Current and future antimicrobial resistance issues for the Australian pig industry
S. Abraham A , M. O’Dea A , S. W. Page B and D. J. Trott C D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia.
B Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
C Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: darren.trott@adelaide.edu.au
Animal Production Science 57(12) 2398-2407 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN17358
Submitted: 30 May 2017 Accepted: 28 August 2017 Published: 20 November 2017
Abstract
Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in intensive pig production and its potential impacts to human and animal health are very much under the spotlight, both internationally, and within Australia. While the majority of AMR of medical importance is associated with the exclusive use of antimicrobials in humans, resistance in zoonotic foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter, and livestock commensal bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., is under increased scrutiny. This is primarily due to the current reliance on many of the same drug classes as used in human medicine for treatment and control of bacterial diseases of livestock. Furthermore, the development of multidrug resistance in pathogens such as enterotoxigenic E. coli may drive off-label use of critically important drug classes such as 3rd-generation cephalosporins. This could lead to the emergence and amplification of resistance genes of potential public health significance in both pathogens and commensal bacteria. Livestock-associated and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has also recently been detected in Australian pigs as a result of human-to-animal transmission and are a potential public health issue for in-contact piggery workers. Australia is in a unique position compared with many of its international trading partners due to its isolation, ban on importation of livestock and conservative approach to antimicrobial registration, including reservation of the fluoroquinolone class for use in humans and companion animals only. Cross-sectional AMR surveys of pathogens and commensals in healthy pigs have identified only low frequency of resistance to critically important drug classes. Nevertheless, resistance to critically important antimicrobials has emerged and careful antimicrobial stewardship is required to ensure that these low levels do not increase. In this report, we review AMR of significance to the Australian pig industry and identify potential prevention and control measures.
Additional keywords: antimicrobial stewardship, pig production, prudent use.
References
Aarestrup FM, Hasman H, Agersø Y, Jensen LB, Harksen S, Svensmark B (2006) First description of bla(CTX-M-1)-carrying Escherichia coli isolates in Danish primary food production. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 57, 1258–1259.| First description of bla(CTX-M-1)-carrying Escherichia coli isolates in Danish primary food production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmsFykur8%3D&md5=9c0b3df4b466d3de881f96eb23b4232aCAS |
Abraham S, Groves MD, Trott DJ, Chapman TA, Turner B, Hornitzky M, Jordan D (2014a) Salmonella enterica isolated from infections in Australian livestock remain susceptible to critical antimicrobials. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 43, 126–130.
| Salmonella enterica isolated from infections in Australian livestock remain susceptible to critical antimicrobials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFOgsLfK&md5=7c62b19e45c72782f379b72ded23c5a6CAS |
Abraham S, Trott DJ, Jordan D, Gordon DM, Groves MD, Fairbrother JM, Smith MG, Zhang R, Chapman TA (2014b) Phylogenetic and molecular insights into the evolution of multidrug-resistant porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Australia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 44, 105–111.
| Phylogenetic and molecular insights into the evolution of multidrug-resistant porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpvVehu70%3D&md5=55b92f90b5bfe7dae288450ec83ddb60CAS |
Abraham S, Wong HS, Turnidge J, Johnson JR, Trott DJ (2014c) Carbapenemase-producing bacteria in companion animals: a public health concern on the horizon. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69, 1155–1157.
| Carbapenemase-producing bacteria in companion animals: a public health concern on the horizon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXls1Ogtrg%3D&md5=37720c7d5f2d6d2df0608611f2d60ad8CAS |
Abraham S, Jordan D, Wong HS, Johnson JR, Toleman MA, Wakeham DL, Gordon DM, Turnidge JD, Mollinger JL, Gibson JS, Trott DJ (2015) First detection of extended-spectrum cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in Australian food-producing animals. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 3, 273–277.
| First detection of extended-spectrum cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in Australian food-producing animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Abraham S, O’Dea M, Trott DJ, Abraham RJ, Hughes D, Pang S, Mckew G, Cheong EYL, Merlino J, Saputra S, Malik R, Gottlieb T (2016) Isolation and plasmid characterization of carbapenemase (IMP-4) producing Salmonella enterica Typhimurium from cats. Scientific Reports 6, 35527
| Isolation and plasmid characterization of carbapenemase (IMP-4) producing Salmonella enterica Typhimurium from cats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhslGrtr%2FF&md5=6f228f5380e81cc459a23cc371ad8637CAS |
Abraham S, Jagoe S, Pang S, Coombs GW, O’Dea M, Kelly J, Khazandi M, Petrovski KR, Trott DJ (2017) Reverse zoonotic transmission of community-associated MRSA ST1-IV to a dairy cow. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 50, 125–126.
| Reverse zoonotic transmission of community-associated MRSA ST1-IV to a dairy cow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXnsl2ru7s%3D&md5=dabfade7f3776b113a46458210f8d0e8CAS |
Agersø Y, Aarestrup FM (2013) Voluntary ban on cephalosporin use in Danish pig production has effectively reduced extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-producing Escherichia coli in slaughter pigs. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 68, 569–572.
| Voluntary ban on cephalosporin use in Danish pig production has effectively reduced extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-producing Escherichia coli in slaughter pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allen KJ, Poppe C (2002) Occurrence and characterization of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins mediated by β-lactamase CMY-2 in Salmonella isolated from food-producing animals in Canada. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 66, 137–144.
AURA (2016) ‘First Australian report on antimicrobial use and resistance in human health.’ (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality) Available at https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications/aura-2016-first-australian-report-on-antimicroibal-use-and-resistance-in-human- health/ [Verified 27 September 2017]
Australian Strategic and Technical Advisory Group on AMR (ASTAG) (2015) ‘Importance ratings and summary of antibacterial uses in humans in Australia.’ Commonwealth of Australia 2014–2016. Available at http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/1803C433C71415CACA257C8400121B1F/$File/ratings-summary-Antibacterial-uses-humans.pdf [Verified 27 September 2017]
Bennett PM (2008) Plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance: acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria. British Journal of Pharmacology 153, S347–S357.
| Plasmid encoded antibiotic resistance: acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXislSjtLY%3D&md5=96239452d2ddf565eada965955983e76CAS |
Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, Edwards JE, Gilbert D, Rice LB, Scheld M, Spellberg B, Bartlett J (2009) Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48, 1–12.
| Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bradford PA, Petersen PJ, Fingerman IM, White DG (1999) Characterization of expanded-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in E. coli isolates associated with bovine calf diarrhoeal disease. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 44, 607–610.
| Characterization of expanded-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in E. coli isolates associated with bovine calf diarrhoeal disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnsFSjtr8%3D&md5=4fabf8aeedefda59289aca3471245634CAS |
Buddle JR, Mercy AR, Skirrow SZ, Madec F, Nicholls RR (1997) Epidemiological studies of pig diseases: 1. Use of French protocols for risk factor assessment to predict the health status of Australian herds. Australian Veterinary Journal 75, 274–281.
| Epidemiological studies of pig diseases: 1. Use of French protocols for risk factor assessment to predict the health status of Australian herds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3osFequw%3D%3D&md5=e8e9703c8188c6e0febd3c08bfbd04e2CAS |
Cargill C, McKenzie P, Gleeson B, Woeckel A, Lloyd B (2017) ‘Housing and managing pigs for healthy efficient pork production: a risk assessment approach.’ (Australian Pork Limited) In press.
Cheng AC, Turnidge J, Collignon P, Looke D, Barton M, Gottlieb T (2012) Control of fluoroquinolone resistance through successful regulation, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, 1453–1460.
| Control of fluoroquinolone resistance through successful regulation, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVCjsLjK&md5=7aab2bee463a6795757e1a84f062f0b1CAS |
Collignon PJ (2012) Does antibiotic use in farmed animals pose a risk to human health? Yes. The Medical Journal of Australia 196, 302
| Does antibiotic use in farmed animals pose a risk to human health? Yes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crerar S, Nicholls T, Barton M (1999) Multi‐resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104‐implications for animal industries and the veterinary profession. Australian Veterinary Journal 77, 170–171.
| Multi‐resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104‐implications for animal industries and the veterinary profession.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3ht12qtg%3D%3D&md5=2addf2ad8dba69280e3e3bfb294a9727CAS |
Díaz JAC, Diana A, Boyle LA, Leonard FC, McElroy M, McGettrick S, Moriarty J, Manzanilla EG (2017) Delaying pigs from the normal production flow is associated with health problems and poorer performance. Porcine Health Management 3, 13
| Delaying pigs from the normal production flow is associated with health problems and poorer performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dolejska M, Masarikova M, Dobiasova H, Jamborova I, Karpiskova R, Havlicek M, Carlile N, Priddel D, Cizek A, Literak I (2016) High prevalence of Salmonella and IMP-4-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the silver gull on Five Islands, Australia. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71, 63–70.
| High prevalence of Salmonella and IMP-4-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the silver gull on Five Islands, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xjs1Ohtrg%3D&md5=6d4a1f3c39539bf25792c8376e415654CAS |
Doyle ME (2015) Multidrug-resistant pathogens in the food supply. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 12, 261–279.
| Multidrug-resistant pathogens in the food supply.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Espedido BA, Partridge SR, Iredell JR (2008) bla(IMP-4) in different genetic contexts in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Australia. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, 2984–2987.
| bla(IMP-4) in different genetic contexts in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXps1Ogu7o%3D&md5=b25e0f9b821599bffed2b9359cec660fCAS |
Fablet C, Dorenlor V, Eono F, Eveno E, Jolly JP, Portier F, Bidan F, Madec F, Rose N (2012) Noninfectious factors associated with pneumonia and pleuritis in slaughtered pigs from 143 farrow-to-finish pig farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 104, 271–280.
| Noninfectious factors associated with pneumonia and pleuritis in slaughtered pigs from 143 farrow-to-finish pig farms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38zptlWgsQ%3D%3D&md5=12440bc276a0c275683118004e20cea7CAS |
Gilad J, Carmeli Y (2008) Treatment options for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter species. Drugs 68, 165–189.
| Treatment options for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsV2msro%3D&md5=fd61718239c95b9bd8135af1d3bba271CAS |
Gillings MR (2014) Integrons: Past, Present, and Future. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 78, 257–277.
| Integrons: Past, Present, and Future.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Groves MD, O’Sullivan MV, Brouwers HJ, Chapman TA, Abraham S, Trott DJ, Al Jassim R, Coombs GW, Skov RL, Jordan D (2014) Staphylococcus aureus ST398 detected in pigs in Australia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69, 1426–1428.
Groves MD, Crouch B, Coombs GW, Jordan D, Pang S, Barton MD, Giffard P, Abraham S, Trott DJ (2016) Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Australian veterinarians. PLoS One 11, e0146034
| Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Australian veterinarians.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hasan B, Sandegren L, Melhus A, Drobni M, Hernandez J, Waldenstrom J, Alam M, Olsen B (2012) Antimicrobial drug-resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds and free-range poultry, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, 2055–2058.
| Antimicrobial drug-resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds and free-range poultry, Bangladesh.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jiang HX, Tang DA, Liu YH, Zhang XH, Zeng ZL, Xu L, Hawkey PM (2012) Prevalence and characteristics of beta-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from farmed fish in China. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67, 2350–2353.
| Prevalence and characteristics of beta-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from farmed fish in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVSntr7M&md5=d52cf7416c5556dbb8dbe53c96372258CAS |
Johnson TJ (2017) Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in swine production in the United States: impact and opportunities. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61, e02348-e16
Jordan D, Chin JC, Fahy V, Barton M, Smith M, Trott D (2009) Antimicrobial use in the Australian pig industry: results of a national survey. Australian Veterinary Journal 87, 222–229.
| Antimicrobial use in the Australian pig industry: results of a national survey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MzovFGhsw%3D%3D&md5=16decf732473728c3b0b9e858750a52cCAS |
Laehnemann D, Pena-Miller R, Rosenstiel P, Beardmore R, Jansen G, Schulenburg H (2014) Genomics of rapid adaptation to antibiotics: convergent evolution and scalable sequence amplification. Genome Biology and Evolution 6, 1287–1301.
| Genomics of rapid adaptation to antibiotics: convergent evolution and scalable sequence amplification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXivVaisbw%3D&md5=82e8646187c6dc3c148eea392d61abbaCAS |
Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AKM, Wertheim HFL, Sumpradit N, Vlieghe E, Hara GL, Gould IM, Goossens H, Greko C, So AD, Bigdeli M, Tomson G, Woodhouse W, Ombaka E, Peralta AQ, Qamar FN, Mir F, Kariuki S, Bhutta ZA, Coates A, Bergstrom R, Wright GD, Brown ED, Cars O (2013) Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. The Lancet Infectious Diseases Commission 13, 1057–1098.
| Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Litrup E, Kiil K, Hammerum AM, Roer L, Nielsen EM, Torpdahl M (2017) Plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Salmonella isolates from human infections, Denmark, 2009–17. Eurosurveillance 22, 30587
| Plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Salmonella isolates from human infections, Denmark, 2009–17.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu Y-Y, Wang Y, Walsh TR, Yi L-X, Zhang R, Spencer J, Doi Y, Tian G, Dong B, Huang X (2016) Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16, 161–168.
| Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lorian VE (2005) Chapter 10. In ‘Antibiotics in laboratory medicine’. 5th edn. (LWW (PE): Philadelphia, PA)
Manges AR, Johnson JR (2012) Food-borne origins of Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases 55, 712–719.
| Food-borne origins of Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marshall BM, Levy SB (2011) Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 24, 718–733.
| Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1ejsL7L&md5=bf260e7aea4a6dd29bcacf970b359f8fCAS |
McCormick BJJ, van Breda LK, Ward MP (2017) Bayesian Network analysis of piglet scours. Scientific Reports 7, 6202
Mukerji S, O’Dea M, Barton M, Kirkwood R, Lee T, Abraham S (2017) Development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria in animals and their public health impact. Essays in Biochemistry 61, 23–35.
| Development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria in animals and their public health impact.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Neill J (2016) Review on antimicrobial resistance, tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. Available at https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf [Verified 27 September 2017]
Page SW (2012) Does antibiotic use in farmed animals pose a risk to human health? No. The Medical Journal of Australia 196, 303
| Does antibiotic use in farmed animals pose a risk to human health? No.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Page SW, Prescott J, Weese S (2014) The 5Rs approach to antimicrobial stewardship. The Veterinary Record 175, 207–208.
| The 5Rs approach to antimicrobial stewardship.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Partridge SR, Ginn AN, Paulsen IT, Iredell JR (2012) pEl1573 carrying bla IMP-4, from Sydney, Australia, is closely related to other IncL/M Plasmids. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, 6029–6032.
| pEl1573 carrying bla IMP-4, from Sydney, Australia, is closely related to other IncL/M Plasmids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsF2iu7vM&md5=2a200804c05361284b283cb3d1f0f886CAS |
Pérez-Pérez FJ, Hanson ND (2002) Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase genes in clinical isolates by using multiplex PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40, 2153–2162.
| Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase genes in clinical isolates by using multiplex PCR.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Poirel L, Potron A, De La Cuesta C, Cleary T, Nordmann P, Munoz-Price LS (2012) Wild coastline birds as reservoirs of broad-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Miami Beach, Florida. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, 2756–2758.
| Wild coastline birds as reservoirs of broad-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Miami Beach, Florida.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmsVKrt7o%3D&md5=d83b984a55096d1427325a72406670ddCAS |
Pulss S, Semmler T, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Bauerfeind R, Ewers C (2017) First report of an Escherichia coli strain from swine carrying an OXA-181 carbapenemase and the colistin resistance determinant MCR-1. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 50, 232–236.
| First report of an Escherichia coli strain from swine carrying an OXA-181 carbapenemase and the colistin resistance determinant MCR-1.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhtFCrtLnF&md5=f4b5f4ae580a9ac02feefc111e94bf44CAS |
Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Leonard FC, Hartigan P, Fanning S, Fitzpatrick ES (2011) ‘Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease.’ 2nd edn. (Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex, UK)
Recchia GD, Hall RM (1995) Gene cassettes: a new class of mobile element. Microbiology 141, 3015–3027.
| Gene cassettes: a new class of mobile element.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhsVSisg%3D%3D&md5=77e37e8ff284a8fd0f650020b2ebadc6CAS |
Sahibzada S, Abraham S, Coombs GW, Pang S, Hernández-Jover M, Jordan D, Heller J (2017) Transmission of highly virulent community-associated MRSA ST93 and livestock-associated MRSA ST398 between humans and pigs in Australia. Scientific Reports 7, 5273
| Transmission of highly virulent community-associated MRSA ST93 and livestock-associated MRSA ST398 between humans and pigs in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC1cjnsVajsg%3D%3D&md5=4e9d913a2f6c80ad097efe74ad157ef0CAS |
Scheidt A, Cline T, Clark K, Mayrose V, Alstine W, Diekman M, Singleton W (1995) The effect of all-in-all-out growing-finishing on the health of pigs. Swine Health and Production 3, 202–205.
Shaban R, Simon G, Trott D, Turnidge J, Jordan D (2014) ‘Surveillance and reporting of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic usage in animals and agriculture in Australia.’ (Department of Agriculture, The Australian Government: Canberra)
Sidjabat HE, Heney C, George NM, Nimmo GR, Paterson DL (2014) Interspecies transfer of bla(IMP-4) in a patient with prolonged colonization by IMP-4-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 52, 3816–3818.
| Interspecies transfer of bla(IMP-4) in a patient with prolonged colonization by IMP-4-producing Enterobacteriaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sidjabat HE, Robson J, Paterson DL (2015a) Draft genome sequences of two IMP-4-producing Escherichia coli sequence type 131 isolates in Australia. Genome Announcements 3, e00983-15
| Draft genome sequences of two IMP-4-producing Escherichia coli sequence type 131 isolates in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sidjabat HE, Townell N, Nimmo GR, George NM, Robson J, Vohra R, Davis L, Heney C, Paterson DL (2015b) Dominance of IMP-4-producing Enterobacter cloacae among carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Australia. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, 4059–4066.
| Dominance of IMP-4-producing Enterobacter cloacae among carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtFaqsrrI&md5=8160600ee28282af83249f99ec42508dCAS |
Slimings C, Riley TV (2014) Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69, 881–891.
| Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXktlOisL0%3D&md5=cb8abd9a71c2ee46812f2cfee3677ff0CAS |
Smith M, Do TN, Gibson JS, Jordan D, Cobbold RN, Trott DJ (2014) Comparison of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from Australian and Vietnamese pigs. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 2, 162–167.
| Comparison of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from Australian and Vietnamese pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2snptVKjsA%3D%3D&md5=b768cde1cd764a1eec1e039c3d9f7491CAS |
Smith M, Jordan D, Gibson J, Cobbold R, Chapman T, Abraham S, Trott D (2016) Phenotypic and genotypic profiling of antimicrobial resistance in enteric Escherichia coli communities isolated from finisher pigs in Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 94, 371–376.
| Phenotypic and genotypic profiling of antimicrobial resistance in enteric Escherichia coli communities isolated from finisher pigs in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsFKjsr3I&md5=0adb4627e0241940feaa52d701432c16CAS |
Sparham SJ, Kwong JC, Valcanis M, Easton M, Trott DJ, Seemann T, Stinear TP, Howden BP (2017) Emergence of multidrug resistance in locally-acquired human infections with Salmonella Typhimurium in Australia owing to a new clade harbouring bla CTX-M-9. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 50, 101–105.
| Emergence of multidrug resistance in locally-acquired human infections with Salmonella Typhimurium in Australia owing to a new clade harbouring bla CTX-M-9.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXnt1Cqtbc%3D&md5=e9f0f7022602453beb1296130b187d37CAS |
Swann MM (1969) Report of the Joint Committee on the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
Tetaz TJ, Luke R (1983) Plasmid-controlled resistance to copper in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 154, 1263–1268.
Toleman MA, Walsh TR (2011) Combinatorial events of insertion sequences and ICE in Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 35, 912–935.
| Combinatorial events of insertion sequences and ICE in Gram-negative bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVyjsr7F&md5=8e666fcaa9763a42645cd6e205d813b4CAS |
Trott D (2013) Beta-lactam resistance in Gram-negative pathogens isolated from animals. Current Pharmaceutical Design 19, 239–249.
| Beta-lactam resistance in Gram-negative pathogens isolated from animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjvFOmtrs%3D&md5=465b839a71397fca142cb0f328017db5CAS |
Van Boeckel TP, Brower C, Gilbert M, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, Robinson TP, Teillant A, Laxminarayan R (2015) Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 112, 5649–5654.
| Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXks12jt70%3D&md5=43b0ab7581192d6ad9554442af1a20a7CAS |
van Breda LK, Dhungyel OP, Ginn AN, Iredell JR, Ward MP (2016) The impact of antibiotic use: resistance in Australian domestic and feral pig populations. In ‘Proceedings of the 4th international conference on the responsible use of antibiotics in animals’. (The Hague, The Netherlands)
van Breda LK, Dhungyel OP, Ginn AN, Iredell JR, Ward MP (2017) Pre- and post-weaning scours in southeastern Australia: a survey of 22 commercial pig herds and characterisation of Escherichia coli isolates. PLoS One 12, e0172528
Viens AM, Littmann J (2015) Is antimicrobial resistance a slowly emerging disaster? Public Health Ethics 8, 255–265.
Wang X-M, Jiang H-X, Liao X-P, Liu J-H, Zhang W-J, Zhang H, Jiang Z-G, Lü D-H, Xiang R, Liu Y-H (2010) Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and phylogenetic background in Escherichia coli isolates from diseased pigs. FEMS Microbiology Letters 306, 15–21.
| Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and phylogenetic background in Escherichia coli isolates from diseased pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXltFWrsbs%3D&md5=d8d815e1fc1977bc1f0c74c6053ea810CAS |
Weese J, Page SW, Prescott JF (2013) Antimicrobial stewardship in animals. In ‘Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine’. 5th edn. pp. 117–132.
WHO (2014) Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance.
WHO (2016) At UN, global leaders commit to act on antimicrobial resistance. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/antibiotic-resistance/en/ [Verified 14 February 2017]
WHO (2017) ‘Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine’. 5th rev. (World Health Organization: Geneva)
Woodford N, Wareham DW, Guerra B, Teale C (2014) Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and non-Enterobacteriaceae from animals and the environment: an emerging public health risk of our own making? The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69, 287–291.
| Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and non-Enterobacteriaceae from animals and the environment: an emerging public health risk of our own making?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXlvFOmtQ%3D%3D&md5=3dfdfc09cb6031e7744e52a74e12b770CAS |
Worthing KA, Coombs GW, Pang S, Abraham S, Saputra S, Trott DJ, Jordan D, Wong HS, Abraham RJ, Norris JM (2016) Isolation of mecC MRSA in Australia. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71, 2348–2349.
| Isolation of mecC MRSA in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhvVekt7jI&md5=e97ee92b43cffc75cee96446cc8d3d1dCAS |
Wozniak RA, Waldor MK (2010) Integrative and conjugative elements: mosaic mobile genetic elements enabling dynamic lateral gene flow. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 8, 552–563.
| Integrative and conjugative elements: mosaic mobile genetic elements enabling dynamic lateral gene flow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotlWkuro%3D&md5=93ecca8ef48544cf5b6fbe79755621a4CAS |
Yang H, Chen S, White DG, Zhao S, Mcdermott P, Walker R, Meng J (2004) Characterization of multiple-antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from diseased chickens and swine in China. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42, 3483–3489.
| Characterization of multiple-antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from diseased chickens and swine in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnt1Ogtro%3D&md5=38b256817dad9ad735b19266b69bb9a9CAS |
Yu Z, Gunn L, Wall P, Fanning S (2017) Antimicrobial resistance and its association with tolerance to heavy metals in agriculture production. Food Microbiology 64, 23–32.
| Antimicrobial resistance and its association with tolerance to heavy metals in agriculture production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XitFGhs7vK&md5=8fc11e1da558fa100a0f357d6c5c3a90CAS |
