Effect of replacing palm fat with high-linoleic cold-pressed rapeseed or sunflower cakes on fatty acid biohydrogenation in an artificial rumen (Rusitec)
H. Benhissi A B , I. Beltrán de Heredia A and A. García-Rodríguez A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Tecnalia, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute, Apartado 46, 01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
B Corresponding author. Email: hbenhissi@neiker.net
Animal Production Science 58(3) 499-506 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15348
Submitted: 6 July 2015 Accepted: 8 September 2016 Published: 28 November 2016
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting high-linoleic cold-pressed rapeseed or sunflower cakes for palm fat on fatty acids biohydrogenation in an artificial rumen. Three isoproteic and isolipidic diets (forage : concentrate ratio 10 : 90) were evaluated. The three diets consisted of barley straw plus a concentrate mixture supplemented with (1) prilled palm fat (CTR, Control), (2) cold-pressed rapeseed cake (CPRC treatment) or (3) cold-pressed sunflower cake (CPSC treatment) as a lipid source. The assay was conducted using a Rusitec unit consisting of six vessels (two vessels per treatment). After 7-day adaptation period, nutrients disappearance, rumen fermentation parameters and fatty acid profile of rumen digesta were determined for 3 days. CPRC treatment had no effect on nutrients disappearances and rumen fermentation. In contrast, CPSC reduced neutral detergent fibre (P = 0.04), acid detergent fibre (P = 0.01), protein (P = 0.01), organic matter (P < 0.01) and dry matter (P = 0.01) disappearances, compared with CTR and CPRC. CPSC also decreased total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.01) production and shifted rumen fermentation pattern towards lower acetate (P = 0.03) and higher propionate proportion (P = 0.01), in comparison to CTR and CPRC. Both CPRC and CPSC altered the fatty acids composition of ruminal digesta by decreasing the total saturated fatty acids (P < 0.01) and increasing the accumulation of C18:0 (P < 0.01), total C18:1 cis (P < 0.01) and total C18:1 trans (P < 0.01). Vaccenic acid was increased (P < 0.01) 2.18-fold by CPRC and 4.09-fold by CPSC. C18:1 trans-10 : trans-11 ratio remained constant among treatments (P = 0.31). Rumenic acid was not affected by CPRC but was increased (P = 0.04) 4.25- and 2.83-fold by CPSC compared with CTR and CPRC, respectively. Overall, feeding CPRC or CPSC to ruminants might improve the ruminal fatty acid profile mainly by reducing saturated fatty acids and promoting cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and vaccenic acid accumulation without altering the trans-10 : trans-11 ratio. These changes in rumen fatty acid composition could occur without detrimental effects on ruminal fermentation for CPRC but they might be associated with impaired rumen function for CPSC.
Additional keyword: vaccenic acid.
References
Allison MJ, Bryant MP, Doestch RN (1962) Studies on the metabolic function of branched-chain volatile fatty acids, growth factors for ruminococci. I. Incorporation of isovalerate into leucine. Journal of Bacteriology 83, 523–532.Amores G, Virto M, Nájera AI, Arranz J, Bustamante MA, Valdivieslo I, Ruiz de Gordoa JC, Garcia-Rodriguez A, Barron LJ, de Renobles M (2014) Rapeseed and sunflower oilcake as supplements for dairy sheep: animal performance and milk fatty acid concentrations. The Journal of Dairy Research 81, 410–416.
| Rapeseed and sunflower oilcake as supplements for dairy sheep: animal performance and milk fatty acid concentrations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvVant7zJ&md5=180781f1c66c632d4744d65710bdab07CAS |
AOAC (1990) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 15th edn. (AOAC International: Arlington, VA)
AOAC (1999) ‘Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists.’ 16th edn. (AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD)
AOAC (2003) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 18th edn. (AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD)
Beauchemin KA, McAllister TA, McGinn SM (2009) Dietary mitigation of enteric methane from cattle. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science. Nutrition and Natural Resources 4, 1–18.
| Dietary mitigation of enteric methane from cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chalupa W, Rickabaugh B, Kronfeld DS, Sklan D (1984) Rumen fermentation in vitro as influenced by long chain fatty. Journal of Dairy Science 67, 1439–1444.
| Rumen fermentation in vitro as influenced by long chain fatty.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXlt1KmsL0%3D&md5=8851e591df51e84c6caff9539fde3a9dCAS |
Chilliard Y, Glasser F, Ferlay A, Bernard L, Rouel J, Doreau M (2007) Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 828–855.
| Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVSnsrrO&md5=3857d49d8b6afe82cfde7e210f2dadd4CAS |
Czerkawski JW, Breckenridge G (1977) Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). British Journal of Nutrition 38, 371–384.
| Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXhs1Kiu7o%3D&md5=9e46deaf1a0dd59cb1916e6c9d9f53f3CAS |
Dutta N, Sharma K, Naulia U (2002) Use of undecorticated sunflower cake as a critical protein supplement in sheep and goats fed wheat straw. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15, 834–837.
| Use of undecorticated sunflower cake as a critical protein supplement in sheep and goats fed wheat straw.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xkt1SisL8%3D&md5=18d4fa5bf12afd221d7a24e5eb91a1f2CAS |
Frei M (2013) Lignin: characterization of a multifaceted crop component. Scientific World Journal 436517
| Lignin: characterization of a multifaceted crop component.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gebauer SK, Chardigny JM, Jakobsen MU, Lamarche B, Lock AL, Proctor SD, Baer DJ (2011) Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Advances in Nutrition 2, 332–354.
| Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVajsLbJ&md5=07c60ef116e743d9ad4e7c4b0292b179CAS |
Gebauer SK, Destaillats F, Dionisi F, Krauss RM, Baer DJ (2015) Vaccenic acid and trans fatty acid isomers from partially hydrogenated oil both adversely affect LDL cholesterol: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102, 1339–1346.
| Vaccenic acid and trans fatty acid isomers from partially hydrogenated oil both adversely affect LDL cholesterol: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XntlWktbk%3D&md5=b4a340ee968985aed576176ff7f542b8CAS |
Getachew G, Blümmel M, Makkar HPS, Becker K (1998) In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: A Review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 72, 261–281.
| In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: A Review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjvVWgsb4%3D&md5=bada1bec9779a75c46090c523c8bde02CAS |
Givens DI, Kliem KE, Humphries DJ, Shingfield KJ, Morgan R (2009) Effect of replacing calcium salts of palm oil distillate with rapeseed oil, milled or whole rapeseeds on milk fatty-acid composition in cows fed maize silage-based diets. Animal 3, 1067–1074.
| Effect of replacing calcium salts of palm oil distillate with rapeseed oil, milled or whole rapeseeds on milk fatty-acid composition in cows fed maize silage-based diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVSnsL%2FL&md5=74fd56ee27e0def2065f7567f45598e7CAS |
Goiri I, Indurain G, Insausti K, Sarries V, Garcia-Rodriguez A (2010) Ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in vitro as affected by chitosan. Animal Feed Science and Technology 159, 35–40.
| Ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in vitro as affected by chitosan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXosVGntrs%3D&md5=e34342f68daca2eb61f6ce045ac10057CAS |
Harfoot CG, Hazlewood GP (1997) Lipid metabolism in the rumen. In ‘The rumen microbial ecosystem’. (Eds PN Hobson, CS Stewart) pp. 382–426. (Chapman and Hall: London, UK)
Hodgson JM, Wahlqvist ML, Boxall JA, Balazs ND (1996) Platelet trans fatty acids in relation to angiographically assessed coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 120, 147–154.
| Platelet trans fatty acids in relation to angiographically assessed coronary artery disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XlvVCnuw%3D%3D&md5=276fe476070e1448e8b3a3b5c31c1a52CAS |
Hoffmann A, Steingass H, Schollenberger M, Jara HT, Hartung K, Weiss E, Mosenthin R (2013) Changes in fatty acid composition of various full fat crushed oilseeds and their free oils when incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Archives of Animal Nutrition 67, 77–92.
| Changes in fatty acid composition of various full fat crushed oilseeds and their free oils when incubated with rumen liquor in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXpsFyhtA%3D%3D&md5=02c2a15c9463175a50f9d00e6a0ad505CAS |
Hoffmann A, Steingass H, Schollenberger M, Terry H, Hartung K, Weiss E, Mosenthin R (2015) Effects of different forms and origins of oilseeds on dynamics of ruminal biohydrogenation of long-chain fatty acids in vitro. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 99, 1031–1038.
| Effects of different forms and origins of oilseeds on dynamics of ruminal biohydrogenation of long-chain fatty acids in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhvVSlsLjO&md5=6ecea11a23a0be4c8f8dbb6963839898CAS |
Hunter JE, Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM (2010) Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, 46–63.
| Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhs1WlsbjE&md5=d59275f468b3feb5cdeab02e7012f49fCAS |
Jenkins TC (1993) Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 3851–3863.
| Lipid metabolism in the rumen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtlShtb4%3D&md5=9e534a94bdbb61b33d9ae446c6380795CAS |
Kramer JKG, Cruz-Hernandez C, Zhou J (2001) Conjugated linoleic acid and octadecenoic acids: extraction and isolations of lipids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 103, 600–609.
| Conjugated linoleic acid and octadecenoic acids: extraction and isolations of lipids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnsV2ju7w%3D&md5=6501eebff86b656c289d9ba6201945beCAS |
Krause DO, Denman SE, Mackie RI, Morrison M, Rae AL, Attwood GT, McSweeney CS (2003) Opportunities to improve fiber degradation in the rumen: microbiology, ecology, and genomics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 27, 663–693.
| Opportunities to improve fiber degradation in the rumen: microbiology, ecology, and genomics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpt1ekur8%3D&md5=08b3a2941eaeb16bb211c83778a10517CAS |
Laverroux S, Glasser F, Gillet M, Joly C, Doreau M (2011) Isomerization of Vaccenic acid to cis and trans C18:1 Isomers during biohydrogenation by rumen microbes. Lipids 46, 843–850.
| Isomerization of Vaccenic acid to cis and trans C18:1 Isomers during biohydrogenation by rumen microbes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXptlWisL4%3D&md5=61bc7eda114029c468ac680e94bf9b36CAS |
Lee SY, Lee SM, Cho YB, Kam DK, Lee SC, Kim CH, Seo S (2011) Glycerol as a feed supplement for ruminants: In vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production. Animal Feed Science and Technology 166–167, 269–274.
| Glycerol as a feed supplement for ruminants: In vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Loor JJ, Ueda K, Ferlay A, Chilliard Y, Doreau M (2004) Biohydrogenation, duodenal flow, and intestinal digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in response to dietary forage:concentrate ratio and linseed oil in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 2472–2485.
| Biohydrogenation, duodenal flow, and intestinal digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in response to dietary forage:concentrate ratio and linseed oil in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXotVyns7k%3D&md5=360965f88d1c19760a54378f986413eaCAS |
Martin C, Morgavi DP, Doreau M (2010) Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. Animal 4, 351–365.
| Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhslWgs7k%3D&md5=eb26a3959e2a2f59e9df73f746e4d771CAS |
McDougall EI (1948) Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep’s saliva. The Biochemical Journal 43, 99–109.
| Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep’s saliva.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaH1MXhtlGhsQ%3D%3D&md5=0107001c5deaf30bfcdac6618bce2173CAS |
Mitchell GA (1990) Methods of starch analysis. Stärke 42, 131–134.
| Methods of starch analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXitlOisr8%3D&md5=fdea1a1e381c9ae0d7e579fa0e96aa68CAS |
Mosley EE, Powell GL, Riley MB, Jenkins TC (2002) Microbial biohydrogenation of oleic acid to trans isomers in vitro. Journal of Lipid Research 43, 290–296.
Motard-Bélanger A, Charest A, Grenier G, Paquin P, Chouinard Y, Lemieux S, Couture P, Lamarche B (2008) Study of the effect of trans fatty acids from ruminants on blood lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, 593–599.
Mupeta B, Weisberg MR, Hvelplund T, Madsen J (1997) Digestibility of amino acids in protein rich tropical feeds for ruminants estimated with the mobile bag technique. Animal Feed Science and Technology 69, 271–280.
| Digestibility of amino acids in protein rich tropical feeds for ruminants estimated with the mobile bag technique.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXns1WmsLk%3D&md5=9c5bb59fa8a50eaa13f50c38343b9471CAS |
Palmquist DL, Lock AL, Shingfield KJ, Bauman DE (2005) Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 50, 179–217.
| Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitlKhsLs%3D&md5=c082bb72a8976bbc6edb8b08fda4adf1CAS |
Penedo LA, Nunes JC, Gama MA, Leite PE, Quirico-Santos TF, Torres AG (2013) Intake of butter naturally enriched with cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid reduces systemic inflammatory mediators in healthy young adults. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 24, 2144–2151.
| Intake of butter naturally enriched with cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid reduces systemic inflammatory mediators in healthy young adults.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhslKrtrfO&md5=e6dc794a7bfee9c513675248822b9335CAS |
Proell JM, Mosley EE, Powell GL, Jenkins TC (2002) Isomerization of stable isotopically labeled elaidic acid to cis and trans monoenes by ruminal microbes. Journal of Lipid Research 43, 2072–2076.
| Isomerization of stable isotopically labeled elaidic acid to cis and trans monoenes by ruminal microbes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XpslGjsrY%3D&md5=58644783ebc89f1d77513fbc9f8f9d6fCAS |
Rego OA, Alves SP, Antunes LMS, Rosa HJD, Alfaia CFM, Prates JAM, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Bessa RJB (2009) Rumen biohydrogenation-derived fatty acids in milk fat from grazing dairy cows supplemented with rapeseed, sunflower, or linseed oils. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4530–4540.
| Rumen biohydrogenation-derived fatty acids in milk fat from grazing dairy cows supplemented with rapeseed, sunflower, or linseed oils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVKqtrzI&md5=6821f32be73624d99d55cb82c173efa3CAS |
Robertson JB, Van Soest PJ (1981) The detergent system of analysis. In ‘The analysis of dietary fibre in food’. (Eds WPT James, O Theander) pp. 123–158. (Marcel Dekker: New York)
Roy A, Ferlay A, Shingfield KJ, Chilliard Y (2006) Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to plant oils in cows given different basal diets, with particular emphasis on trans-C-18:1 fatty acids and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Animal Science 82, 479–492.
| Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to plant oils in cows given different basal diets, with particular emphasis on trans-C-18:1 fatty acids and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpslahtLk%3D&md5=0fda8a7d1fb514ac46ad52df5aee0072CAS |
SAS (2003) ‘SAS/Stat user’s guide.’ (Statistical Analysis Systems Institute: Cary, NC)
Scollan ND, Enser M, Gulati SK, Richardson I, Wood JD (2003) Effects of including a ruminally protected lipid supplement in the diet on the fatty acid composition of beef muscle. British Journal of Nutrition 90, 709–716.
| Effects of including a ruminally protected lipid supplement in the diet on the fatty acid composition of beef muscle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsFynsr8%3D&md5=8593957b6a66595eeb29c24b8d27ed5aCAS |
Shingfield KJ, Bonnet M, Scollan ND (2013) Recent developments in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods. Animal 7, 132–162.
| Recent developments in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjsFeisbg%3D&md5=93e3d662b9ce6648ac7aaca8026c31cbCAS |
Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM (2010) Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, 502–509.
| Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXisFyntL0%3D&md5=29b5cebc1c4f98b7ba2994b269cec5ebCAS |
Song MK, Kennelly JJ (2003) Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid and its incorporation into ruminant’s products. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 16, 306–314.
| Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid and its incorporation into ruminant’s products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht1Wkur0%3D&md5=744fe44857611561d8e806e662f7ece3CAS |
Stewart CS, Flint HJ, Bryant MP (1997) The rumen bacteria. In ‘The rumen microbial ecosystem’. (Eds PN Hobson, CS Stewart) pp. 10–72. (Blackie Academic and Professional: London, UK)
Sukhija PS, Palmquist DL (1988) Rapid method for determination of total fatty-acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36, 1202–1206.
| Rapid method for determination of total fatty-acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXlvVyrtbY%3D&md5=11cf20a99d61ab071c4195b6c4187e1bCAS |
Toral PG, Shingfield KJ, Hervás G, Toivonen V, Frutos P (2010) Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil on rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid composition of digesta in ewes fed a high concentrate diet. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 4804–4817.
| Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil on rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid composition of digesta in ewes fed a high concentrate diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFKmsLfP&md5=02fd36e4c86a18e8d28ebe3e33e891eaCAS |
Ulberth F, Henninger M (1994) Quantitation of trans fatty acids in milk fat using spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. The Journal of Dairy Research 61, 517–527.
| Quantitation of trans fatty acids in milk fat using spectroscopic and chromatographic methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXit1Gktbc%3D&md5=81577461f28f4d8f34ed5f121ea9b2e0CAS |
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.
| Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FnvVCltA%3D%3D&md5=5ac74045d70ec4fdb1b477d24fb39c1dCAS |
Wood JD, Enser M, Fisher AV, Nute GR, Sheard PR, Richardson RI, Hughes SI, Whittington FM (2008) Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: a review. Meat Science 78, 343–358.
| Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVCls7s%3D&md5=b7059b86baab70fe2cf37aa0ec8069c0CAS |
Zinn RA, Gulati SK, Plascencia A, Salinas J (2000) Influence of ruminal biohydrogenation on the feeding value of fat in finishing diets for feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 78, 1738–1746.
| Influence of ruminal biohydrogenation on the feeding value of fat in finishing diets for feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlt1Shsb8%3D&md5=fa53b7ac7b55942b5ed3de80280ce252CAS |
