Fire and legacy effects of logging on understorey assemblages in wet-sclerophyll forests
Daniel J. White A B and Peter A. Vesk A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, BioSciences 2, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
B Corresponding author. Email: danieljanwhite@gmail.com
Australian Journal of Botany 67(4) 341-357 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT18171
Submitted: 31 August 2018 Accepted: 7 June 2019 Published: 7 August 2019
Abstract
Wet sclerophyll forests of south-eastern Australia typically experience wildfire once or twice a century. However, disturbance regimes have changed drastically in recent decades due to clear-fell logging and altered fire regimes. To date, botanical research on disturbances in wet-forests has focussed on individual elements of disturbance regimes, such as intensity, at single points in time, largely neglecting past disturbance history. Studies of the impact of previous disturbance history on plant responses to successive disturbance events are important to our understanding of vegetation dynamics. Here we investigate the response of wet-forest understorey species to two important elements of disturbance regimes – timing and type – and trajectories of change in these vegetation communities. In surveys separated by 15 years over 128 sites, we recorded the frequency of occurrence of 21 understorey species from stands with disturbance histories ranging from 4 years post clear-fell logging to 150 years post wildfire. Approximately half our sites were burnt in the 2009 Black Saturday wildfires. This provided an opportunity to examine the effects of inter-fire interval and the legacy effects of clear-fell logging. Generalised linear mixed modelling showed that many of the species studied appear to be at risk of population decline as a result of clear-fell logging. Unlike wildfire, clear-fell logging led to changes in the understorey, having a long-lasting impact on the presence of key wet-forest taxa that rely on vegetative regeneration. These include large shade-bearing shrubs like Hedycarya angustifolia R.Cunn., Bedfordia arborescens Hochr. and Olearia argophylla (Labill.) Benth., which were resilient to recurrent wildfire but responded negatively to recent wildfire in sites with a history of clear-fell logging. Negative effects of a short inter-fire interval were limited to a few species.
Additional keywords: chronosequence, disturbance regime, fire response, regeneration strategy, resprouter, succession, temperate forest.
References
Alverson WS, Kuhlmann W, Waller DM (1994) ‘Wild forests: conservation biology and public policy.’ (Island Press: Washington, DC, USA)Ashton DH (1975) Studies of the litter in Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. forests. Australian Journal of Botany 23, 413–433.
| Studies of the litter in Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ashton DH (1981) Tall open-forests. In ‘Australian vegetation’. (Ed. R Groves) pp. 121–151. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Ashton DH (2000) The big ash forest, Wallaby Creek, Victoria – changes during one lifetime. Australian Journal of Botany 48, 1–26.
| The big ash forest, Wallaby Creek, Victoria – changes during one lifetime.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ashton DH, Martin DG (1996a) Regeneration in a pole-stage forest of Eucalyptus regnans subjected to different fire intensities in 1982. Australian Journal of Botany 44, 393–410.
| Regeneration in a pole-stage forest of Eucalyptus regnans subjected to different fire intensities in 1982.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ashton DH, Martin DG (1996b) Changes in a spar-stage ecotonal forest of Eucalyptus regnans, Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus cypellocarpa following wildfire on the Hume Range in November 1982. Australian Forestry 59, 32–41.
| Changes in a spar-stage ecotonal forest of Eucalyptus regnans, Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus cypellocarpa following wildfire on the Hume Range in November 1982.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Auld TD, Keith DA, Bradstock RA (2000) Patterns in longevity of soil seed-banks in fire-prone communities of south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 48, 539–548.
| Patterns in longevity of soil seed-banks in fire-prone communities of south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baker PJ, Simkin RD, Pappas N, McLeod AJ, McKenzie M (2012) Fire on the mountain: a multi-scale, multiproxy assessment of the resilience of cool temperate rainforest to fire in Victoria’s Central Highlands. In ‘Peopled landscapes: archaeological and biogeographic approaches to landscapes’. (Eds S Haberle, B David) pp. 375–391. (ANU E Press: Canberra, ACT)
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67, 1–48.
| Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bell DT, Plummer JA, Taylor SK (1993) Seed germination ecology in southwestern Western Australia. Botanical Review 59, 24–73.
| Seed germination ecology in southwestern Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bellingham P, Sparrow A (2000) Resprouting as a life history strategy in woody plant communities. Oikos 89, 409–416.
| Resprouting as a life history strategy in woody plant communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blair D, McBurney L, Blanchard W, Banks S, Lindenmayer D (2016) Disturbance gradient shows logging affects plant functional groups more than fire. Ecological Applications 26, 2280–2301.
| Disturbance gradient shows logging affects plant functional groups more than fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bond WJ (1997) Functional types for predicting changes in biodiversity: a case study in Cape Fynbos. In ‘Plant functional types: their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change’. (Eds T Smith, T Shugart, F Woodward) pp. 174–194. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Bond WJ, van Wilgen BW (1996) ‘Fire and plants. Population and community biology. Series 14.’ (Chapman & Hall: London)
Bowd EJ, Lindenmayer DB, Banks SC, Blair DP (2018) Logging and fire regimes alter plant communities. Ecological Applications 28, 826–841.
| Logging and fire regimes alter plant communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29411919PubMed |
Bradstock RA, Kenny BJ (2003) An application of plant functional types to fire management in a conservation reserve in southeastern Australia. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 345–354.
| An application of plant functional types to fire management in a conservation reserve in southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brewer JS, Bertz CA, Cannon JB (2012) Do natural disturbances or the forestry practices that follow them convert forests to early‐successional communities? Ecological Applications 22, 442–458.
| Do natural disturbances or the forestry practices that follow them convert forests to early‐successional communities?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Buechling A, Baker W (2004) A fire history from tree rings in a high-elevation forest of Rocky Mountain National Park. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 1259–1273.
| A fire history from tree rings in a high-elevation forest of Rocky Mountain National Park.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bull M, Stolfo G (2014) ‘Flora of Melbourne.’ (Hyland House Publishing: Carlton, Vic.)
Burns EL, Lindenmayer DB, Stein J (2015) Ecosystem assessment of mountain ash forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria, south‐eastern Australia. Austral Ecology 40, 386–399.
| Ecosystem assessment of mountain ash forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria, south‐eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Campbell ML, Clarke PJ (2006) Response of montane wet sclerophyll forest understorey species to fire: evidence from high and low intensity fires. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 127, 63–73.
Cary GJ, Bradstock RA, Gill AM, Williams RJ (2012) Global change and fire regimes in Australia. In ‘Flammable Australia: fire regimes, biodiversity and ecosystems in a changing world’. (Eds R Bradstock, A Gill, R Williams) pp. 149–169. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)
Clarke P, Knox K, Wills K, Campbell M (2005) Landscape patterns of woody plant response to crown fire: disturbance and productivity influence sprouting ability. Journal of Ecology 93, 544–555.
| Landscape patterns of woody plant response to crown fire: disturbance and productivity influence sprouting ability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Connell J, Slatyer R (1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. American Naturalist 111, 1119–1144.
| Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Costermans LF (2009) ‘Native trees and shrubs of south-eastern Australia.’ (Reed New Holland: Chatswood, NSW)
Cremer KW (1965) Early stages of plant succession following the complete felling and burning of Eucalyptus regnans forest in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany 13, 303–322.
| Early stages of plant succession following the complete felling and burning of Eucalyptus regnans forest in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Decocq G, Aubert M, Dupont F, Alard D (2004) Plant diversity in a managed temperate deciduous forest: understorey response to two silvicultural systems. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 1065–1079.
| Plant diversity in a managed temperate deciduous forest: understorey response to two silvicultural systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Department of Environment and Primary Industries (DEPI) (2014) ‘Fire history records of fires primarily on public land.’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne, Vic.) Available at: https://www.data.vic.gov.au/data/ (accessed July 2015)
Department of Environment Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) (2015) ‘Harvested logging coupes (one layer per logging season).’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne, Vic.) Available at: https://www.data.vic.gov.au/data/ (accessed July 2015)
Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) (2004) ‘Ecological vegetation class benchmarks – Highlands Southern Fall Bioregion.’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne, Vic.) Available at: http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/environment-and-wildlife/biodiversity/evc-benchmarks (accessed June 2015)
Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) (2007) ‘Modelled old-growth forest boundaries post-2003 fire season (MGA zone 55 only) (MOG2003/MOG2003).’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne, Vic.) Available at: https://www.data.vic.gov.au/data/ (accessed August 2015)
Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) (2008) ‘Native vegetation – modelled 1750 ecological vegetation classes (with bioregional conservation status) (NV1750_EVCBCS/EVC1750).’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne, Vic.) Available at: https://www.data.vic.gov.au/data/ (accessed August 2015)
Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) (2009) ‘Victorian bushfires severity map 2009 (Polygons) (FIRE_SEV09_POLY/).’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne, Vic.) Available at: https://www.data.vic.gov.au/data/ (accessed July 2016)
Egler FE (1954) Vegetation science concepts I. Initial floristic composition, a factor in old-field vegetation development with 2 figs. Vegetatio 4, 412–417.
| Vegetation science concepts I. Initial floristic composition, a factor in old-field vegetation development with 2 figs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Enright NJ, Fontaine JB, Bowman D, Bradstock RA, Williams RJ (2015) Interval squeeze: altered fire regimes and demographic responses interact to threaten woody species persistence as climate changes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13, 265–272.
| Interval squeeze: altered fire regimes and demographic responses interact to threaten woody species persistence as climate changes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Floyd AG (1976) Effect of burning on regeneration from seeds in wet sclerophyll forest. Australian Forestry 39, 210–220.
| Effect of burning on regeneration from seeds in wet sclerophyll forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Franklin, JF. (1992) Scientific basis for new perspectives in forests and streams. In ‘Watershed management’. (Ed. RJ Naiman) pp. 25–72. (Springer: New York)
Gelman A, Hill J (2007) ‘Data analysis using regression and multi-level/hierarchical models.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Gilbert JM (1959) Forest succession in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 93, 129–151.
Gill AM (1981) Adaptive responses of Australian vascular plant species to fires. In ‘Fire and the Australian biota’. (Eds A Gill, R Groves, I Noble) pp. 243–272. (Australian Academy of Science: Canberra, ACT)
Gill AM (2012) Bushfires and biodiversity in southern Australian forests. In ‘Flammable Australia; fire regimes, biodiversity and ecosystems in a changing world’. (Eds R Bradstock, A Gill, R Williams) pp. 279–299. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)
Gill MA, Catling PC (2002) Fire regimes and biodiversity of forested landscapes of southern Australia. In ‘Flammable Australia: the fire regimes and biodiversity of a continent’. (Eds R Bradstock, A Gill, R Williams) pp. 351–369. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Grano CX (1970) Eradicating understory hardwoods by repeated prescribed burning. Research Paper SO-56. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Haslem A, Leonard S, Bruce M, Christie F, Holland G, Kelly L, MacHunter J, Bennett AF, Clarke MF, York A (2016) Do multiple fires interact to affect vegetation structure in temperate eucalypt forests? Ecological Applications 26, 2414–2423.
| Do multiple fires interact to affect vegetation structure in temperate eucalypt forests?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hickey JE (1994) A floristic comparison of vascular species in Tasmanian old growth mixed forest with regeneration resulting from logging and wildfire. Australian Journal of Botany 42, 383–404.
| A floristic comparison of vascular species in Tasmanian old growth mixed forest with regeneration resulting from logging and wildfire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hindrum L, Hovenden MJ, Neyland MG (2012) The effects of mechanical disturbance and burn intensity on the floristic composition of two-year old aggregated retention coupes in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forests. Forest Ecology and Management 279, 55–65.
| The effects of mechanical disturbance and burn intensity on the floristic composition of two-year old aggregated retention coupes in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jordan GJ, Patmore CG, Duncan F, Luttrell SD (1992) The effects of fire intensity on mixed forest tree species in the Mt Wedge/Clear Hill area. Tasforests 4, 25–38.
Keith DA (2012) Functional traits: their roles in understanding and predicting biotic responses to fire regimes from individuals to landscapes. In ‘Flammable Australia: fire regimes, biodiversity and ecosystems in a changing world’. (Eds R Bradstock, A Gill, R Williams) pp. 97–125. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)
Lindenmayer DB (2009) Old forest, new perspectives – insights from the mountain ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 258, 357–365.
| Old forest, new perspectives – insights from the mountain ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer D, McCarthy MA (2002) Congruence between natural and human forest disturbance: a case study from Australian montane ash forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155, 319–335.
| Congruence between natural and human forest disturbance: a case study from Australian montane ash forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer D, Cunningham R, Tanton M, Nix H, Smith AP (1991) The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-east Australia. III. The habitat requirements of Leadbeater’s possum, Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy and models of the diversity and abundance of arboreal marsupials. Biological Conservation 56, 295–315.
| The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-east Australia. III. The habitat requirements of Leadbeater’s possum, Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy and models of the diversity and abundance of arboreal marsupials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer D, Blair DP, McBurney L, Banks SC, Goodall J (2015) ‘Mountain ash: fire, logging and the future of Victoria’s giant forests.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)
Loyn RH (1985) Bird populations in successional forests of mountain ash Eucalyptus regnans in central Victoria. Emu 85, 213–230.
| Bird populations in successional forests of mountain ash Eucalyptus regnans in central Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Malanson G, Trabaud L (1988) Vigour of post-fire resprouting by Quercus coccifera L. Journal of Ecology 76, 351–365.
| Vigour of post-fire resprouting by Quercus coccifera L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCarthy MA, Lindenmayer DB (1998) Multi-aged mountain ash forest, wildlife conservation and timber harvesting. Forest Ecology and Management 104, 43–56.
| Multi-aged mountain ash forest, wildlife conservation and timber harvesting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCarthy M, Gill M, Lindenmayer D (1999) Fire regimes in mountain ash forest: evidence from forest age structure, extinction models and wildlife habitat. Forest Ecology and Management 124, 193–203.
| Fire regimes in mountain ash forest: evidence from forest age structure, extinction models and wildlife habitat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meers TL, Enright NJ, Bell TL, Kasel S (2012) Deforestation strongly affects soil seed banks in eucalypt forests: generalisations in functional traits and implications for restoration. Forest Ecology and Management 266, 94–107.
| Deforestation strongly affects soil seed banks in eucalypt forests: generalisations in functional traits and implications for restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mueck S, Ough K, Banks JCG (1996) How old are wet forest understories? Australian Journal of Ecology 21, 345–348.
| How old are wet forest understories?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Muir AM, Vesk PA, Hepworth G (2014) Reproductive trajectories over decadal time-spans after fire for eight obligate-seeder shrub species in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 62, 369–378.
| Reproductive trajectories over decadal time-spans after fire for eight obligate-seeder shrub species in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murphy A, Ough K (1997) Regenerative strategies of understorey flora following clearfell logging in the Central Highlands, Victoria. Australian Forestry 60, 90–98.
| Regenerative strategies of understorey flora following clearfell logging in the Central Highlands, Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Noble I, Slatyer R (1980) The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances. Vegetatio 43, 5–21.
| The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Hara R (2009) How to make models add up – a primer on GLMMs. Annales Zoologici Fennici 46, 124–137.
| How to make models add up – a primer on GLMMs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ooi M, Whelan RJ, Auld TD (2006) Persistence of obligate-seeding species at the population scale: effects of fire intensity, fire patchiness and long fire-free intervals. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, 261–269.
| Persistence of obligate-seeding species at the population scale: effects of fire intensity, fire patchiness and long fire-free intervals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ough K (2001) Regeneration of wet forest flora a decade after clear-felling or wildfire-is there a difference? Australian Journal of Botany 49, 645–664.
| Regeneration of wet forest flora a decade after clear-felling or wildfire-is there a difference?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ough K, Murphy A (1996) The effect of clearfell logging on tree-ferns in Victorian wet forest. Australian Forestry 59, 178–188.
| The effect of clearfell logging on tree-ferns in Victorian wet forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ough K, Murphy K (1999) ‘Differences in understorey floristics between clearfell and wildfire regeneration in Victorian wet forest. Department of Natural Resources and Environment Internal Report.’ (Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Melbourne, Vic.)
Ough K, Murphy A (2004) Decline in tree-fern abundance after clearfell harvesting. Forest Ecology and Management 199, 153–163.
| Decline in tree-fern abundance after clearfell harvesting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ough K, Ross J (1992) Floristics, fire and clearfelling in wet forests of the central highlands of Victoria. Silvicultural Systems Project Technical Report No. 11. Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne, Vic.
Pausas JG, Keeley JE (2014) Evolutionary ecology of resprouting and seeding in fire‐prone ecosystems. New Phytologist 204, 55–65.
| Evolutionary ecology of resprouting and seeding in fire‐prone ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25298997PubMed |
Penman TD, Binns DL, Shiels RH, Allen RM, Penman DH (2011) Hidden effects of forest management practices: responses of a soil stored seed bank to logging and repeated prescribed fire. Austral Ecology 36, 571–580.
| Hidden effects of forest management practices: responses of a soil stored seed bank to logging and repeated prescribed fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
R Core Team (2015) ‘R: A language and environment for statistical computing.’ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria) Available at: http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed 23 July 2019)
Rab MA (1994) Changes in physical properties of a soil associated with logging of Eucalyptus regnans forest in southeastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 70, 215–229.
| Changes in physical properties of a soil associated with logging of Eucalyptus regnans forest in southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Raison R (1980) A review of the role of fire in nutrient cycling in Australian native forests, and of methodology for studying the fire‐nutrient interaction. Australian Journal of Ecology 5, 15–21.
| A review of the role of fire in nutrient cycling in Australian native forests, and of methodology for studying the fire‐nutrient interaction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Read CF, Elith J, Vesk PA (2016) Testing a model of biological soil crust succession. Journal of Vegetation Science 27, 176–186.
| Testing a model of biological soil crust succession.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria (RBGV) (2016) Flora of Victoria. Available at: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au (accessed September 2015).
Ryan M (2009) Victorian fires: retrospective and prospective. Australian Forestry 72, 59–60.
Seidl R, Fernandes P, Fonseca T, Gillet F, Jönsson A, Merganičová K, Netherer S, et al (2011) Modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: a review. Ecological Modelling 222, 903–924.
| Modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Serong M, Lill A (2008) The timing and nature of floristic and structural changes during secondary succession in wet forests. Australian Journal of Botany 56, 220–231.
| The timing and nature of floristic and structural changes during secondary succession in wet forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Serong M, Lill A (2012) Changes in bird assemblages during succession following disturbance in secondary wet forests in south-eastern Australia. Emu 112, 117–128.
| Changes in bird assemblages during succession following disturbance in secondary wet forests in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shugart HH, Noble IR (1981) A computer model of succession and fire response of the high‐altitude Eucalyptus forest of the Brindabella Range, Australian Capital Territory. Australian Journal of Ecology 6, 149–164.
| A computer model of succession and fire response of the high‐altitude Eucalyptus forest of the Brindabella Range, Australian Capital Territory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith AL, Blair D, McBurney L, Banks SC, Barton PS (2014) Dominant drivers of seedling establishment in a fire-dependent obligate seeder: climate or fire regimes? Ecosystems 17, 258–270.
| Dominant drivers of seedling establishment in a fire-dependent obligate seeder: climate or fire regimes?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor C, McCarthy M, Lindenmayer D (2014) Nonlinear effects of stand age on fire severity. Conservation Letters 7, 355–370.
| Nonlinear effects of stand age on fire severity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner MG, Baker WL, Peterson CJ, Peet RK (1998) Factors influencing succession: lessons from large, infrequent natural disturbances. Ecosystems 1, 511–523.
| Factors influencing succession: lessons from large, infrequent natural disturbances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang L (1997) The soil seed bank and understorey regeneration in Eucalyptus regnans forest, Victoria. Australian Journal of Ecology 22, 404–411.
| The soil seed bank and understorey regeneration in Eucalyptus regnans forest, Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whelan RJ, Rodgerson L, Dickman CR, Sutherland EF (2002) Critical life cycles of plants and animals: developing a process-based understanding of population changes in fire-prone landscapes. In ‘Flammable Australia: the fire regimes and biodiversity of a continent’. (Eds R Bradstock, J Williams, A Gill) pp. 94–124. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
White PS, Pickett ST (1985) Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: An introduction. In ‘The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics’. (Eds S Pickett, P White) pp. 3–13. (Academic Press: Orlando, FL, USA)
Wilson JB, Gitay H, Roxburgh SH, Mc GW, Tangney RS (1992) Egler’s concept of ‘initial floristic composition’ in succession: ecologists citing it don’t agree what it means. Oikos 64, 591–593.
| Egler’s concept of ‘initial floristic composition’ in succession: ecologists citing it don’t agree what it means.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wood S, Bowman D, Prior L, Lindenmayer DB, Wardlaw T, Robinson R (2014) Tall eucalypt forests. In ‘Biodiversity and environmental change: monitoring, challenges and direction’. (Eds D Lindenmayer, E Burns, N Thurgate, A Lowe) pp. 519–569. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)
