Cytological analysis of hybrid embryos of intergeneric crosses between Salix viminalis and Populus species
Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna A C , Maria K. Wojciechowicz A , Maciej Zenkteler A , Stanisław Jeżowski B and Elżbieta Zenkteler AA Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poland.
B Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
C Corresponding author. Email: agabag@amu.edu.pl
Australian Journal of Botany 58(1) 42-48 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT09188
Submitted: 23 October 2009 Accepted: 22 December 2009 Published: 11 March 2010
Abstract
Intergeneric hybridisation between Salix viminalis L. as the female and four Populus species (Populus trichocarpa, P. tremula, P. × canadensis and P. simonii) as male pollen donors was performed by in vitro stigma pollination. To overcome postzygotic barriers, transfer of hybrid embryos to new medium is necessary. We carried out detailed ultrastructural analyses to establish: (i) at which stage of embryo development the first signs of programmed cell death (PCD) could be detected; and (ii) at which stage the lack of serious or irreversible changes guaranteed that advanced development of hybrid plants could occur after embryo rescue. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the presence of both developing and degenerating embryos. Developing globular, heart-shaped, and early cotyledonary embryos contained cells of correct ultrastructure. The only sign of intergeneric hybridisation was a delay in development for a few days, in comparison with control embryos. The earliest indicators of embryo degeneration were noted at 9 days after pollination (DAP). The most common indicators were excessive embryo vacuolisation, which was characterised by a large number of vesicles and formation of small vacuoles, as well as enlarged central vacuoles. Extended plastid thylakoids, folding of the cell wall, and autophagosomes were observed. Our detailed investigation of PCD in hybrid embryos enabled us to conclude that the embryo rescue technique was most effective in intergeneric willow × poplar crosses if applied between 9 and 16 DAP.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by grant no. R 12 061 03 from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
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