD thesis. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.
do Couto-Santos APL, Conceição AA, Funch LS (2015) The role of temporal scale in linear edge effects on a submontane Atlantic Forest arboreal community. Acta Botanica Brasílica 29, 190–197.
| The role of temporal scale in linear edge effects on a submontane Atlantic Forest arboreal community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dyer AR, Hardison JL, Rice KJ (2012) Phenology constraints opportunistic growth response in Bromus tectorum L. Plant Ecology 213, 103–112.
| Phenology constraints opportunistic growth response in Bromus tectorum L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eller CB, Lima AL, Oliveira RS (2013) Foliar uptake of fog water and transport belowground alleviates drought effects in the cloud forest tree species, Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae). New Phytologist 199, 151–162.
| Foliar uptake of fog water and transport belowground alleviates drought effects in the cloud forest tree species, Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23534879PubMed |
Elliott S, Baker JP, Borchert R (2006) Leaf flushing during the dry season: the paradox of Asian monsoon forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15, 248–257.
| Leaf flushing during the dry season: the paradox of Asian monsoon forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Escudero A, Mediavilla S, Heilmeier H (2008) Leaf longevity and drought: avoidance of the costs and risks of early leaf abscission as inferred from the leaf carbon isotopic composition. Functional Plant Biology 35, 705–713.
| Leaf longevity and drought: avoidance of the costs and risks of early leaf abscission as inferred from the leaf carbon isotopic composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fonseca DC, Oliveira MLR, Pereira IM, Cabral CM, Moura CC, Machado ELM (2017) Phenological strategies of dioecious species in response to the environmental variations of rupestrian grasslands. Cerne 23, 517–527.
| Phenological strategies of dioecious species in response to the environmental variations of rupestrian grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fournier LA (1974) Un método cuantitativo para la medición de características fenológicas em árboles. Turrialba 24, 422–423.
Franco AC, Bustamante M, Caldas LS, Goldstein G, Meinzer FC, Kozovits AR, Rundel P, Coradin VTR (2005) Leaf functional traits of Neotropical savanna trees in relation to seasonal water deficit. Trees 19, 326–335.
| Leaf functional traits of Neotropical savanna trees in relation to seasonal water deficit.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Funch LS (1997) Composicao floristica e fenologia de mata ciliar e mata de encosta, adjacentes ao rio Lencois, Lencois, Ba. PhD thesis, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
Funch LS, Funch RR, Barroso GM (2002) Phenology of gallery and montane forest in the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Biotropica 34, 40–50.
| Phenology of gallery and montane forest in the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Funch LS, Funch RR, Harley R, Giulietti AM, Queiroz LP, Melo E, França F, Gonçalves CN, Santos T (2005) Florestas estacionais semideciduais. In ‘Biodiversidade e conservação da Chapada Diamantina’. (Eds FA Juncá, L Funch, W Rocha) pp. 181–194. (Ministério do Meio Ambiente: Brasília, Brazil)
Funch RR, Harley RM, Funch LS (2009) Mapping and evaluation of the state of conservation of the vegetation in and surrounding the Chapada Diamantina National Park, NE Brazil. Biota Neotropica 9, 21–30.
| Mapping and evaluation of the state of conservation of the vegetation in and surrounding the Chapada Diamantina National Park, NE Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goulart MF, Lemos Filho JP, Lovato MB (2005) Phenological variation within and among populations of Plathymenia reticulate in Brazilian Cerrado, the Atlantic Forest and transitional sites. Annals of Botany 96, 445–455.
| Phenological variation within and among populations of Plathymenia reticulate in Brazilian Cerrado, the Atlantic Forest and transitional sites.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15972799PubMed |
Hamilton LS (1995) ‘A Campaign for Cloud Forests.’ (International Union for the Conservation of Nature: Gland, Switzerland)
Hammer ØHarper DATRyan DP2001
Hostettler S (2002) Tropical montane cloud forests: a challenge for conservation. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 274, 19–31.
Jolly W, Running SW (2004) Effects of precipitation and soil water potential on drought deciduous phenology in the Kalahari. Global Change Biology 10, 303–308.
| Effects of precipitation and soil water potential on drought deciduous phenology in the Kalahari.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kikuzawa K (1991) A cost-benefit analysis of leaf habit and leaf longevity of trees and their geographical pattern. American Naturalist 138, 1250–1263.
| A cost-benefit analysis of leaf habit and leaf longevity of trees and their geographical pattern.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kikuzawa K, Lechowicz MJ (2011) ‘Ecology of Leaf Longevity.’ (Ecological Research Monographs: Dordrecht, Netherlands)
Kooyers NJ (2015) The evolution of drought escape and avoidance in natural herbaceous populations. Plant Science 234, 155–162.
| The evolution of drought escape and avoidance in natural herbaceous populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25804818PubMed |
Koptur S, Haber WA, Frankie GW, Baker HG (1988) Phenological studies of shrub and treelet species in tropical cloud forests of Costa Rica. Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, 323–346.
| Phenological studies of shrub and treelet species in tropical cloud forests of Costa Rica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kozlowski TT, Pallardy SG (2002) Acclimation and adaptive responses of woody plants to environmental stresses. Botanical Review 68, 270–334.
| Acclimation and adaptive responses of woody plants to environmental stresses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lasky JR, Uriarte M, Muscarella R (2016) Synchrony, compensatory dynamics, and the functional trait basis of phenological diversity in a tropical dry forest tree community: effects of rainfall seasonality. Environmental Research Letters 11, 115003
| Synchrony, compensatory dynamics, and the functional trait basis of phenological diversity in a tropical dry forest tree community: effects of rainfall seasonality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leão-Araújo ÉF, Souza ERB, Naves RV, Peixoto N (2019) Phenology of Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg in Brazilian Cerrado. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 41, e-121
| Phenology of Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg in Brazilian Cerrado.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lemos Filho JP, Goulart MF, Lovato MB (2008) Populational approach in ecophysiological studies: the case of Plathymenia reticulata, a tree from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, 205–216.
| Populational approach in ecophysiological studies: the case of Plathymenia reticulata, a tree from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lloyd J, Farquhar GD (1994) C discrimination during CO2 assimilation by the terrestrial biosphere. Oecologia 99, 201–215.
| C discrimination during CO2 assimilation by the terrestrial biosphere.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28313874PubMed |
Magurran AE (1988) ‘Ecological Diversity and its Measurement.’ (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands)
Markesteijn L, Poorter L (2009) Seedling root morphology and biomass allocation of tropical tree species in relation to drought and shade tolerance. Journal of Ecology 97, 311–325.
| Seedling root morphology and biomass allocation of tropical tree species in relation to drought and shade tolerance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meloche CG, Diggle PK (2001) Preformation, architectural complexity and developmental flexibility in Acomastylis rossii (Rosaceae). American Journal of Botany 88, 980–991.
| Preformation, architectural complexity and developmental flexibility in Acomastylis rossii (Rosaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11410461PubMed |
Méndez-Alonzo R, Pineda-García F, Paz H, Rosell JA, Olson ME (2013) Leaf phenology is associated with soil water availability and xylem traits in a tropical dry forest. Trees 27, 745–754.
| Leaf phenology is associated with soil water availability and xylem traits in a tropical dry forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mendivelso HA, Camarero JJ, Gutiérrez E, Castanõ-Naranjo A (2016) Climatic influences on leaf phenology, xylogenesis and radial stem changes at hourly to monthly scales in two tropical dry. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 216, 20–36.
| Climatic influences on leaf phenology, xylogenesis and radial stem changes at hourly to monthly scales in two tropical dry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Menezes IS, do Couto-Santos APL, Funch LS (2017) The influence of El Niño and edge effects on the reproductive phenology and floral visitors of Eschweilera tetrapetala Mori (Lecythidaceae), an endemic species of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasílica 32, 1–11.
| The influence of El Niño and edge effects on the reproductive phenology and floral visitors of Eschweilera tetrapetala Mori (Lecythidaceae), an endemic species of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miranda LAP, Vitória AP, Funch LS (2011) Leaf phenology and water potential of five arboreal species in gallery and montane forests in the Chapada Diamantina; Bahia; Brazil. Environmental and Experimental Botany 70, 143–150.
| Leaf phenology and water potential of five arboreal species in gallery and montane forests in the Chapada Diamantina; Bahia; Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moraes ACS, Viória AP, Rossato DR, Miranda LDPM, Funch LS (2017) Leaf phenology and morphofunctional variation in Myrcia amazonica DC. (Myrtaceae) in gallery forest and ‘campo rupestre’ vegetation in the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Botany 40, 439–450.
| Leaf phenology and morphofunctional variation in Myrcia amazonica DC. (Myrtaceae) in gallery forest and ‘campo rupestre’ vegetation in the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morel H, Mangenet T, Beauchêne J, Ruelle J, Nicolini E, Heuret P, Thibaut B (2015) Seasonal variations in phenological traits: leaf shedding and cambial activity in Parkia nitida Miq. and Parkia velutina Benoist (Fabaceae) in tropical rainforest. Trees 29, 973–984.
| Seasonal variations in phenological traits: leaf shedding and cambial activity in Parkia nitida Miq. and Parkia velutina Benoist (Fabaceae) in tropical rainforest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morellato LPC, Alberti LF, Hudson IL (2010) Applications of circular statistics in plant phenology: a case studies approach. In ‘Phenological Research: Methods for Environmental and Climate Change Analysis’. (Eds M Keatley, IL Hudson) pp. 339–359 (Springer: New York, NY, USA)
Müller A, Schmitt JL (2017) Phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl (Meliaceae) in subtropical riparian forest in southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 78, 187–194.
| Phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl (Meliaceae) in subtropical riparian forest in southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nascimento Souza DN, Camacho RGV, de Melo JIM, da Rocha LNG, da Silva NF (2014) Estudo fenológico de espécies arbóreas nativas em uma unidade de conservação de caatinga no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Biotemas 27, 31–42.
| Estudo fenológico de espécies arbóreas nativas em uma unidade de conservação de caatinga no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neves SPS, Funch R, Conceição AA, Miranda LAP, Funch LS (2016) What are the most important factors determining different vegetation types in the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil? Brazilian Journal of Botany 76, 315–333.
| What are the most important factors determining different vegetation types in the Chapada Diamantina, Brazil?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neves SPS, Miranda LAP, Rossato DT, Funch LS (2017) The roles of rainfall, soil properties, and species traits in phenological behavior divergence along a savanna–seasonally dry tropical forest gradient. Brazilian Journal of Botany 40, 665–679.
| The roles of rainfall, soil properties, and species traits in phenological behavior divergence along a savanna–seasonally dry tropical forest gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Newstrom LE, Frankie GW, Baker HG (1994) A new classification for plant phenology based on flowering patterns in lowland tropical rain forest trees at La Selva, Costa Rica. Biotropica 26, 141–159.
| A new classification for plant phenology based on flowering patterns in lowland tropical rain forest trees at La Selva, Costa Rica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Niimetes Ü, Valladares F (2004) Photosynthetic acclimation to simultaneous and interacting environmental stresses along natural light gradients: optimaltity and constraints. Plant Biology 6, 254–268.
| Photosynthetic acclimation to simultaneous and interacting environmental stresses along natural light gradients: optimaltity and constraints.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reich PB (1995) Phenology of tropical forests: patterns, causes and consequences. Canadian Journal of Botany 73, 164–174.
| Phenology of tropical forests: patterns, causes and consequences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reich PB, Borchert R (1984) Water stress and tree phenology in a tropical dry forest in the lowlands of Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 72, 61–74.
| Water stress and tree phenology in a tropical dry forest in the lowlands of Costa Rica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reich PB, Borchert R (1988) Changes with leaf age in stomatal function and water status of several tropical tree species. Biotropica 20, 60–69.
| Changes with leaf age in stomatal function and water status of several tropical tree species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reich PB, Walters MB, Ellsworth DS (1992) Leaf life-span in relation to leaf, plant, and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 62, 365–392.
| Leaf life-span in relation to leaf, plant, and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Richards PW (1996) ‘The Tropical Rain Forest: an Ecological Study’, 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Rivera G, Elliott S, Caldas LS, Nicolassi G, Coradin VTR, Borchert R (2002) Increasing day-length spring flushing of tropical dry forest trees in the absence of rain. Trees 16, 445–456.
| Increasing day-length spring flushing of tropical dry forest trees in the absence of rain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rocha TGF, Silva RAR, Dantas EX, Vieira FDA (2015) Phenology of Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) in a caatinga area of Rio Grande do Norte. Cerne 21, 673–681.
| Phenology of Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) in a caatinga area of Rio Grande do Norte.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rossatto DR, Hoffmann WA, Silva LCR, Haridasan M, Sternberg LSL, Franco AC (2013) Seasonal variation in leaf traits between congeneric savanna and forest trees in Central Brazil: implications for forest expansion into savanna. Trees 27, 1139–1150.
| Seasonal variation in leaf traits between congeneric savanna and forest trees in Central Brazil: implications for forest expansion into savanna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schaefer CEGR, Mendonça BAF, Ferreira WG Jr, Valente EL, Corrêa GR (2012) Relações solo-vegetação em alguns ambientes brasileiros: Fatores edáficos e florística. In ‘Ecologia de Florestas Tropicais do Brasil’, 2nd edn. (Ed. SV Martins) pp. 31–39. (Universidade Federal de Viçosa: Viçosa, Brazil)
Seghieri J, Simier M (2002) Variations in phenology of a residual invasive shrub species in Sahelian fallow savannas, south-west Niger. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, 897–912.
| Variations in phenology of a residual invasive shrub species in Sahelian fallow savannas, south-west Niger.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Seino T (2001) Differences in architecture and shoot growth during stagnant and extension growth phases of Acanthopanax sciadophylloides (Araliaceae). Annals of Botany 87, 347–354.
| Differences in architecture and shoot growth during stagnant and extension growth phases of Acanthopanax sciadophylloides (Araliaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silva MM, Farias RP, Costa LEN, Barros ICLA (2018) Leaf phenological traits of the tree fern Cyathea praecincta (Cyatheaceae) in a Brazilian lowland tropical forest. Australian Journal of Botany 66, 618–627.
| Leaf phenological traits of the tree fern Cyathea praecincta (Cyatheaceae) in a Brazilian lowland tropical forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Singh KP, Kushwaha CP (2005) Emerging paradigms of the tree phenology in dry tropics. Current Science India 89, 964–974.
Souza IM, Coutinho K, Funch LS (2012) Estratégias fenológicas de Senna cana (Nees & Mart.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) como mecanismo eficiente para atração de polinizadores. Acta Botanica Brasílica 26, 435–443.
| Estratégias fenológicas de Senna cana (Nees & Mart.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) como mecanismo eficiente para atração de polinizadores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sultan SE (2000) Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history. Trends in Plant Science 5, 537–542.
| Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11120476PubMed |
Sun B, Zhou S, Zhao Q (2003) Evaluation of spatial and temporal changes of soil quality based on geostatistical analysis in the hill region of subtropical China. Geoderma 115, 85–99.
| Evaluation of spatial and temporal changes of soil quality based on geostatistical analysis in the hill region of subtropical China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Toledo MM, Paiva EAS, Lovato MB, Lemos Filho JP (2012) Stem radial increment of forest and savanna ecotypes of a Neotropical tree: relationships with climate, phenology, and water potential. Trees 26, 1137–1144.
| Stem radial increment of forest and savanna ecotypes of a Neotropical tree: relationships with climate, phenology, and water potential.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tomlinson KW, Poorter L, Sterck FJ, Borghetti F, Ward D, Bie S, Langevelde F (2013) Leaf adaptations of evergreen and deciduous trees of semi-arid and humid savannas on three continents. Journal of Ecology 101, 430–440.
| Leaf adaptations of evergreen and deciduous trees of semi-arid and humid savannas on three continents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Schaik CP, Terborgh JW, Wright SJ (1993) The phenology of tropical forests: adaptive significance and consequences for primary consumers. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 24, 353–377.
| The phenology of tropical forests: adaptive significance and consequences for primary consumers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright SJ, van Schaik CP (1994) Light and the phenology of tropical trees. American Naturalist 143, 192–199.
| Light and the phenology of tropical trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xu S, Xu W, Chen W, He X, Huang Y, Wen H (2014) Leaf phenological characters of main tree species in urban forest of Shenyang. PLoS One 9, e99277
| Leaf phenological characters of main tree species in urban forest of Shenyang.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25500580PubMed |
Xu X, Medvigy D, Wright SJ, Kitajima K, Jin W, Albert LP, Martins GA, Saleska SR, Pacala SW (2017) Variations of leaf longevity in tropical moist forests predicted by a trait-driven carbon optimality model. Ecology Letters 20, 1097–1106.
| Variations of leaf longevity in tropical moist forests predicted by a trait-driven carbon optimality model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28677343PubMed |
Zar JH (1996) ‘Biostatistical Analysis.’ (Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA)
Zar JH (2010) ‘Biostatistical Analysis’, 5th edn. (Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA)