Leaf micromorphology of 19 Mentha taxa
Doaa M. Hanafy
A C D E , Paul D. Prenzler B C , Rodney A. Hill A and Geoffrey E. Burrows B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
B School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
C Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2795, Australia.
D Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
E Corresponding author. Email: dhanafy@csu.edu.au
Australian Journal of Botany 67(7) 463-472 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT19054
Submitted: 22 March 2019 Accepted: 9 August 2019 Published: 14 November 2019
Abstract
Mentha (mint) is a genus in the Lamiaceae with a worldwide distribution. It has a complex classification due to frequent hybridisation at the interspecific level, variation in basic chromosome number and the occurrence of polyploidy (diploid to nonaploid). Although there have been many studies of Mentha leaf micromorphology, usually only a few taxa were described. The aim of this study was to characterise the micromorphology of Mentha leaves. Nineteen Mentha taxa, covering all four sections of the genus, were grown under controlled conditions and adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were examined using stereo and scanning electron microscopes. This study included examination of the previously uninvestigated Australian species, M. australis and M. diemenica. The study revealed that average lamina length varied from 3 mm (M. requienii) to 34 mm (M. × niliaca) and leaves were sessile (M. spicata) to where petiole length was 50% of total leaf length (M. requienii). Peltate and capitate glandular trichomes were found on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of almost all taxa. Most taxa were hypostomatous. A few taxa had amphistomatous leaves which was interesting given that Mentha is a mesophytic genus naturally found in moist environments beside streambanks and lake shores. Average guard cell length varied from 14 µm (M. suaveolens) to 27 µm (M. × piperita f. citrata ‘Basil’) with larger guard cell length correlated with larger DNA content and chromosome number. Two species in section Pulegium (M. requienii and M. pulegium) had small laminas, relatively long petioles and high adaxial stomatal density which distinguished them from taxa in the other three sections. Larger DNA content in plants can be associated with larger cell size. Most studies of Mentha leaf micromorphology make no mention of ploidy. The present study indicates this should be considered when comparing relative cell size between species.
Additional keywords: glandular trichomes, guard cell, hypostomatous, Lamiaceae, mint, ploidy, stomata.
References
Amada G, Onoda Y, Ichie T, Kitayama K (2017) Influence of leaf trichomes on boundary layer conductance and gas‐exchange characteristics in Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae). Biotropica 49, 482–492.| Influence of leaf trichomes on boundary layer conductance and gas‐exchange characteristics in Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Andro AR, Atofani D, Boz I, Zamfirache M, Burzo I, Toma C (2011) Studies concerning the histo-anatomy and biochemistry of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. during vegetative phenophase. Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii “Al. I. Cuza” din Iasi 57, 25–30.
Askary M, Talebi SM, Amini F, Bangan ADB (2016) Effects of stress on foliar trichomes plasticity in Mentha piperita. Nusantara Bioscience 8, 32–38.
| Effects of stress on foliar trichomes plasticity in Mentha piperita.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Azizian D (1996) Anatomical studies of Mentha mozaffarianii (Labiatae) and a related species. Iranian Journal of Botany 7, 63–71.
Baran P, Aktaş K, Özdemir C (2010) Structural investigation of the glandular trichomes of endemic Salvia smyrnea L. South African Journal of Botany 76, 572–578.
| Structural investigation of the glandular trichomes of endemic Salvia smyrnea L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beaulieu JM, Leitch IJ, Patel S, Pendharkar A, Knight CA (2008) Genome size is a strong predictor of cell size and stomatal density in angiosperms. New Phytologist 179, 975–986.
| Genome size is a strong predictor of cell size and stomatal density in angiosperms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18564303PubMed |
Berta G, Pierre MD, Maffei M (1993) Nuclear morphology and DNA content in the glandular trichomes of peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.). Protoplasma 175, 85–92.
| Nuclear morphology and DNA content in the glandular trichomes of peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brahmi F, Khodir M, Mohamed C, Pierre D (2017) Chemical composition and biological activities of Mentha species. In ‘Aromatic and medicinal plants – back to nature’. (Ed. H El-Shemy) pp. 47–79. (IntechOpen: London)
Brun N, Colson M, Perrin A, Voirin B (1991) Chemical and morphological studies of the effects of ageing on monoterpene composition in Mentha × piperita leaves. Canadian Journal of Botany 69, 2271–2278.
| Chemical and morphological studies of the effects of ageing on monoterpene composition in Mentha × piperita leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Búfalo J, Rodrigues TM, de Almeida LFR, dos Santos Tozin LR, Marques MOM, Boaro CSF (2016) PEG-induced osmotic stress in Mentha × piperita L.: structural features and metabolic responses. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 105, 174–184.
| PEG-induced osmotic stress in Mentha × piperita L.: structural features and metabolic responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27107175PubMed |
Bunsawat J, Elliott NE, Hertweck KL, Sproles E, Alice LA (2004) Phylogenetics of Mentha (Lamiaceae): evidence from chloroplast DNA sequences. Systematic Botany 29, 959–964.
| Phylogenetics of Mentha (Lamiaceae): evidence from chloroplast DNA sequences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Camargo MAB, Marenco RA (2011) Density, size and distribution of stomata in 35 rainforest trees species in Central Amazonia. Acta Amazonica 41, 205–212.
| Density, size and distribution of stomata in 35 rainforest trees species in Central Amazonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cappellari LdR, Santoro MV, Reinoso H, Travaglia C, Giordano W, Banchio E (2015) Anatomical, morphological, and phytochemical effects of inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on peppermint (Mentha piperita). Journal of Chemical Ecology 41, 149–158.
| Anatomical, morphological, and phytochemical effects of inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on peppermint (Mentha piperita).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Capuzzo A, Maffei M (2016) Molecular fingerprinting of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and some Mentha hybrids by sequencing and RFLP analysis of the 5S rRNA non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region. Plant Biosystems 150, 236–243.
| Molecular fingerprinting of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and some Mentha hybrids by sequencing and RFLP analysis of the 5S rRNA non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chambers HL, Hummer KE (1994) Chromosome counts in the Mentha collection at the USDA: ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository. Taxon 43, 423–432.
| Chromosome counts in the Mentha collection at the USDA: ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Choi J-S, Kim E-S (2013) Structural features of glandular and non-glandular trichomes in three species of Mentha. Applied Microscopy 43, 47–53.
| Structural features of glandular and non-glandular trichomes in three species of Mentha.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cock I (2011) ‘Medicinal and aromatic plants – Australia.’ Ethnopharmacology, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) edn. (EOLSS Publishers: Oxford, UK)
El-Kashoury E-SA, El-Askary HI, Kandil ZA, Salem MA (2013) Botanical and genetic characterization of Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. cultivated in Egypt. Pharmacognosy Journal 5, 228–237.
| Botanical and genetic characterization of Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. cultivated in Egypt.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fialová S, Halušová L, Tekeľová D, Grančai D (2015) The exploitation of micromorphological parameters for identification in the section Mentha. Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae 62, 9–14.
| The exploitation of micromorphological parameters for identification in the section Mentha.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gavalas N, Bosabalidis A, Kokkini S (1998) Comparative study of leaf anatomy and essential oils of the hybrid Mentha × villoso-nervata and its parental species M. longifolia and M. spicata. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 46, 27–33.
| Comparative study of leaf anatomy and essential oils of the hybrid Mentha × villoso-nervata and its parental species M. longifolia and M. spicata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gersbach P, Wyllie S, Sarafis V (2001) A new histochemical method for localization of the site of monoterpene phenol accumulation in plant secretory structures. Annals of Botany 88, 521–525.
| A new histochemical method for localization of the site of monoterpene phenol accumulation in plant secretory structures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gershenzon J, Maffei M, Croteau R (1989) Biochemical and histochemical localization of monoterpene biosynthesis in the glandular trichomes of spearmint (Mentha spicata). Plant Physiology 89, 1351–1357.
| Biochemical and histochemical localization of monoterpene biosynthesis in the glandular trichomes of spearmint (Mentha spicata).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16666709PubMed |
Ghani A, Neamati SH, Azizi M, Saharkhiz MJ, Farsi M (2014) Artificial autotetraploidy induction possibility of two Iranian endemic mint (Mentha mozaffarianii) ecotypes. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, 185–191.
| Artificial autotetraploidy induction possibility of two Iranian endemic mint (Mentha mozaffarianii) ecotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gobert V, Moja S, Colson M, Taberlet P (2002) Hybridization in the section Mentha (Lamiaceae) inferred from AFLP markers. American Journal of Botany 89, 2017–2023.
| Hybridization in the section Mentha (Lamiaceae) inferred from AFLP markers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21665630PubMed |
Hanafy DM, Prenzler PD, Burrows GE, Ryan D, Nielsen S, El Sawi SA, El Alfy TS, Abdelrahman EH, Obied HK (2017) Biophenols of mints: antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and histone deacetylase inhibition activities targeting Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Journal of Functional Foods 33, 345–362.
| Biophenols of mints: antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and histone deacetylase inhibition activities targeting Alzheimer’s disease treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harley R, Brighton C (1977) Chromosome numbers in the genus Mentha L. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 74, 71–96.
| Chromosome numbers in the genus Mentha L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hodgson J, Sharafi M, Jalili A, Díaz S, Montserrat-Marti G, Palmer C, Cerabolini B, Pierce S, Hamzehee B, Asri Y, et al (2010) Stomatal vs. genome size in angiosperms: the somatic tail wagging the genomic dog? Annals of Botany 105, 573–584.
| Stomatal vs. genome size in angiosperms: the somatic tail wagging the genomic dog?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20375204PubMed |
Jedrzejczyk I, Rewers M (2018) Genome size and ISSR markers for Mentha L. (Lamiaceae) genetic diversity assessment and species identification. Industrial Crops and Products 120, 171–179.
| Genome size and ISSR markers for Mentha L. (Lamiaceae) genetic diversity assessment and species identification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kamatou GP, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Lawrence BM (2013) Menthol: a simple monoterpene with remarkable biological properties. Phytochemistry 96, 15–25.
| Menthol: a simple monoterpene with remarkable biological properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24054028PubMed |
Karray-Bouraoui N, Rabhi M, Neffati M, Baldan B, Ranieri A, Marzouk B, Lachaâl M, Smaoui A (2009) Salt effect on yield and composition of shoot essential oil and trichome morphology and density on leaves of Mentha pulegium. Industrial Crops and Products 30, 338–343.
| Salt effect on yield and composition of shoot essential oil and trichome morphology and density on leaves of Mentha pulegium.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kilic S, Tarakci O (2019) Phytochemical accumulation in photomorphogenesis of peppermint. Advances in Agricultural Sciences 7, 116–131.
Kofidis G, Bosabalidis AM (2012) Seasonal distribution of phenolics in leaves of aromatic plants (Origanum vulgare L., Mentha spicata L., Clinopodium vulgare L.) and their ecophysiological implications. Biological Letters 49, 65–72.
| Seasonal distribution of phenolics in leaves of aromatic plants (Origanum vulgare L., Mentha spicata L., Clinopodium vulgare L.) and their ecophysiological implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kofidis G, Kokkini S, Bosabalidis AM (2011) Seasonal variations in leaf structure, morphometry and essential oils of two Mentha spicata populations grown at altitudinal extremes. Journal of Biological Research 16, 255–265.
Maffei M, Sacco T (1987) Chemical and morphometrical comparison between two peppermint notomorphs. Planta Medica 53, 214–216.
| Chemical and morphometrical comparison between two peppermint notomorphs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17268996PubMed |
Maffei M, Gallino M, Sacco T (1986) Glandular trichomes and essential oils of developing leaves in Mentha viridis lavanduliodora. Planta Medica 52, 187–193.
| Glandular trichomes and essential oils of developing leaves in Mentha viridis lavanduliodora.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Maffei M, Chialva F, Sacco T (1989) Glandular trichomes and essential oils in developing peppermint leaves. New Phytologist 111, 707–716.
| Glandular trichomes and essential oils in developing peppermint leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martins MBG (2002) Estudos de microscopia óptica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura em folhas de Mentha spicata e de Mentha spicata × suaveolens (Lamiaceae). Bragantia 61, 205–218.
| Estudos de microscopia óptica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura em folhas de Mentha spicata e de Mentha spicata × suaveolens (Lamiaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mayekiso B, Mhinana Z, Magwa ML (2009) The structure and function of trichomes in the leaf of Salvia repens Burch. ex Benth. African Journal of Plant Science 3, 190–199.
Mishra A, Lal R, Chanotiya C, Dhawan SS (2017) Genetic elaborations of glandular and non-glandular trichomes in Mentha arvensis genotypes: assessing genotypic and phenotypic correlations along with gene expressions. Protoplasma 254, 1045–1061.
| Genetic elaborations of glandular and non-glandular trichomes in Mentha arvensis genotypes: assessing genotypic and phenotypic correlations along with gene expressions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27515313PubMed |
Moon H-K, Hong S-P, Smets E, Huysmans S (2009) Phylogenetic significance of leaf micromorphology and anatomy in the tribe Mentheae (Nepetoideae: Lamiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 160, 211–231.
| Phylogenetic significance of leaf micromorphology and anatomy in the tribe Mentheae (Nepetoideae: Lamiaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mucciarelli M, Sacco T (1999) Glandular trichomes and essential oils of Mentha requieni Benth. Journal of Essential Oil Research 11, 759–764.
| Glandular trichomes and essential oils of Mentha requieni Benth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ozturk M, Gucel S, Altundag E, Mert T, Gork C, Gork G, Akcicek E (2012) An overview of the medicinal plants of Turkey. In ‘Genetic resources, chromosome engineering and crop improvement: medicinal plants. Vol. 6’. (Ed. R Singh) pp. 181–206. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)
Rodrigues L, Póvoa O, Teixeira G, Figueiredo AC, Moldão M, Monteiro A (2013) Trichomes micromorphology and essential oil variation at different developmental stages of cultivated and wild growing Mentha pulegium L. populations from Portugal. Industrial Crops and Products 43, 692–700.
| Trichomes micromorphology and essential oil variation at different developmental stages of cultivated and wild growing Mentha pulegium L. populations from Portugal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Šarić-Kundalić B, Fialová S, Dobeš C, Ölzant S, Tekeľová D, Grančai D, Reznicek G, Saukel J (2009) Multivariate numerical taxonomy of Mentha species, hybrids, varieties and cultivars. Scientia Pharmaceutica 77, 851–876.
| Multivariate numerical taxonomy of Mentha species, hybrids, varieties and cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shelepova O, Voronkova T, Kondrat’eva V, Semenova M, Bidyukova G, Olehnovich L (2014) Phenotypic and phytochemical differences between Mentha arvensis L. and Mentha canadiensis L. The Biological Bulletin 41, 19–23.
| Phenotypic and phytochemical differences between Mentha arvensis L. and Mentha canadiensis L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shen D, Pan MH, Wu QL, Park CH, Juliani HR, Ho CT, Simon JE (2011) A rapid LC/MS/MS method for the analysis of nonvolatile antiinflammatory agents from Mentha spp. Journal of Food Science 76, C900–C908.
| A rapid LC/MS/MS method for the analysis of nonvolatile antiinflammatory agents from Mentha spp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22417488PubMed |
Souza MAAd, Santos LAd, Brito DMd, Rocha JF, Castro RN, Fernandes MS, Souza SRd (2016) Influence of light intensity on glandular trichome density, gene expression and essential oil of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.). Journal of Essential Oil Research 28, 138–145.
| Influence of light intensity on glandular trichome density, gene expression and essential oil of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tang KS, Konczak I, Zhao J (2016) Identification and quantification of phenolics in Australian native mint (Mentha australis R. Br.). Food Chemistry 192, 698–705.
| Identification and quantification of phenolics in Australian native mint (Mentha australis R. Br.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26304400PubMed |
Tucker AO, Naczi RFC (2007) Mentha: an overview of its classification and relationships. In ‘Mint: the genus Mentha’. (Ed. BM Lawrence) pp. 3–39. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)
Turner GW, Gershenzon J, Croteau RB (2000a) Development of peltate glandular trichomes of peppermint. Plant Physiology 124, 665–680.
| Development of peltate glandular trichomes of peppermint.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11027716PubMed |
Turner GW, Gershenzon J, Croteau RB (2000b) Distribution of peltate glandular trichomes on developing leaves of peppermint. Plant Physiology 124, 655–663.
| Distribution of peltate glandular trichomes on developing leaves of peppermint.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11027715PubMed |
Upadhyay RK, Bahl JR, Verma RS, Padalia RC, Chauhan A, Patra DD (2014) New source of planting material for quality cultivation of menthol–mint (Mentha arvensis L.). Industrial Crops and Products 59, 184–188.
| New source of planting material for quality cultivation of menthol–mint (Mentha arvensis L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Voirin B, Bayet C, Colson M (1993) Demonstration that flavone aglycones accumulate in the peltate glands of Mentha × piperita leaves. Phytochemistry 34, 85–87.
| Demonstration that flavone aglycones accumulate in the peltate glands of Mentha × piperita leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wong C, Murray BG (2012) Variable changes in genome size associated with different polyploid events in Plantago (Plantaginaceae). Journal of Heredity 103, 711–719.
| Variable changes in genome size associated with different polyploid events in Plantago (Plantaginaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22945947PubMed |
Yi W, Wetzstein HY (2010) Biochemical, biological and histological evaluation of some culinary and medicinal herbs grown under greenhouse and field conditions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90, 1063–1070.
Yu X, Wang H, Liu Y, Liang C, Li W (2013) In vitro induction of chromosome-doubling in cultured shoots of three cultivars of mint (Mentha canadensis L.) treated with colchicine. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 88, 306–312.
| In vitro induction of chromosome-doubling in cultured shoots of three cultivars of mint (Mentha canadensis L.) treated with colchicine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yu X, Liang C, Fang H, Qi X, Li W, Shang Q (2018) Variation of trichome morphology and essential oil composition of seven Mentha species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 79, 30–36.
| Variation of trichome morphology and essential oil composition of seven Mentha species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zarinkamar F (2007) Stomatal observations in dicotyledons. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10, 199–219.
| Stomatal observations in dicotyledons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19070017PubMed |
