The flora of ultramafic soils in the Australia–Pacific Region: state of knowledge and research priorities
Antony van der Ent A F , Tanguy Jaffré B , Laurent L’Huillier C , Neil Gibson D and Roger D. Reeves E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
B IRD, UMR AMAP, Laboratoire de Botanique et d’Ecologie Végétale Appliquées, Herbarium NOU, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
C Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Axe II ‘Diversités Biologique et Fonctionnelle des Écosystèmes’, Païta, New Caledonia.
D Science and Conservation Division, Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife, LMB 104 Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia.
E Palmerston North, New Zealand.
F Corresponding author. Email: a.vanderent@uq.edu.au
Australian Journal of Botany 63(4) 173-190 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT15038
Submitted: 13 February 2015 Accepted: 24 March 2015 Published: 6 May 2015
Abstract
In the Australia–Pacific Region ultramafic outcrops are both widespread and extensive, covering thousands of km2. Soils derived from ultramafic bedrock impose edaphic challenges and are widely known to host highly distinctive floras with high levels of endemism. In the Australia–Pacific Region, the ultramafics of the island of New Caledonia are famed for harbouring 2150 species of vascular plants of which 83% are endemic. Although the ultramafic outcrops in Western Australia are also extensive and harbour 1355 taxa, only 14 species are known to be endemic or have distributions centred on ultramafics. The ultramafic outcrops in New Zealand and Tasmania are small and relatively species-poor. The ultramafic outcrops in Queensland are much larger and host 553 species of which 18 (or possibly 21) species are endemic. Although New Caledonia has a high concentration of Ni hyperaccumulator species (65), only one species from Western Australia and two species from Queensland have so far been found. No Ni hyperaccumulator species are known from Tasmania and New Zealand. Habitat destruction due to forest clearing, uncontrolled fires and nickel mining in New Caledonia impacts on the plant species restricted to ultramafic soils there. In comparison with the nearby floras of New Guinea and South-east Asia, the flora of the Australia–Pacific Region is relatively well studied through the collection of a large number of herbarium specimens. However, there is a need for studies on the evolution of plant lineages on ultramafic soils especially regarding their distinctive morphological characteristics and in relation to hyperaccumulation.
Additional keywords: edaphic, endemism, hyperaccumulator, serpentine.
References
Amir H, Perrier N, Rigault F, Jaffré T (2007) Relationships between Ni-hyperaccumulation and mycorrhizal status of different endemic plant species from New Caledonian ultramafic soils. Plant and Soil 293, 23–35.| Relationships between Ni-hyperaccumulation and mycorrhizal status of different endemic plant species from New Caledonian ultramafic soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXltlaktbY%3D&md5=3c7f1d17adf02d17a16b1eec29cbd7acCAS |
Anand RR, Paine M (2002) Regolith geology of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: implications for exploration. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, 3–162.
| Regolith geology of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: implications for exploration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xjt1Ogur8%3D&md5=d73c6c282e517543127cb4c32191fdb1CAS |
Ashwath N (2005) Rare and threatened species of Marlborough Nickel Project. In ‘Marlborough serpentine, landscape management and conservation’. (Eds A Exelby, K Wormington, A Melzer) pp. 41–54. (Central Queensland University: Rockhampton, Qld)
Bailey FM (1906) Contributions to the flora of Queensland: order Stackhousieae: S. tryonii sp. nov. Queensland Agricultural Journal 17, 103
Baillie IC, Evangelista PM, Inciong NB (2000) Differentiation of upland soils on the Palawan ophiolitic complex, Philippines. Catena 39, 283–299.
| Differentiation of upland soils on the Palawan ophiolitic complex, Philippines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXisFartL4%3D&md5=c763ea36fd3cf493881e161c5e283c53CAS |
Banks J (1770) ‘Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks, 1768–1771, Vol. 1.’ (Ed. JC Beaglehole) (Angus & Robertson: Sydney, 1962) [Also as a digital version 2011. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)]
Barker WR (1984) Stackhousiaceae. In ‘Flora of Australia. Vol. 22’. (Ed. AS George) pp. 186–197. (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra)
Barrabé L, Maggia L, Pillon Y, Rigault F, Mouly A, Davis AP, Buerki S (2014) New Caledonian lineages of Psychotria (Rubiaceae) reveal different evolutionary histories and the largest documented plant radiation for the archipelago. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71, 15–35.
| New Caledonian lineages of Psychotria (Rubiaceae) reveal different evolutionary histories and the largest documented plant radiation for the archipelago.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24211193PubMed |
Batianoff GN, Dillewaard HA (1997) Floristic analysis of the Great Barrier Reef continental islands, Queensland. Paper 23. In ‘Status of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area workshop’. pp. 300–322.
Batianoff GN, Singh S (2001) Central Queensland serpentine landforms, plant ecology and endemism. South African Journal of Science 97, 495–500.
Batianoff GN, Specht RL (1992) Queensland (Australia) serpentine vegetation. In ‘The vegetation of ultramafic (serpentine) soils’. (Eds AJM Baker, J Proctor, RD Reeves) pp. 109–128. (Intercept: Andover, UK)
Batianoff GN, Reeves RD, Specht RL (1990) Stackhousia tryonii Bailey: a nickel-accumulating serpentine-endemic species of Central Queensland. Australian Journal of Botany 38, 121–130.
| Stackhousia tryonii Bailey: a nickel-accumulating serpentine-endemic species of Central Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXpslKr&md5=8d269244e7ee1612e002dc17232f8797CAS |
Batianoff GN, Specht RL, Reeves RD (1991) The serpentinite flora of the humid subtropics of eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 101, 137–157.
Batianoff GN, Reeves RD, Specht RL (1997) The effect of serpentine on vegetation structure, species diversity and endemism in central Queensland. In ‘The ecology of ultramafic and metalliferous areas’. Documents scientifiques et techniques no. III/2. (Eds T Jaffré, RD Reeves, T Becquer) pp. 27–37. (ORSTOM: Nouméa, New Caledonia)
Batianoff GN, Neldner VJ, Singh S (2000) Vascular plant census and floristic analysis of serpentine landscapes in central Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 109, 1–30.
Beard JS (1990) ‘Plant life of Western Australia.’ (Kangaroo Press: Sydney)
Becquer T, Rigault F, Jaffré T (2002) Nickel bioavailability assessed by ion exchange resin in the field. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33, 439–450.
| Nickel bioavailability assessed by ion exchange resin in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XislCqs70%3D&md5=939686f225686344b904ddaa5f0c60bcCAS |
Bell JM, Clarke Ede C, Marshall P (1911) The geology of the Dun Mountain subdivision, Nelson. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 12, 1–71.
Bennett MC (1976) The ultramafic complex at North Cape, northernmost New Zealand. Geological Magazine 113, 61–76.
| The ultramafic complex at North Cape, northernmost New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE28Xkt1eksb8%3D&md5=c3288cffb7ef8391f7bfdaa864358c4cCAS |
Bennett EM (1999) A new subspecies of Hybanthus floribundus (Violaceae) from the goldfields of Western Australia. Nuytsia 13, 3–6.
Bidwell SD (2000) Hyperaccumulation of metals in Australian native plants. PhD Thesis, University of Melbourne.
Boyd RS, Jaffré T (2009) Elemental concentration of eleven New Caledonian plant species from serpentine soils: elemental correlations and leaf age effects. Northeastern Naturalist 16, 93–110.
| Elemental concentration of eleven New Caledonian plant species from serpentine soils: elemental correlations and leaf age effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brooks RR (1987) ‘Serpentine and its vegetation: a multidisciplinary approach.’ (Dioscorides Press: Portland, OR)
Brooks RR, Wither ED (1977) Nickel accumulation by Rinorea bengalensis (Wall) O.K. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 7, 295–300.
| Nickel accumulation by Rinorea bengalensis (Wall) O.K.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXltVCltr8%3D&md5=c3add0fa505cdfdfd7ae9d0eed3223f3CAS |
Brooks RR, Lee J, Jaffré T (1974) Some New Zealand and New Caledonian plant accumulators of nickel. Journal of Ecology 62, 493–499.
| Some New Zealand and New Caledonian plant accumulators of nickel.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXhtVOjurc%3D&md5=be6c974fd0312a38e480250d2ce20270CAS |
Brooks JH, Syvret JN, Sawers JD (1974) Mineral resources of the Kilkivan District. Geological Survey of Queensland report no. 60. (Queensland Department of Mines: Brisbane)
Brooks RR, Trow JM, Veillon JM, Jaffré T (1981) Studies on manganese accumulating Alyxia species from New Caledonia. Taxon 30, 420–423.
| Studies on manganese accumulating Alyxia species from New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown AV (1986) Geology of the Dundas–Mount Lindsay–Mount Youngbuck Region. Geology Survey of Tasmania Bulletin 62, 1–221.
Burge DO, Barker WR (2010) Evolution of nickel hyperaccumulation by Stackhousia tryonii (Celastraceae), a serpentinite-endemic plant from Queensland, Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 23, 415–430.
| Evolution of nickel hyperaccumulation by Stackhousia tryonii (Celastraceae), a serpentinite-endemic plant from Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Callahan DL, Roessner U, Dumontet V, De Livera AM, Doronila A, Baker AJM, Kolev SD (2012) Elemental and metabolite profiling of nickel hyperaccumulators from New Caledonia. Phytochemistry 81, 80–89.
| Elemental and metabolite profiling of nickel hyperaccumulators from New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFGlur7J&md5=c50f62a84fbf853fcc58f88883bebf41CAS | 22795763PubMed |
Cole MM (1973) Geobotanical and biogeochemical investigations in the sclerophyllous woodland and shrub associations of the eastern goldfields area of Western Australia, with particular reference to the role of Hybanthus floribundus (Lindl.) F.Muell. as a nickel indicator and accumulator plant. Journal of Applied Ecology 10, 269–320.
| Geobotanical and biogeochemical investigations in the sclerophyllous woodland and shrub associations of the eastern goldfields area of Western Australia, with particular reference to the role of Hybanthus floribundus (Lindl.) F.Muell. as a nickel indicator and accumulator plant.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cole MM (1992) The vegetation of the greenstone belts of Western Australia. In ‘The ecology of areas with serpentinized rocks. A world view’. (Eds BA Roberts, J Proctor) pp. 343–373. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Coleman RG, Jove C (1992) Geological origin of serpentinites. In ‘The vegetation of ultramafic (serpentine) soils. Proceedings of the first international conference on serpentine ecology’. (Eds AJM Baker, J Proctor, RD Reeves) pp. 1–17. (Intercept: Andover, UK)
Cooper A (2002) ‘The serpentine ecosystem in the Livingstone Shire: a literature review.’ (Centre for Environmental Management, Central Queensland University: Rockhampton, Qld)
Crawford AJ, Berry RF (1992) Tectonic implications of Late Proterozoic–Early Palaeozoic igneous rock associations in western Tasmania. Tectonophysics 214, 37–56.
| Tectonic implications of Late Proterozoic–Early Palaeozoic igneous rock associations in western Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crowden RK, Menadue Y (1990) Morphometric analysis of variation in the ‘Epacris tasmanica Complex’ (Epacridaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 3, 253–264.
| Morphometric analysis of variation in the ‘Epacris tasmanica Complex’ (Epacridaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davie H, Benson JS (1997) The serpentine vegetation of the Woko–Glenrock region, New South Wales, Australia. In ‘The ecology of ultramafic and metalliferous areas’. Documents scientifiques et techniques no. III/2. (Eds T Jaffré, RD Reeves, T Becquer) pp. 155–162. (ORSTOM: Nouméa, New Caledonia)
de Lange PJ, Heenan PB, Given DR, Norton DA, Ogle CC, Johnson PN, Cameron EK (1999) Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37, 603–628.
| Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Lange PJ, Heenan PB, Dawson MI (2003) A new species of Leucopogon (Ericaceae) from the Surville Cliffs, North Cape, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 41, 13–21.
| A new species of Leucopogon (Ericaceae) from the Surville Cliffs, North Cape, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Champion PD, Courtney SP, Heenan PB, Barkla JW, Cameron EK, Norton DA, Hitchmough RA (2012) ‘Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants.’ (New Zealand Department of Conservation: Wellington, New Zealand)
Druce AP, Bartlett JK, Gardner RO (1979) Indigenous vascular plants of the serpentine area of Surville Cliffs and adjacent cliff tops, northwest of North Cape, New Zealand. Tane 25, 187–206.
Exelby A, Wormington K, Melzer A (Eds) (2005) ‘Marlborough serpentine, landscape management and conservation.’ (Central Queensland University: Rockhampton, Qld)
Fernando DR, Woodrow E, Jaffré T, Dumontet V, Marshall AT, Baker AJM (2008) Foliar manganese accumulation by Maytenus fournieri (Celastraceae) in its native New Caledonia habitats: populational variations and localisation by X-ray microanalysis. New Phytologist 177, 178–185.
Forster BA, Baker DE (1997) Characterisation of the serpentinite soils of central Queensland, Australia. In ‘Écologie des milieux sur roches ultramafiques et sur sols métallifères’. Documents scientifiques et techniques no. III/2. (Eds T Jaffré, RD Reeves, T Becquer) pp. 27–37. (ORSTOM: Nouméa, New Caledonia)
Forster BA, Baker DE (2005) Soils of the Marlborough serpentinite landscape of central Queensland. In ‘Marlborough serpentine, landscape management and conservation’. (Eds A Exelby, K Wormington, A Melzer) pp. 3–19. (Central Queensland University: Rockhampton, Qld)
Foster L, Eggleton RA (2002) The Marlborough nickel laterite deposits. In ‘Regolith and landscapes in eastern Australia’. (Ed. IC Roach) pp. 33–36. (CRC LEME: Canberra)
Garrad PD, Withnall IW (2004) ‘Mineral occurrences – Saint Lawrence and Port Clinton 1 : 250 000 sheet areas, central Queensland. Queensland geological record 2004/07.’ (Queensland Geological Survey: Brisbane)
Gaudeul M, Rouhan G, Gardner MF, Hollingsworth PM (2012) AFLP markers provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and diversification of New Caledonian Araucaria species (Araucariaceae). American Journal of Botany 99, 68–81.
| AFLP markers provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and diversification of New Caledonian Araucaria species (Araucariaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22184275PubMed |
Gibson GM, Morse MP, Ireland TR, Nayak GK (2011) Arc–continent collision and orogenesis in western Tasmanides: insights from reactivated basement structures and formation of an ocean–continent transform boundary off western Tasmania. Gondwana Research 19, 608–627.
| Arc–continent collision and orogenesis in western Tasmanides: insights from reactivated basement structures and formation of an ocean–continent transform boundary off western Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjsFCrs74%3D&md5=2abaca06cccb0e00bc8a33c56f294bfbCAS |
Gibson N (2004) Flora and vegetation of the eastern goldfields ranges. Part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87, 49–62.
Gibson N, Brown MJ, Williams K, Brown AV (1992) Flora and vegetation of ultramafic areas in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Ecology 17, 297–303.
| Flora and vegetation of ultramafic areas in Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gibson N, Meissner R, Markey AS, Thompson WA (2012) Patterns of plant diversity in ironstone ranges in arid south western Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 77, 25–31.
| Patterns of plant diversity in ironstone ranges in arid south western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gravatt DJ (1966) Establishment of permanent quadrats on plateau scrub at North Cape. Tane 12, 87–91.
Gray AM (2008) A new species of Eucalyptus, series Radiatae, subgenus Monocalyptus, (Myrtaceae) from north-western Tasmania. Kanunnah 3, 41–48.
Guillot S, Hattori K (2013) Serpentinites: essential roles in geodynamics, arc volcanism, sustainable development, and the origin of life. Elements (Quebec) 9, 95–98.
| Serpentinites: essential roles in geodynamics, arc volcanism, sustainable development, and the origin of life.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnvV2hsL4%3D&md5=532921da23d6890059c9597e04b8082cCAS |
Heads M (2010) The endemic plant families and the palms of New Caledonia: a biogeographical analysis. Journal of Biogeography 37, 1239–1250.
| The endemic plant families and the palms of New Caledonia: a biogeographical analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hendry RA, Wormington KR (2013) Eucalypt forests as indicators of the gradients within the central Queensland serpentine landscape of Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 61, 544–551.
| Eucalypt forests as indicators of the gradients within the central Queensland serpentine landscape of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ibanez T, Munzinger J, Dagostini G, Hequet V, Rigault F, Jaffré T, Birnbaum Ph (2014) Structural and floristic diversity of mixed tropical rain forest in New Caledonia: new data from the New Caledonian Plant Inventory and Permanent Plot Network (NC-PIPPN). Applied Vegetation Science 17, 386–397.
| Structural and floristic diversity of mixed tropical rain forest in New Caledonia: new data from the New Caledonian Plant Inventory and Permanent Plot Network (NC-PIPPN).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jaffré T (1977) Accumulation du manganèse par des espèces associées aux terrains ultrabasiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série D: Sciences Naturelles 284, 1573–1575.
Jaffré T (1979) Accumulation du manganèse par les Protéacées de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série D: Sciences Naturelles 289, 425–428.
Jaffré T (1980) ‘Etude ecologique du peuplement végétal des sols dérivés de roches ultrabasiques en Nouvelle Calédonie.’ Tavaux et document n° 124. (ORSTOM: Paris)
Jaffré T (1992) Floristic and ecological diversity of the vegetation on ultramafic rocks in New Caledonia. In ‘The vegetation of ultramafic (serpentine) soils: proceedings of the first international conference on serpentine ecology’. (Eds AJM Baker, J Proctor, RD Reeves) pp. 101–107. (Intercept: Andover, UK)
Jaffré T, L’Huillier L (2010) La végétation des roches ultramafiques ou terrains miniers: 45–103. In ‘Mines et environnement en Nouvelle-Calédonie: les milieux sur substrats ultramafiques et leur restauration’. (Eds L L’Huillier, T Jaffré, A Wulff) pp. 45–103. (Editions IAC: Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie)
Jaffré T, Schmid M (1974) Accumulation du nickel par une Rubiacée de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Psychotria douarrei (G.Beauvisage) Däniker. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série D: Sciences Naturelles 278, 1727–1730.
Jaffré T, Veillon JM (1995) Structural and floristic characteristics of a rain forest on schist in New Caledonia: a comparison with an ultramafic rain forest. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 3–4, 201–226.
Jaffré T, Brooks RR, Lee J, Reeves RD (1976) Sebertia acuminata: a hyperaccumulator of nickel from New Caledonia. Science 193, 579–580.
| Sebertia acuminata: a hyperaccumulator of nickel from New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17759588PubMed |
Jaffré T, Brooks RR, Trow JM (1979a) Hyperaccumulation of nickel by Geissois species. Plant and Soil 51, 157–162.
| Hyperaccumulation of nickel by Geissois species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jaffré T, Kersten W, Brooks RR, Reeves RD (1979b) Nickel uptake by Flacourtiaceae of New Caledonia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 205, 385–394.
| Nickel uptake by Flacourtiaceae of New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jaffré T, Morat P, Veillon JM, MacKee HS (1987) Changements dans la végétation de la Nouvelle Calédonie au cours du tertiaire: la végétation et la flore des roches ultrabasiques. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Section B. Adansonia 4, 365–391.
Jaffré T, Gauthier D, Rigault F, McCoy S (1994) Les Casuarinacées endémiques: caractéristiques écologiques et nutritionnelles. In ‘Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, New Caledonia Special, 4th trimestre 1994, Number 242’. pp. 31–43.
Jaffré T, Veillon JM, Pintaud JC (1997) Comparaison de la diversité floristique des forêts denses humides sur roches ultramafiques et sur substrats différents en Nouvelle-Calédonie. In ‘The ecology of ultramafic and metalliferous areas’. Documents scientifiques et techniques no. III/2. (Eds T Jaffré, RD Reeves, T Becquer) pp. 163–170. (ORSTOM: Nouméa, New Caledonia)
Jaffré T, Rigault F, Dagostini G (1998) Impact des feux de brousse sur les maquis ligno-herbacés des roches ultramafiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Adansonia séries 3 20, 173–189.
Jaffré T, Munzinger J, Lowry PP (2010) Threats to the conifer species found on New Caledonia’s ultramafic massifs and proposals for urgently needed measures to improve their protection. Biodiversity and Conservation 19, 1485–1502.
| Threats to the conifer species found on New Caledonia’s ultramafic massifs and proposals for urgently needed measures to improve their protection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jaffré T, Pillon Y, Thomine S, Merlot S (2013) The metal hyperaccumulators from New Caledonia can broaden our understanding of nickel accumulation in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 4, 1–7.
| The metal hyperaccumulators from New Caledonia can broaden our understanding of nickel accumulation in plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keith D (1997) ‘Recovery plan – Tasmanian forest epacrids 1999–2004.’ (Parks and Wildlife Service: Hobart)
Kersten WJ, Brooks RR, Reeves RD, Jaffré T (1979) Nickel uptake by New Caledonian species of Phyllanthus. Taxon 28, 529–534.
| Nickel uptake by New Caledonian species of Phyllanthus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXhtVOgsbY%3D&md5=928454be42e13f4a12bd14bd2a08c426CAS |
Kirkpatrick JB (1986) The Tasmanian alpine biogeography and ecology and interpretations of the past. In ‘Flora and fauna of alpine Australia–Pacific: ages and origins’. (Ed. BA Barlow) pp. 229–242. (CSIRO: Melbourne, Australia)
Kruckeberg AR (1986) An essay: the stimulus of unusual geologies for plant speciation. Systematic Botany 11, 455–463.
| An essay: the stimulus of unusual geologies for plant speciation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kruckeberg AR (1991) An essay: Geoedaphics and island biogeography for vascular plants. Aliso 13, 225–238.
L’Huillier L, Jaffré T (2010) L’exploitation du minerai de nickel en Nouvelle-Calédonie. In ‘Mines et environnement en Nouvelle-Calédonie: les milieux sur substrats ultramafiques et leur restauration’. (Eds L L’Huillier, T Jaffré, A Wulff) pp. 21–31. (Editions IAC: Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie)
Lee J (1974) Biogeochemical studies on some nickel-accumulating plants from New Zealand and New Caledonia. MSc Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Lee WG (1980) Ultramafic plant ecology of the South Island, New Zealand. PhD Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Lee WG (1992) New Zealand ultramafics. In ‘The ecology of areas with serpentinized rocks. A world view’. (Eds BA Roberts, J Proctor) pp. 375–417. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Lee WG, Given DR (1984) Celmisia spedenii G.Simpson, an ultramafic endemic, and Celmisia markii, sp. nov., from southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 22, 585–592.
| Celmisia spedenii G.Simpson, an ultramafic endemic, and Celmisia markii, sp. nov., from southern New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lee J, Brooks RR, Reeves RD, Boswell CR (1975) Soil factors controlling a New Zealand serpentine flora. Plant and Soil 42, 153–160.
| Soil factors controlling a New Zealand serpentine flora.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXosFajuw%3D%3D&md5=b91e8ae256723a02d1e836d6d8630d6cCAS |
Lee WG, Bannister P, Wilson JB, Mark AF (1997) Element uptake in an ultramafic flora, Red Mountain, New Zealand. In ‘The ecology of ultramafic and metalliferous areas’. Documents scientifiques et techniques no. III/2. (Eds T Jaffré, RD Reeves, T Becquer) pp. 179–186. (ORSTOM: Nouméa, New Caledonia)
Losfeld G, L’Huillier L, Fogliani B, McCoy S, Grison C, Jaffré T (2014) Leaf-age and soil–plant relationships: key factors for reporting trace-elements hyperaccumulation by plants and design applications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, 5620–5632.
| Leaf-age and soil–plant relationships: key factors for reporting trace-elements hyperaccumulation by plants and design applications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25138558PubMed |
Lyon GL (1969) Trace elements in New Zealand plants. PhD Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, NZ.
Lyon GL, Brooks RR, Peterson PJ, Butler GW (1968) Trace elements in a New Zealand serpentine flora. Plant and Soil 29, 225–240.
| Trace elements in a New Zealand serpentine flora.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXkvFGmsrg%3D&md5=2f4f9e8da173891d842d7eb2d16f2a16CAS |
Lyon GL, Peterson PJ, Brooks RR, Butler GW (1971) Calcium, magnesium, and trace elements in a New Zealand serpentine flora. Journal of Ecology 59, 421–429.
| Calcium, magnesium, and trace elements in a New Zealand serpentine flora.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lyons MT, Brooks RR, Craig DC (1974) The influence of soil composition on the vegetation of the Coolac Serpentine Belt in New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 107, 67–75.
Markey AS, Kern S, Gibson N (2012) Floristic communities of the Ravensthorpe Range, Western Australia. Conservation Science Western Australia 8, 187–239.
Mattner A, Zawko JG, Rossetto M, Krauss SL, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K (2002) Conservation genetics and implications for restoration of Hemigenia exilis (Lamiaceae), a serpentine endemic from Western Australia. Biological Conservation 107, 37–45.
| Conservation genetics and implications for restoration of Hemigenia exilis (Lamiaceae), a serpentine endemic from Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCoy S, Jaffré T, Rigault F, Ash JE (1999) Fire and succession in the ultramafic maquis of New Caledonia. Journal of Biogeography 26, 579–594.
| Fire and succession in the ultramafic maquis of New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McLoughlin S (2001) The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism. Australian Journal of Botany 49, 271–300.
| The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meissner R, Owen G, Bayliss B (2009) Flora and vegetation of banded iron formations of the Yilgarn Craton: Cashmere Downs range. Conservation Science Western Australia 7, 349–361.
Merlot S, Hannibal L, Martins S, Martinelli L, Amir H, Lebrun M, Thomine S (2014) The metal transporter PgIREG1 from the hyperaccumulator Psychotria gabriellae is a candidate gene for nickel tolerance and accumulation. Journal of Experimental Botany 65, 1551–1564.
| The metal transporter PgIREG1 from the hyperaccumulator Psychotria gabriellae is a candidate gene for nickel tolerance and accumulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXltFKjurs%3D&md5=6d508777826708d1a099395db199591fCAS | 24510940PubMed |
Morat P (1993) Our knowledge of the flora of New Caledonia: endemism and diversity in relation to vegetation types and substrates. Biodiversity Letters 1, 72–81.
| Our knowledge of the flora of New Caledonia: endemism and diversity in relation to vegetation types and substrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morat P, Jaffré T, Veillon JM, MacKee HS (1986) Affinités floristiques et considérations sur l’origine des maquis miniers de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Adansonia 2, 133–182.
Morat P, Jaffré T, Tronchet F, Munzinger J, Pillon Y, Veillon JM, Chalopin M (2012) The taxonomic reference base ‘Florical’ and characteristics of the native vascular flora of New Caledonia. Adansonia 34, 179–221.
| The taxonomic reference base ‘Florical’ and characteristics of the native vascular flora of New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murphy PR, Scharzbock H, Cranfield LC, Withnall IW, Murray CG (1967) Geology of the Gympie 1 : 250 000 sheet area. Geological survey of Queensland report no. 96. (Queensland Department of Mines: Brisbane)
Nasi R, Jaffré T, Sarrailh JM (2002) Les forêts de montagne de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 274, 5–17.
Nielsen JS, Brooks RR, Marshall NJ (1973) Statistical evaluation of geobotanical and biogeobotanical data by discriminant analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 10, 251–258.
| Statistical evaluation of geobotanical and biogeobotanical data by discriminant analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Dell RE, Rajakaruna N (2011) Intraspecific variation, adaptation, and evolution. In ‘Serpentine: the evolution and ecology of a model system’. (Eds SP Harrison, N Rajakaruna) pp. 97–137. (University of California Press: Berkeley, CA)
Paris JP (1981) ‘Géologie de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Un essai de synthèse. Mém. n°113.’ (BRGM: Orléans, France)
Pelletier B (2006) Geology of the New Caledonia region and its implications for the study of the New Caledonian biodiversity. In ‘Compendium of marine species from New Caledonia’. (Eds CE Payri, B Richer de Forges) pp. 17–30. (IRD: Nouméa, New Caledonia)
Perrier N (2005) Bio-géodiversité fonctionnelle des sols latéritiques miniers: application à la restauration écologique (massif du Koniambo, Nouvelle-Calédonie). Thèse Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Noumea.
Pillon Y, Munzinger J, Amir H, Hopkins HCF, Chase MW (2009) Reticulate evolution on a mosaic of soils: diversification of the New Caledonian endemic genus Codia (Cunoniaceae). Molecular Ecology 18, 2263–2275.
| Reticulate evolution on a mosaic of soils: diversification of the New Caledonian endemic genus Codia (Cunoniaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19389179PubMed |
Pillon Y, Munzinger J, Amir H, Lebrun M (2010) Ultramafic soils and species sorting in the flora of New Caledonia. Journal of Ecology 98, 1108–1116.
| Ultramafic soils and species sorting in the flora of New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pillon Y, Hopkins HCF, Rigault F, Jaffré T, Stacy EA (2014) Cryptic adaptive radiation in tropical forest trees in New Caledonia. New Phytologist 202, 521–530.
| Cryptic adaptive radiation in tropical forest trees in New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24443886PubMed |
Potts WC, Barker P (1999) ‘National recovery plan for the Shy Susan (Tetratheca gunnii) 2001–2005.’ (Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment: Hobart)
Proctor J (2003) Vegetation and soil and plant chemistry on ultramafic rocks in the tropical Far East. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6, 105–124.
| Vegetation and soil and plant chemistry on ultramafic rocks in the tropical Far East.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rajakaruna N, Baker AJM (2004) Serpentine: a model habitat for botanical research in Sri Lanka. The Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences) 32, 1–19.
Rajakaruna N, Harris TB, Alexander EB (2009) Serpentine geoecology of eastern North America: a review. Rhodora 111, 21–108.
| Serpentine geoecology of eastern North America: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Read J, Jaffré T, Godrie E, Hope G, Veillon JM (2000) Structural and floristic characteristics of some monodominant and adjacent mixed rainforests in New Caledonia. Journal of Biogeography 27, 233–250.
| Structural and floristic characteristics of some monodominant and adjacent mixed rainforests in New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reddy RA, Balkwill K, McLellan T (2001) Is there a unique serpentine flora on the Witwatersrand? South African Journal of Science 97, 485–495.
Reeves RD (1992) New Zealand serpentines and their flora. In ‘The vegetation of ultramafic (serpentine) soils’. (Eds J Proctor, AJM Baker, RD Reeves) pp. 129–137. (Intercept: Andover, UK)
Reeves RD (2003) Tropical hyperaccumulators of metals and their potential for phytoextraction. Plant and Soil 249, 57–65.
| Tropical hyperaccumulators of metals and their potential for phytoextraction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsVyrs78%3D&md5=3aa4a3b1fccc31b40f8804ddaf3af344CAS |
Reeves RD (2005) Metal uptake by the serpentinite plants of Queensland. In ‘Marlborough serpentine, landscape management and conservation’. (Eds A Exelby, K Wormington, A Melzer) pp. 92–101. (Central Queensland University: Rockhampton, Qld)
Reeves RD, Baker AJM, Shepherd PR (1991) North Cape serpentine quadrats, 1965–1987. Tane 33, 77–85.
Reeves RD, Baker AJM, Borhidi A, Berazain R (1999) Nickel hyperaccumulation in the serpentine flora of Cuba. Annals of Botany 83, 29–38.
| Nickel hyperaccumulation in the serpentine flora of Cuba.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXht1ajsL4%3D&md5=6f1477942217c49230dce50fdbfcb529CAS |
Reeves RD, Laidlaw WS, Doronila A, Baker AJM, Batianoff GN (2015) Erratic hyperaccumulation of nickel, with particular reference to the Queensland serpentine endemic Pimelea leptospermoides F. Mueller. Australian Journal of Botany 63, 119–127.
| Erratic hyperaccumulation of nickel, with particular reference to the Queensland serpentine endemic Pimelea leptospermoides F. Mueller.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rigg LS, Enright NJ, Jaffré T (1998) Stand structure of the emergent conifer Araucaria laubenfelsii, in maquis and rainforest, Mont Do, New Caledonia. Australian Journal of Ecology 23, 528–538.
| Stand structure of the emergent conifer Araucaria laubenfelsii, in maquis and rainforest, Mont Do, New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Searle MP, Stevens RK (1984) Obduction processes in ancient, modem and future ophiolites. In ‘Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere’. (Eds IG Gass, SJ Lippard, AW Shelton) pp. 303–319. (Blackwell: London)
Severne BC, Brooks RR (1972) A nickel-accumulating plant from Western Australia. Planta 103, 91–94.
| A nickel-accumulating plant from Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE38Xht1Gkurk%3D&md5=907a2b76d2d2ba825f1a799ffe12a364CAS | 24481475PubMed |
Shepherd PR (1983) Biogeochemical and geobotanical studies of the ultramafic areas of North Cape. BSc(Hons) Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Specht A, Forth F, Steenbeeke G (2001) The effect of serpentine on vegetation structure, composition and endemism in northern NSW, Australia. South African Journal of Science 97, 521–529.
Specht RL, Batianoff GN, Reeves RD (2005) The vegetation continuum on the serpentinite soil catena in the Rockhampton–Marlborough area. In ‘Marlborough serpentine, landscape management and conservation’. (Eds A Exelby, K Wormington, A Melzer) pp. 23–40. (Central Queensland University: Rockhampton, Qld)
Stevens GR (1980) ‘New Zealand adrift.’ (Reed: Wellington, New Zealand)
Swenson U, Munzinger J (2010) Taxonomic revision of Pycnandra subgenus Trouettia (Sapotaceae), with six new species from New Caledonia. Australian Systematic Botany 23, 333–370.
| Taxonomic revision of Pycnandra subgenus Trouettia (Sapotaceae), with six new species from New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson RC, Rodgers KA (1977) Laterisation of the ultramafic-gabbro associations at North Cape, northernmost New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 7, 347–377.
| Laterisation of the ultramafic-gabbro associations at North Cape, northernmost New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXktFKhtg%3D%3D&md5=04d44a7228ca9483e5adbd9616e96251CAS |
Thompson RC, Rodgers KA, Braggins JE (1974) The relationship of serpentine and related floras to laterite and bedrock type at North Cape, northernmost New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 12, 275–282.
| The relationship of serpentine and related floras to laterite and bedrock type at North Cape, northernmost New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner B, Munzinger J, Duangjai S, Temsch EM, Stockenhuber R, Barfuss MHJ, Chase MW, Samuel R (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of New Caledonian Diospyros (Ebenaceae) using plastid and nuclear markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69, 740–763.
| Molecular phylogenetics of New Caledonian Diospyros (Ebenaceae) using plastid and nuclear markers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsVSktrfO&md5=387adf781a2f5582130fea91ede9d391CAS | 23850609PubMed |
van der Ent A, Reeves RD (2015) Foliar metal accumulation in plants from copper-rich ultramafic outcrops: case studies from Malaysia and Brazil. Plant and Soil 389, 401–418.
| Foliar metal accumulation in plants from copper-rich ultramafic outcrops: case studies from Malaysia and Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhvVChtb8%3D&md5=10260637e4c5a9ac2de9820d2ee7b376CAS |
van der Ent A, Baker AJM, Reeves RD, Pollard AJ, Schat H (2013) Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: facts and fiction. Plant and Soil 362, 319–334.
| Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: facts and fiction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvV2ks7bF&md5=bee356700f51fe2ae7218429ac2a5674CAS |
Virot R (1956) ‘La végétation canaque. Mémoires du MNHN, ser. B Botanique, t.VII.’ (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle: Paris)
Wardle P (1991) ‘Vegetation of New Zealand.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Wilkinson JFG (1953) Some aspects of the alpine-type serpentinites of Queensland. Geological Magazine 90, 305–321.
| Some aspects of the alpine-type serpentinites of Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaG2cXlt1Kitw%3D%3D&md5=0b2efc5d2e8d25fe69ff38d83715af73CAS |
Willmott WF, O’Flynn ML, Trezise DL (1984) ‘Rockhampton region, Queensland. 1 : 100 000 geological map commentary. Geological survey of Queensland.’ (Queensland Department of Mines: Brisbane)
Wulff AS, Hollingsworth PM, Ahrends A, Jaffré T, Veillon JM, L’Huillier L, Fogliani B (2013) Conservation priorities in a biodiversity hotspot: analysis of narrow endemic plant species in New Caledonia. PLoS ONE 8, e73371
| Conservation priorities in a biodiversity hotspot: analysis of narrow endemic plant species in New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsFeitLfF&md5=9f94e1627528e36c568f4b359a2c005fCAS | 24058470PubMed |
