Evaluation of village-based diets for increasing the weight and condition of Ongole (Bos indicus) and Bali (Bos javanicus) cows in Indonesia
R. Antari A , T. M. Syahniar A , D. E. Mayberry B F ,A Beef Cattle Research Institute, Pasuruan, East Java 67184, Indonesia.
B CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Dutton Park, Qld 4102, Australia.
C Department of Animal Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi 94118, Indonesia.
D School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
E School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.
F Corresponding author. Email: dianne.mayberry@csiro.au
Animal Production Science 54(9) 1368-1373 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14165
Submitted: 7 March 2014 Accepted: 29 May 2014 Published: 17 July 2014
Abstract
The aim of this research was to compare different feeding strategies to increase the weight and body condition score (BCS) of Ongole (Bos indicus) and Bali (Bos javanicus) cows kept by smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Thirty mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating Ongole and Bali cows were allocated to one of three treatment groups in a randomised block design, with five cows of each breed per treatment. The experiment consisted of a 2-week adaptation period and 24-week experimental period. In Weeks 1–17 cows were offered one of three diets; rice straw ad libitum plus gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) at 3 g DM/kg W.day (RSG3), rice straw at 10 g DM/kg W.day plus gliricidia at 10 g DM/kg W.day, or elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) ad libitum. During Weeks 18–24 the cows previously fed the RSG3 diet were offered rice straw ad libitum plus rice bran at 10 g DM/kg W.day. There was no change to diets of the other groups. Feeding untreated rice straw plus gliricidia or rice bran only provided enough metabolisable energy for maintenance of both breeds. Ongole and Bali cows consuming elephant grass gained weight at 0.25 and 0.33 kg/day, respectively. However, even at these higher growth rates it would still take ~4–6 months for cows to gain 1 BCS unit (1–5 scale). Maintaining a good BCS would be a better management strategy.
Additional keywords: elephant grass, gliricidia, IGF1, rice straw.
References
AOAC (1984) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 14th edn. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Washington, DC)Ciccioli NH, Wettemann RP, Spicer LJ, Lents CA, White FJ, Keisler DH (2003) Influence of body condition at calving and postpartum nutrition on endocrine function and reproductive performance of primiparous beef cows. Journal of Animal Science 81, 3107–3120.
Dunn TG, Kaltenbach CC (1980) Nutrition and the postpartum interval of the ewe, sow and cow. Journal of Animal Science 51, 29–39.
Eigenmann JE, Patterson DF, Froesch ER (1984) Body size parallels insulin-like growth factor I levels but not growth hormone secretory capacity. Acta Endocrinologica 106, 448–453.
Fordyce G, Anderson A, McCosker K, Williams PJ, Holroyd RG, Corbet NJ, Sullivan MS (2013) Liveweight prediction from hip height, condition score, fetal age and breed in tropical female cattle. Animal Production Science 53, 275–282.
| Liveweight prediction from hip height, condition score, fetal age and breed in tropical female cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Freer M, Dove H, Nolan JV (2007) ‘Nutrient requirements of domesticated ruminants.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Goering H, Van Soest P (1970) ‘Forage fibre analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Handbook No. 379.’ (US Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC)
Hossner KL (2005) ‘Hormonal regulation of farm animal growth.’ (Cromwell Press: Trowbridge, UK)
Houseknecht KL, Boggs DL, Campion DR, Sartin JL, Kiser TE, Rampacek GB, Amos HE (1988) Effect of dietary energy source and level on serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, growth and body composition in beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 66, 2916–2923.
Jenkins TG, Ferrell CL (2007) Daily dry matter intake to sustain body weight of mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant cows. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1787–1792.
| Daily dry matter intake to sustain body weight of mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntV2msbo%3D&md5=4948e9650081095d3efefb4153111071CAS | 17400974PubMed |
Lents CA, Wettemann RP, White FJ, Rubio I, Ciccioli NH, Spicer LJ, Keisler DH, Payton ME (2005) Influence of nutrient intake and body fat on concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin, thyroxine, and leptin in plasma of gestating beef cows. Journal of Animal Science 83, 586–596.
Montiel F, Ahuja C (2005) Body condition and suckling as factors influencing the duration of postpartum anestrus in cattle: a review. Animal Reproduction Science 85, 1–26.
| Body condition and suckling as factors influencing the duration of postpartum anestrus in cattle: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2crot12ltA%3D%3D&md5=2f3c0813be60b858a7cfab473bcac19aCAS | 15556305PubMed |
Moran JB (1985) Comparative performance of five genotypes of Indonesian large ruminants. 1. Effect of dietary quality on liveweight and feed utilization. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, 743–752.
| Comparative performance of five genotypes of Indonesian large ruminants. 1. Effect of dietary quality on liveweight and feed utilization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
NRC (2000) ‘Nutrient requirements of beef cattle.’ 7th rev. edn. Update 2000. edn. (National Academy Press: Washington, DC)
Quigley S, Dahlanuddin , Marsetyo , Pamungkas D, Priyanti A, Saili T, McLennan S, Poppi D (2014) Metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance and gain of liveweight of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). Animal Production Science in press.
Short RE, Bellows RA, Staigmiller RB, Berardinelli JG, Custer EE (1990) Physiological mechanisms controlling anestrus and infertility in postpartum beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 68, 799–816.
Subagyo I (2009) Potret komoditas daging sapi. Economic Review 217, 32–43.
Sukarini IAM, Sastradipradja D, Sutardi T, Mahardika IG, Budiarta IGA (2000) Nutrient utilization, body composition and lactation performance of first lactation Bali cows (Bos sondaicus) on grass-legume based diets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13, 1681–1690.
Syahniar TM, Antari R, Pamungkas D, Marsetyo , Mayberry DE, Poppi DP (2012) The level of tree legumes required to meet the maintenance energy requirements of Ongole (Bos indicus) cows fed rice straw in Indonesia. Animal Production Science 52, 641–646.
Talib C, Entwistle K, Siregar A, Budiarti-Turner S, Lindsay D (2003) Survey of population and production dynamics of Bali cattle and existing breeding programs in Indonesia. In ‘Strategies to improve Bali cattle in eastern Indonesia’. (Eds K Entwistle, D Lindsay) pp. 3–9. (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Bali, Indonesia)
Teleni E, Campbell RSF, Hoffman D (1993) ‘Draught animal systems and management: an Indonesian study.’ (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra)
Waldron S, Dahlanuddin, Mayberry D, Mulik M, Quigley S, Poppi D (2013) Eastern Indonesia agribusiness development opportunities – analysis of beef value chains. A report prepared by Collins Higgins Consulting Group Australia. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.
Wright IA, Rhind SM, Whyte TK, Smith AJ (1992) Effects of body condition at calving and feeding level after calving on LH profiles and the duration of the post-partum anoestrous period in beef cows. Animal Science 55, 41–46.
Yuliaty , Low S, Fisher J, Dryden G (2014) Energy requirements for maintenance and growth of entire male Bali cattle in East Timor. Animal Production Science 54, 908–914.
