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Food, fibre and pharmaceuticals from animals

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Author Instructions

All manuscripts should be submitted via ScholarOne Manuscripts.

Animal Production Science welcomes the submission of articles presenting original and significant research that are within the journal´s scope.

Submission of a paper implies that the results reported have not been published and are not being considered for publication elsewhere. Abstracts from conferences would not normally be regarded as publications, but where material has been widely disseminated in report form the Editor should be consulted. The journal assumes that all authors of a multi-authored paper agree to its submission. The journal will use its best endeavours to ensure that work published is that of the named authors except where acknowledged and, through its reviewing procedures, that any published results and conclusions are consistent with the primary data. It takes no responsibility for fraud or inaccuracy on the part of the authors. All papers are refereed to international standards. Authors may suggest the names of suitable referees.

Publishing Policies
Animal Production Science insists on high standards of ethical behaviour throughout the publication process. Our journal editors work within the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Further information on our policies can be found at http://www.publish.csiro.au/an/PublishingPolicies.

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Peer review
Animal Production Science is a peer-reviewed journal that uses a single-blind peer-review. The Editor-in-Chief is responsible to maintain high-quality peer-review of papers submitted to the journal and work together with Associate Editors to ensure a thorough and fair peer-review and the highest scientific publishing standards. All submissions undergo preliminary assessment by the Editor-in-Chief, who may reject a paper before peer review when it is outside the journal’s scope or is of insufficient quality. Associate Editors select reviewers and after at least two review reports are received, they make the decision whether to accept/reject or send a manuscript for revision. The final decision is made by the Associate Editor.

Under our single-blind policy, reviewers’ names are not disclosed to the authors. To increase transparency, reviewers may choose to sign their reports. We ask reviewers and authors not to directly contact each other while the manuscript is under consideration, rather keep all communication through ScholarOne with the Editor’s involvement.

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Authorship
The conditions around authorship for Animal Production Science should follow the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), for more information see http://www.publish.csiro.au/an/PublishingPolicies.

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Scope
See Scope for more details.

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Review papers
Perspectives on Animal Biosciences is a prestigious, invited review that is authored by a world leader in their research field on a topic of their choosing. The range of topics covered in this series will be broad to reflect the breadth of the disciplines, their intersections and the outcomes that underpin the science of animal production. Authors are encouraged to take a stance and lead the reader through the field. The review should be a comprehensive but critical analysis of important developments, current problems, and future directions. The intent is to stimulate discussion and possible rethinking of current views in the animal sciences. It is important that the review is comprehensible to a broad audience as the content and ideas in science are expanding rapidly, and it is increasingly difficult for researchers to stay abreast of developments outside their specialty. Perspectives that address interdisciplinary research areas with relevance to a broader audience are of particular interest and the Editor-in-Chief would welcome suggestions for topics.

Animal Science Reflections is a prestigious, invited review that is authored by a leader in their research field on a topic of their choosing that relates to the development of the animal sciences. The reviews will reflect historically on our science and participating scientists, providing context for the current state of a discipline. Biographical papers will provide an insight into scientists who we often recognise as a name on a paper but know little else about them. A photograph of the subject should be included with biographical reflections. Contributions need not be restricted to biographical themes as the history of a discipline/institution or the development of methodology can be very informative. Reflections are intended to acknowledge the importance of the history of animal science and suggestions for topics and authors are encouraged and should be discussed with the Editor-in-Chief.

Critical Reviews should critically appraise the published literature and, from it, formulate ideas for future research and recommendations that would be useful to improve animal production and welfare. If new experimental data are included in the review, sufficient detail about methods should be provided so that other investigators can repeat the work. Summary diagrams or text boxes should be used where possible to reduce the amount of description required to introduce a topic.

Authors should remember the wide readership of the Journal when preparing their review and are advised to discuss the paper with the Editor-in-Chief before submission.

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Editorials
Editorials are usually commissioned. Editorials are opinion pieces which reflect on papers previously or currently published in Animal Production Science, or on issues of general interest to the animal sciences community. They should be written in a crisp, lively style. They should have a maximum of 800 words, and not more than 5 references.

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Viewpoints
Viewpoints report ideas that are new or a significant improvement on current opinion and theories. It is normally shorter than a review paper and focuses on ´emerging ideas´ or a ´legitimate´ point of view. New digital technologies, and issues that require integration of diverse perspectives (e.g. social, environmental, economic) are of concern for animal production. Options for how we communicate, discuss and debate topics relevant to the broader scientific community and other stakeholders (e.g. government, industry, the public) is a very important topic.

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Case reports
Case reports will not normally be published in Animal Production Science but will be considered where a substantial case is made for their inclusion.

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Comment papers
A brief comment or critique on a paper recently published in Animal Production Science. No abstract required. Authors of the original paper will be invited to submit a response. Comment papers and responses will be reviewed and suitability to publish will be at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief.

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Licence to publish
Submission of a paper is taken to mean that the results reported have not been published and are not being considered for publication elsewhere. A summary of the findings in the proceedings of a conference or in an extension article is not necessarily regarded as prior publication. However, if substantial parts of the data, such as those in Tables and Figures, have been published before, the inclusion of extra peripheral data does not alter the judgment that the paper is not new. The Editor assumes that all authors of a multi-authored paper have agreed to its submission. For details regarding copyright, please see Copyright/Licence to Publish.

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Open access
Authors may choose to publish their paper Open Access on payment of a publication fee. See Open Access for more details.

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Citing personal communications and statistical software
Citation of submitted manuscripts, unpublished data and personal communications should be avoided but if essential, they should be cited parenthetically in the text thus (e.g. PA Smith, pers. comm.). In such cases, the authors must obtain permission from the data owner to quote his or her unpublished work. Likewise, any statistical software used to process your data should be cited in brackets in the text, providing the name and version of the package and the name, city, state and country of the company that produced it.

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Human and animal experimentation
In reporting research regarding human subjects, authors are required to document that a formally constituted review board (Institutional Review Board or Ethics committee) has granted approval for the research to be done, or that the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki regarding human experimentation have been met. Investigators who do not have access to an institutional review board are required to provide a statement to the editor outlining why it was not possible to gain formal ethics approval. If the study is judged exempt from review, a statement from the committee is required. Authors should state that the research was undertaken with appropriate informed consent of participants or guardians.

Experiments involving animals are expected to have been conducted in accordance with the guidelines set out in the publication of the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, ‘Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes, 8th Edition’ (National Health and Medical Research Council; Canberra, 2013 (updated 2021)).

In reporting experiments on animals, authors should indicate whether institutional and national standards for the care and welfare of animals were followed and provide a statement within the manuscript regarding the use of appropriate measures to minimize pain or discomfort. Editors should ensure that peer reviewers consider ethical and welfare issues raised by the research they are reviewing, and to request additional information from authors where needed. In situations where there is doubt as to the adherence to appropriate procedures or approval by the relevant ethics committee, editors are required to reject these papers.

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Preparing your manuscript
The work should be presented concisely and clearly in English. Introductory material, including a review of the literature, should not exceed that necessary to indicate the reason for the work and the essential background. However, a short statement explaining the broader relevance of the study can be helpful to readers. Sufficient experimental detail should be given to enable the work to be repeated, and the discussion should focus on the significance of the results. Poorly prepared or unnecessarily lengthy manuscripts have less prospect of being accepted. Authors should note the layout of headings, references, Tables and Figures in the latest issues of the Journal and follow the Journal style. Strict observance of these and the following requirements will shorten the interval between submission and publication.

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Use of inclusive language
These guidelines should be used to assist in identifying appropriate language, but are by no means exhaustive or definitive. Inclusive language comprises carefully chosen words and phrases that are respectful and promote the acceptance and value of all people. It is language which is free from words, phrases or tones that demean, insult, exclude, stereotype, or trivialise people on the basis of their membership of a certain group or because of a particular attribute. As such, inclusive language should make no assumptions about the beliefs or commitments of any reader, and contain nothing which might imply that one individual is superior to another on any grounds including but not limited to: age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability or health condition. We encourage the use of plural nouns (e.g., 'they' as default wherever possible instead of 'he/she'), and recommend avoiding the use of descriptors that refer to personal attributes, unless there is scientific or clinical relevance. For further guidance on inclusive language see Inclusive language | Style Manual. If there are questions about language use and/or publishing with regards to First Nations people, please contact the Journal.

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Title
The title should be concise and informative and contain all keywords necessary to facilitate retrieval by modern searching techniques. Additional keywords not already contained in the title or abstract may be listed beneath the abstract.

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Summary text for the Table of Contents
This is a three-sentence paragraph of 50 to 80 words written for interested non-experts, such as journalists, teachers, government workers, etc. The text should be free from scientific jargon, and written at the level of an article in a science magazine. Your first sentence should engage the reader, convincing them that this is an important area. The second sentence should introduce the problem addressed in the paper, and state your main discovery. The final sentence should describe how the results fit into the bigger picture (i.e. implications or impact of the discovery).

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Abstract
Abstracts should be no more than 350 words. Abstracts of research articles should be formatted to include the following labelled sections: Context; Aims; Methods; Key results; Conclusions; Implications. The abstract should state concisely why the study was done, what hypothesis was tested, and how the study was undertaken; should give the principal findings and conclusions; and should highlight the implications for livestock and food production. Abstracts of Reviews, Perspectives, Reflections, and Viewpoint articles do not need to be formatted with sections but should still provide a concise overview of the full manuscript.

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Keywords
A minimum of 8 key words or phrases are required to improve online discoverability of your work. These terms can be repeated from the title if necessary. List the keywords under the abstract, with terms separated by commas. Keyword should list alternative spellings, e.g. defense for defence, aluminum for aluminium etc.

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Data Availability Statement
CSIRO Publishing encourages authors to share the research data underlying their papers to support transparency and reproducibility of research. A Data Availability Statement must be included at the end of the manuscript indicating whether the data used to generate the results in the paper are available and, if so, where to access them. For more information on CSIRO Publishing’s data sharing policy and for examples of what to include in the data availability statement please see https://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/publishingpolicies#6.

Authors can get credit for their work by citing their research data in the reference list of their article. Citations should include at a minimum: all authors, year of publication, title of dataset, record ID, publisher. DOI or URL if available. Examples of how to cite research data:

Wang L, Edwards D, Bailey A, Carr L, Boreham C, Grosjean E, Anderson J, Jarrett A, MacFarlane S, Southby C, Carson C, Khider K, Palu T, Henson P (2021). Well log data analysis and interpretation on the pre-Carboniferous succession in Waukarlycarly 1, Canning Basin, Western Australia. Record 2021/003 [Dataset]. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. Available at http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/144547

Fiddes S, Pepler A, Saunders K, Hope P (2020) Southern Australia’s climate regions (Version 1.0.0) [Dataset] Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4265471

Digital Earth Australia (2021). Wetlands Insight Tool Queensland Wetlands Polygons. Version 1.0.0 [Dataset]. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. Available at http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/144795

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Conflicts of Interest
A ´Conflicts of Interest´ section should be included at the end of the manuscript. It should identify any financial or non-financial (political, personal, professional) interests/relationships that may be interpreted to have influenced the manuscript. If there is no conflict of interest, please include the statement "The authors declare no conflicts of interest".

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Declaration of Funding
Under a subheading ´Declaration of Funding´ at the end of the text, authors are required to declare all sources of funding for the research and/or preparation of the article, and the inclusion of grant numbers is recommended. Authors should declare sponsor names along with explanations of the role of those sources if any in the preparation of the data or manuscript or the decision to submit for publication; or a statement declaring that the supporting source had no such involvement. If no funding has been provided for the research, please include the following sentence: 'This research did not receive any specific funding'.

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Acknowledgements
The contribution of colleagues who do not meet all criteria for authorship should be acknowledged. Anyone included in the Acknowledgements section should have granted permission to be listed. Sources of financial support should be acknowledged in a separate ‘Declaration of Funding’ rather than here.

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References
References are cited by the author and date (Harvard system); they are not numbered. All references in the text must be listed at the end of the paper, with the names of authors arranged alphabetically; all entries in this list must correspond to references in the text. In the text, the names of 2 co-authors are linked by ´and´; for 3 or more, the first author´s name is followed by ´et al.´. Where more than one reference is cited in the text, they should be listed chronologically. No editorial responsibility can be taken for the accuracy of the references. The titles of papers and the first and last page numbers must be included for all references. Papers that have not been accepted for publication cannot be included in the list of references and must be cited in the text as ´unpublished data´ or ´personal communication´; the use of such citations is discouraged. Authors should refer to the latest issues of the Journal for the style used in citing references in books and other literature. Full titles of periodicals must be given.

Examples of common references can be found in the ´Style guide for references´.

Use of referencing software
If using ´EndNote*´ software, you can obtain the style file for this journal at http://www.endnote.com/support/enstyles.asp.

*You will find the style file under the ´Agriculture´ category, listed as Animal Production Science (continuing Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture).

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Units
The SI system of units should be used for exact measurements of physical quantities and, where appropriate, elsewhere. The double solidus must not be used in complex groupings of units (i.e. use mg/sheep.day, not mg/sheep/day or mg sheep^-1 day^-1). This Journal uses the abbreviation ´L´ for litre; ´mL´ for millilitre. When using non-standard abbreviations, define the abbreviation where it first occurs in the text.

Spell out numbers lower than 10 unless accompanied by a unit, e.g. 2 mm, 15 mm, two plants, 15 plants, but 2 out of 15 plants. Do not leave a space between a numeral and %, ‰ or ^oC.

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Mathematical formulae
Formulae should be carefully typed with symbols correctly aligned and adequately spaced. If special symbols must be hand-written, they should be inserted with care and identified by pencilled notes in the margin. Judicious use should be made of the solidus to avoid 2 mathematical expressions wherever possible and especially in the running text. Each long formula should be displayed on a separate line with at least 1 line of space above and below.

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Enzyme nomenclature
The names of enzymes should conform to the recommendations in 'Enzyme Nomenclature 1992' (Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1992). Where enzymes are referred to only in the course of discussion, or are obtained from commercial sources and are used solely as a reagent, it will be adequate to use the recommended name without the identifying EC number. For enzymes that are more central to the paper, the recommended names should be used throughout and they should be identified by their EC numbers, at the first mention in body of the paper. If there is good reason to use a name, other than the recommended name, at the first mention of the alternative name in the text, it should be identified by the recommended name and EC number. The Editor should be advised of the reasons for using the alternative name.

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Chemical nomenclature
The nomenclature of compounds such as amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, steroids and vitamins should follow the recommendations of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. Other biologically active compounds, such as metabolic inhibitors, plant growth regulators and buffers should be referred to once by their correct chemical name (which is in accordance with IUPAC Rules of Chemical Nomenclature) and then by their most widely accepted common name. For pesticides, the latest issue of ´Pesticides - Synonyms and Chemical Names´ (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra) should be followed. Where there is no common name, trade names or letter abbreviations of the chemical may be used. The first letter of a trade name must be capitalised.

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Quantitative PCR
Authors should use the nomenclature outlined in the 'Minimal Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments' (MIQE) guidelines, where appropriate (Bustin et al. (2009) The MIQE Guidelines: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments. Clin. Chem. 55: 611-622; available at http://www.rdml.org/miqe.php). Authors should provide the following minimum data for each sub-procedure:

Nucleic acid extraction: details of DNase or RNase treatments; contamination assessment (DNA or RNA); nucleic acid quantification and purity (A260/280).
Reverse transcription: amount of RNA and reaction volume; priming oligonucleotide (if using gene-specific primers) and concentration; reverse transcriptase and concentration.
qPCR target information: location of each primer by exon or intron (if applicable).
qPCR oligonucleotides: primer sequences or RTPrimerDB Identification Number.
qPCR protocol: complete thermocycling parameters; manufacturer of qPCR instrument.
qPCR validation: specificity (gel, sequence, melt or digest); for SYBR Green I, Cq of the no-template control (NTC); if using reverse transcription (RT), Cqs with and without RT; if using standard curves, slope and ?-intercept (PCR efficiency calculated from slope, r2 of standard curve); linear dynamic range (Cq variation at lower limit); evidence for limit of detection (LOD); if multiplex, efficiency and LOD of each assay.
Data analysis: qPCR analysis program (source, version, and Cq method determination and number of technical replicates); results of NTCs; justification of choice and suitability of reference gene(s); description of normalisation method and if appropriate, conversion to 'relative' changes; data used for statistical analysis.

Note: Cq represents quantification cycle (and replaces the abbreviation Ct). Authors may be required to provide evidence to the editor(s) that quantitative PCR experiments comply with these guidelines. When using the abbreviation 'RT-PCR', authors should clarify whether they mean 'real-time' or 'reverse transcription'.

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Hormone assays
Validation should conform to the recommendations set out in 'The Validation of Assays, the Statistical Treatment of Results and Steroid Nomenclature' (Journal of Endocrinology (1977) 72: 1-4). The minimum detectable amount of standard in the assay and the procedure for obtaining this value, and the intra- and inter-assay precisions should all be given. When only a few observations are available the dispersion is better indicated by the range. If the distribution is skewed it may be justifiable to give both the standard deviation and the range. Assessment of specificity is a particular problem with peptide hormones where reference to physicochemical procedures such as GLC-mass spectrometry is not possible. Activity of fractions obtained by column separation should therefore be included whenever possible. When practicable, validation should be repeated for each novel physiological or pathological situation.

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Statistical evaluation of results
Manuscripts must contain a clear and concise description of the experimental design used; with sufficient detail such that, in the case where analysis of variance or regression models are to be used in the statistical evaluation, the reader is quite clear as to how the error term was estimated. The statistical tests should be briefly described and, if necessary, supported by references. Numbers of individuals, mean values and measures of variability should be stated. It should be made clear whether the standard deviation or the standard error has been given.

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Tables
Editable tables should be prepared in Word using the 'Table' tool (not tabs), without any hard returns within cells, or can be set up in Excel. Number each table and refer to it in the text (Table 1, Table 2, etc.) in order of appearance. There is no need to add instructions on the placement of tables as long as each table is referred to in the text. Do not provide tables as images.

Table titles should be concise and clear and should fully explain the table. Use sentence case throughout the table. Supporting information relating to the whole table should be placed in the headnote. Any symbols, abbreviations or acronyms used in the table should also be defined in the headnote. Additional information relating to specific cells should be placed as table footnotes using superscript capital letters as identifiers. Symbols for units of measurement should be placed in parentheses beneath the column heading.

Tables should appear at the end of the main document, not within the text. Keep tables as simple as possible, without excessive subdivision of column headings.

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Figures
Figures should be supplied as separate files but the captions should be included in the main document (at the end). Refer to each figure in the text (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.), and number each figure according to the order in which it appears in the text. There is no need to add instructions on placement of figures as long as each figure is referred to in the text. If your figure has multiple parts label with (a), (b), (c), etc. and place the labels in the top left of each image where possible. Figure parts can be supplied as separate images if needed. Please make sure all images are supplied are at highest possible resolution.

Format
Where possible, line diagrams (graphs, charts, etc.) should be provided as editable files and prepared using either a graphics or chart/graph program such as MacDraw, Illustrator, CorelDraw, Excel, Sigmaplot, Harvard Graphics or Cricket Graph and files should be saved in one of the following formats: encapsulated PostScript (EPS), Illustrator or Excel (provided the Excel files have been saved with the chart encapsulated in it). The submission of scanned images or illustrations prepared in a paint program, e.g. Photoshop (and PICT and JPEG files) is discouraged, because of the difficulty in making editorial corrections to these files. If illustrations must be created in a paint program, save the file as a TIFF or EPS (these files should be 600 dpi for line drawings and 300 dpi for halftone figures). Photographs can be supplied in the highest resolution possible.

Fonts
Please prepare figures using a standard sans serif font. Arial preferred. Font sizes for main axis labels, part labels should not be more than 8pt. Legends and data points should be 7pt font size where possible. Font should never be smaller than 5pt to ensure readability.

Style

Use sentence case for text within figures
Use Australian English spelling (ise, not ize, etc.) throughout
Use 'and' not '&'
For ranges in numbers (5–10) or minus signs (–20) please use an en rule rather than a hyphen as this is clearer for the reader.

Graphs
Should be prepared with one main x and y axis line. Grid lines are not required. Line weight of x- and y-axes should be ~1.0 (not below 0.7). State on the axes of a graph what is being measured and give the appropriate units in parentheses. Ensure any symbols/colours used are explained in a legend on the figure, or in the caption. Ensure numbers on axes have the same number of decimal places.

Maps
Ensure north is identified and a scale is provided. Ensure any symbols used are fully explained in a legend within the figure, or the caption. If maps are taken from Google Earth (or similar) please ensure attribution information is retained either on the figure, or provided in the caption.

Photographs
Ensure that permission has been gained by the copyright holder of the photograph and include a photographer credit in your caption. If your photograph contains people, please ensure that they have provided permission for their image to be published.

Captions
Captions should be concise and clear and should fully explain the figure. Explain any symbols or abbreviations used in the caption of the figure, or in a legend. If your figure has multiple parts, ensure each part is explained in the caption. If your figure is a photograph, ensure the photographer is credited in the caption.

Colour figures in print
Colour is free of charge in the online versions of your paper. Colour charges are incurred only if you want colour in the print version of the journal, see Publishing Charges for details.

If your figure files are too large for upload to ScholarOne please ensure you let CSIRO Publishing know as soon as your paper is accepted and an alternative transfer will be arranged. Note: Figures used in the final paper will be based on what is provided – if the quality is low in the original, it will remain low in the final publication.

Authors are responsible for obtaining prior permission from the copyright holder for the use of figures/images from other publications. Authors may be charged a fee by the copyright holder for such reuse.

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Submission of research manuscripts
To submit your paper, please use our online journal management system ScholarOne Manuscripts, which can be reached directly through this link or from the link on the journal´s homepage. If a first-time user, register via the ´Register here´ link, or use your existing username and password to log in. Then click on the ´Author Centre´ link and proceed.

A covering letter must accompany the submission and should include the name, address, fax and telephone numbers, and email address of the corresponding author. The letter should also contain a statement justifying why the work should be considered for publication in the journal, and that the manuscript has not been published or simultaneously submitted for publication elsewhere. Suggestions of possible referees are required during submission. Suggested referees should be independent experts in the field. Authors should be aware that approaching suggested reviewers is at the discretion of the Editor. Intentionally falsifying reviewer details will result in rejection of a manuscript.

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Post acceptance of manuscript
When asked to submit production files, please provide the Production Editor with the original figure files separately from the manuscript, and in highest resolution.

Ensure that figures are in their original file format (i.e. Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Excel, CorelDraw, SigmaPlot, etc.) rather than embedded in a Word document or converted to a derived format. However, if your figures are in a format that we do not accept, high-quality high-resolution PostScript or PDF files are acceptable. Sending files in more than one format is fine; we will use the format that will reproduce the best.

Scanned photographs must be saved as .tif files; all supplied .tif files must be compatible with Adobe Photoshop, which is the preferred program. If figures are prepared in a ´paint´ program, line art should be saved at 600 dpi, and greyscale or colour images should be saved at 300 dpi. Electronic photographic work should be submitted at the intended print size (85 mm wide for one column and up to a page width of 175 mm) (on CD-ROM if necessary). These will be returned after use if requested at the time of submission.

Colour photographs will be accepted if they are essential but the cost of colour reproduction on the printed copy must be borne by the author. The Production Editor will provide an estimate of the cost with the page proofs. Colour figures must be supplied in CMYK, not RGB, format.

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Proofs and Reprints
Approximately two weeks after the paper is accepted, the corresponding author will receive an edited MSWord document that has undergone formatting and copyediting. Questions from the Production Editor should be answered. Minor corrections can be made at this stage. The paper is then typeset, and page proofs sent to the corresponding author for checking prior to publication. At this stage only essential alterations and correction of typesetting errors may be undertaken. Excessive author alterations will be charged back to the author. Reprint order forms and prices are sent with the proofs and should be returned to the Production Editor with the proofs.

Upon publication, corresponding authors will be sent a free PDF of the paper. You may send copies of this PDF to individual colleagues for non-commercial purposes, print out and distribute copies to colleagues, or include the PDF in a course pack, subject to the usual copyright licensing agency arrangements.

We would also like to send your colleagues an alert to its publication + PDF. Our objectives for such action are to acknowledge authors, and stimulate the use and citations of the paper. This offer will be activated if you send a list of email addresses (i.e. up to 20 colleagues) to the Production Editor. This list will not be used for any other purpose other than to promote your research.

General enquiries, please contact:
Animal Production Science
CSIRO Publishing
Locked Bag 10
Clayton South, Vic. 3169
Australia
Telephone +[61 3] 9545 8400
Email publishing.an@csiro.au

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Style guide for references

Journal article
Hubick KT, Farquhar GD, Shorter R (1986) Correlation between water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in diverse peanut (Arachis) germplasm. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 13, 803-816.
Wagner TE (1985) The role of gene transfer in animal agriculture and biotechnology. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, 539-552.
Lodge GM, Murphy SR, Harden S (2003a) Effects of grazing and management on herbage mass, persistence, animal production and soil water content of native pastures. 1. A redgrass-wallaby grass pasture, Barraba, North-West Slopes New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 875-890.
Lodge GM, Murphy SR, Harden S (2003b) Effects of grazing and management on herbage mass, persistence, animal production and soil water content of native pastures. 2. A mixed native pasture, Manilla, North-West Slopes New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 891-905.

Book chapter
Blackmore DJ (1996) Are rural land practices a threat to the environment? In ´Soil science - raising the profile´. (Ed. N Uren) pp. 22-30. (ASSSI and NZSSS: Melbourne)
Wolanski E, Mazda Y, Ridd P (1992) Mangrove hydrodynamics. In ´Tropical mangrove ecosystems´. (Eds AI Robertson, DM Alongi) pp. 43-62. (American Geophysical Union: Washington DC)

Book
Lucas GB (1963) ´Diseases of tobacco.´ (University of North Carolina: Raleigh, NC)
Attiwill PM, Adams MA (Eds) (1996) ´Nutrition of eucalypts.´ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Hogan B, Beddington R, Constantine F, Lacy E (Eds) (1994) ´Manipulating the mouse embryo - a laboratory manual (2nd edn).´ (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY)

Thesis
Silver MW (1970) ´An experimental approach to the taxonomy of the genus Enteromorpha (L.) Link.´ PhD thesis, University of Liverpool, UK.
Harrison AJ (1961) ´Annual reproductive cycles in the Tasmanian scallop Notovola meridionalis.´ BSc (Hons) thesis, The University of Tasmania, Australia.

Report or Bulletin
Lea HW (1957) Report on a visit to the USA and Canada, April 1 to October 2, 1957. NSW Department of Agriculture, Orange, NSW.
Chippendale GM, Wolf L (1981) The natural distribution of Eucalyptus in Australia. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Special Publication No. 6, Canberra.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2000) Australian Demographic Statistics, March Quarter 2000. Cat. No. 3101.0 (ABS: Canberra)
Commonwealth of Australia (1999) National Greenhouse Response Strategy. (AGPS: Canberra)

Conference Proceedings
Hayman PT, Collett IJ (1996) Estimating soil water: to kick, to stick, to core or computer? In ´Proceedings of the 8th Australian agronomy conference´. (Ed. M Asghar) p. 664. (The Australian Society of Agronomy Inc.: Toowoomba, Qld)
Kawasu T, Doi K, Ohta T, Shinohara Y, Ito K (1990) Transformation of eucalypts (Eucalyptus saligna) using electroporation. In ´Proceedings of the VIIth international congress on plant tissue and cell culture´. pp. 64-68. (Amsterdam IAPTC: Amsterdam)
Simpson RJ, Bond WJ, Cresswell HP, Paydar Z, Clark SG, Moore AD, Alcock DJ, Donnelly JR, Freer M, Keating BA, Huth NI, Snow VO (1998) A strategic assessment of sustainability of grazed pasture systems in terms of their water balance. In ´Proceedings of the 9th Australian agronomy conference´. (Eds DL Michalk, JE Pratley) pp. 239-242. (The Australian Agronomy Society Inc.: Melbourne)

Online sources
Give the author, year and title and then give further information as for a chapter or journal article, but adding the essential on-line address URL and the date the information was posted or accessed (or when the address was last verified).
De Vries FP, Jansen M, Metslaar K (1995) Newsletter of agro-ecosystems modelling [Online]. November edition. Available by e-mail Listserv (camase-1@hern.nic.surfnet.nl) or Web link to gopher archives (http://www.bib.wau.nl/camase/cam-news.html) (verified 1 November 1996)
Downing MD, Langseth R, Stoffel R, Kroll T (1996) Large-scale hybrid poplar production economics: 1995 Alexandria Minnesota, establishment cost and management [Online]. In: ´Bioenergy 1996´. Proceedings of the 7th national bioenergy conference in Nashville, TN. 15-20 September, 1996. Available at http://www.esd.ornl.gov/bfdp/papers/bioen96/downing.html. (posted 10 December 1996; verified 24 November 1998)
National Agricultural Statistics Service (1997) Crops country salinity data [Online]. Available at: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/data-sets/crops/9X100 (verified 30 November 1998)
University of California (1996) Tomato pest management guidelines. University of California Pest Management Guidelines, Publication 154. [Online] (Available on-line with updates at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.tomatoes.html) (verified 30 November 1998)

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