A narrative review of factors affecting the welfare of dairy cows in larger Australasian pasture-based production systems

Megan Verdon; David S. Beggs

doi:10.1071/AN23385

REVIEW (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 64(12)

A narrative review of factors affecting the welfare of dairy cows in larger Australasian pasture-based production systems

Megan Verdon

^A ^* and David S. Beggs

^B

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tas 7320, Australia.

^B Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic 3010, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: megan.verdon@utas.edu.au

Handling Editor: Alan Tilbrook

Animal Production Science 64, AN23385 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN23385

Submitted: 21 November 2023 Accepted: 15 July 2024 Published: 12 August 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

On the basis of current growth trajectories, pasture-based dairies of the future are likely to be bigger, have higher stocking rates and feed more concentrate to cows. This review uses the five-domains framework to consider risks to the welfare of dairy cows in these larger intensified pasture-based production systems. The factors considered in this review can be broadly categorised as (1) emerging welfare risks that can be managed, (2) emerging welfare risks that require research to be managed, or (3) persisting and/or exacerbated welfare risks. First, large herds could be subject to welfare risks associated with more stock per labour unit, longer milking times and longer distances walked to and from the dairy. To counter this, the time that cows in large herds spend off pasture can be reduced by splitting the herd into several more manageable groups, and animal-monitoring technologies can help identify health challenges with a reduced stockperson to animal ratio. Cow body condition and productivity can be maintained at high stocking rates by improving pasture production and feeding a higher proportion of concentrate. The risk of ruminal acidosis may then be reduced by appropriate transition feeding regimes and rumen buffers. Second, ensuring social stability and reducing competition may become difficult as herd sizes increase and feeding becomes more intensive. The resulting variability in feed intake, increased agonistic behaviour and social stress present emerging risks to cow welfare. Research is needed to better understand the social behaviour of cows in large intensive pasture-based herds, and how the design of the pre-milking area, the feeding pad and pasture feeding regimes (i.e. quantity and timing of pasture allocation) can improve accessibility for more vulnerable animals. Finally, intensive pasture-based dairies of the future will continue to face welfare challenges relating to lameness, mastitis and cull-cow management, whereas risks due to environmental exposure may be exacerbated by the removal of shelterbelts to facilitate irrigation. These require continued efforts in research (e.g. ways of incorporating shelter into intensive grazing systems), development (e.g. pathway to market for aged beef) and extension (e.g. improved record keeping and benchmarking of lameness and mastitis).

Keywords: 5-domains, animal behaviour, animal welfare, dairy cow, grazing, lactating cow, nutrition, pasture-based.

References

Abdul Jabbar KA, Hansen MF, Smith ML, Smith LN (2017) Early and non-intrusive lameness detection in dairy cows using 3-dimensional video. Biosystems Engineering 153, 63-69.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Adamczyk K, Makulska J, Jagusiak W, Weglarz A (2017) Associations between strain, herd size, age at first calving, culling reason and lifetime performance characteristics in Holstein-Friesian cows. Animal 11(2), 327-334.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Al-Marashdeh O, Cameron KC, Bryant RH, Chen A, McGowan B, Gillé-Perrier C, Carey P, Chrystal J, Hodge S, Edwards GR (2019) Effects of surface type in an uncovered stand-off pad system on comfort and welfare of non-lactating dairy cows during winter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 211, 17-24.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Alawneh JI, Laven RA, Stevenson MA (2011) The effect of lameness on the fertility of dairy cattle in a seasonally breeding pasture-based system. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 5487-5493.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Alawneh JI, Stevenson MA, Williamson NB, Lopez-Villalobos N, Otley T (2012) The effect of clinical lameness on liveweight in a seasonally calving, pasture-fed dairy herd. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 663-669.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Alsaaod M, Büscher W (2012) Detection of hoof lesions using digital infrared thermography in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 735-742.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ambriz-Vilchis V, Jessop NS, Fawcett RH, Shaw DJ, Macrae AI (2015) Comparison of rumination activity measured using rumination collars against direct visual observations and analysis of video recordings of dairy cows in commercial farm environments. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 1750-1758.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Arnott G, Ferris CP, O’Connell NE (2017) Review: welfare of dairy cows in continuously housed and pasture-based production systems. Animal 11, 261-273.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Auldist MJ, Marett LC, Greenwood JS, Hannah M, Jacobs JL, Wales WJ (2013) Effects of different strategies for feeding supplements on milk production responses in cows grazing a restricted pasture allowance. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 1218-1231.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Baker TP, Moroni MT, Mendham DS, Smith R, Hunt MA (2018) Impacts of windbreak shelter on crop and livestock production. Crop & Pasture Science 69, 785-796.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Baker TP, Moroni MT, Hunt MA, Worledge D, Mendham DS (2021) Temporal, environmental and spatial changes in the effect of windbreaks on pasture microclimate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 297, 108265.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Barber DG, Auldist MJ, Anstis AR, Ho CKM (2019) Defining the key attributes of resilience in mixed ration dairy systems. Animal Production Science 60(1), 17-25.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Barkema HW, von Keyserlingk MAG, Kastelic JP, Lam TJGM, Luby C, Roy J-P, LeBlanc SJ, Keefe GP, Kelton DF (2015) Invited review: changes in the dairy industry affecting dairy cattle health and welfare. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 7426-7445.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Barker ZE, Leach KA, Whay HR, Bell NJ, Main DCJ (2010) Assessment of lameness prevalence and associated risk factors in dairy herds in England and Wales. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 932-941.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Barker ZE, Vázquez Diosdado JA, Codling EA, Bell NJ, Hodges HR, Croft DP, Amory JR (2018) Use of novel sensors combining local positioning and acceleration to measure feeding behavior differences associated with lameness in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 6310-6321.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bates AJ, Dohoo I (2016) Risk factors for peri-parturient farmer diagnosed mastitis in New Zealand dairy herds: findings from a retrospective cohort study. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 127, 70-76.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bates AJ, Saldias B (2018) Effect of treatment with an internal teat sealant at drying-off in cows wintered on forage crops in New Zealand on clinical mastitis and somatic cell counts. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 66, 64-71.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bates AJ, Chambers G, Laven RA (2016) Comparison of cephalonium alone and in combination with an internal teat sealant for dry cow therapy in seasonally calving dairy cows. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 64, 95-100.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Baudracco J, Lopez-Villalobos N, Romero LA, Scandolo D, Maciel M, Comeron EA, Holmes CW, Barry TN (2011) Effects of stocking rate on pasture production, milk production and reproduction of supplemented crossbred Holstein–Jersey dairy cows grazing lucerne pasture. Animal Feed Science and Technology 168, 131-143.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP (2012) Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: ruminant production and metabolic responses to heat stress. Journal of Animal Science 90, 1855-1865.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Beauchemin KA (2018) Invited review: Current perspectives on eating and rumination activity in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 4762-4784.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Beer G, Alsaaod M, Starke A, Schuepbach-Regula G, Müller H, Kohler P, Steiner A (2016) Use of extended characteristics of locomotion and feeding behavior for automated identification of lame dairy cows. PLoS ONE 11, e0155796.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Beever DE, Bach A (2016) Feeding cattle for improved productivity, health, and welfare in modern farming enterprises. In ‘Nutrition and the welfare of farm animals’. (Ed. C Phillips) pp. 165–182. (Springer)

Beggs DS, Fisher AD, Jongman EC, Hemsworth PH (2015) A survey of Australian dairy farmers to investigate animal welfare risks associated with increasing scale of production. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 5330-5338.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Beggs DS, Jongman EC, Hemsworth PE, Fisher AD (2018a) Implications of prolonged milking time on time budgets and lying behavior of cows in large pasture-based dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 10391-10397.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Beggs DS, Jongman EC, Hemsworth PH, Fisher AD (2018b) Milking order consistency of dairy cows in large Australian herds. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 603-608.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Beggs DS, Jongman EC, Hemsworth PH, Fisher AD (2019a) The effects of herd size on the welfare of dairy cows in a pasture-based system using animal- and resource-based indicators. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 3406-3420.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Beggs DS, Jongman EC, Hemsworth PH, Fisher AD (2019b) Lame cows on Australian dairy farms: a comparison of farmer-identified lameness and formal lameness scoring, and the position of lame cows within the milking order. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 1522-1529.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bell AW (2020) Animal science down under: a history of research, development and extension in support of Australia’s livestock industries. Animal Production Science 60, 193-231.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bell MJ, Wall E, Russell G, Roberts D, Simm G (2010) Risk factors for culling in Holstein–Friesian dairy cows. Veterinary Record 167, 238-240.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bertenshaw C, Rowlinson P (2009) Exploring stock managers’ perceptions of the human–animal relationship on dairy farms and an association with milk production. Anthrozoös 22, 59-69.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Beukes PC, Romera AJ, Neal M, Mashlan K (2019) Performance of pasture-based dairy systems subject to economic, climatic and regulatory uncertainty. Agricultural Systems 174, 95-104.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bir C, Widmar NO, Thompson NM, Townsend J, Wolf CA (2020) US respondents’ willingness to pay for Cheddar cheese from dairy cattle with different pasture access, antibiotic use, and dehorning practices. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 3234-3249.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Booth CJ, Warnick LD, Gröhn YT, Maizon DO, Guard CL, Janssen D (2004) Effect of lameness on culling in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 4115-4122.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Borchers MR, Chang YM, Proudfoot KL, Wadsworth BA, Stone AE, Bewley JM (2017) Machine-learning-based calving prediction from activity, lying, and ruminating behaviors in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 5664-5674.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bouissou M-F, Boissy A, Le Neindre P, Veissier I (2001) The social behaviour of cattle. In ‘Social behaviour in farm animals’. (Eds LJ Keeling, HW Gonyou) pp. 113–145. (CAB International: Wallingford, Oxon, UK)

Brambell FW, Barbour D, Barnett M, Ewer T, Hobson A, Pitchforth H, Smith W, Thorpe W (1965) Report of the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock husbandry systems. HMSO, London, UK.

Bramley E, Lean IJ, Fulkerson WJ, Costa ND (2005) Clinical acidosis in a Gippsland dairy herd. Australian Veterinary Journal 83, 347-352.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bramley E, Lean IJ, Fulkerson WJ, Stevenson MA, Rabiee AR, Costa ND (2008) The definition of acidosis in dairy herds predominantly fed on pasture and concentrates. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 308-321.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bran JA, Daros RR, von Keyserlingk MAG, Hötzel MJ (2018a) Lameness on Brazilian pasture based dairies–part 1: farmers’ awareness and actions. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 157, 134-141.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bran JA, Daros RR, von Keyserlingk MAG, LeBlanc SJ, Hötzel MJ (2018b) Cow- and herd-level factors associated with lameness in small-scale grazing dairy herds in Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 151, 79-86.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Brickell JS, Wathes DC (2011) A descriptive study of the survival of Holstein-Friesian heifers through to third calving on English dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 1831-1838.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Browne N, Hudson CD, Crossley RE, Sugrue K, Kennedy E, Huxley JN, Conneely M (2022) Lameness prevalence and management practices on Irish pasture-based dairy farms. Irish Veterinary Journal 75, 14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bryan M, Tacoma H, Hoekstra F (2012) The effect of hindclaw height differential and subsequent trimming on lameness in large dairy cattle herds in Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 60, 349-355.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bugueiro A, Fouz R, Camino F, Yus E, Diéguez FJ (2019) Robot milking and relationship with culling rate in dairy cows. Animal 13, 1304-1310.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Burow E, Nielsen TR, Halekoh U, Knierim U (2009) Social interactions of dairy cows introduced postpartally to a separated barn section – pilot study. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science 59, 192-196.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Carabano M-J, Logar B, Bormann J, Minet J, Vanrobays M-L, Díaz C, Tychon B, Gengler N, Hammami H (2016) Modeling heat stress under different environmental conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 3798-3814.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cardoso CS, Hötzel MJ, Weary DM, Robbins JA, von Keyserlingk MA (2016) Imagining the ideal dairy farm. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 1663-1671.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cardoso CS, von Keyserlingk MAG, Hötzel MJ (2019) Views of dairy farmers, agricultural advisors, and lay citizens on the ideal dairy farm. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 1811-1821.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cardozo LL, Neto AT, Souza GN, Picinin LCA, Felipus NC, Reche NLM, Schmidt FA, Werncke D, Simon EE (2015) Risk factors for the occurrence of new and chronic cases of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in southern Brazil. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 7675-7685.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cartes D, Strappini A, Sepúlveda-Varas P (2021) Provision of shelter during the prepartum period: effects on behavior, blood analytes, and health status in dairy cows in winter. Journal of Dairy Science 104, 3508-3521.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cha E, Hertl JA, Schukken YH, Tauer LW, Welcome FL, Gröhn YT (2013) The effect of repeated episodes of bacteria-specific clinical mastitis on mortality and culling in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 4993-5007.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Chang-Fung-Martel J, Harrison MT, Brown JN, Rawnsley R, Smith AP, Meinke H (2021) Negative relationship between dry matter intake and the temperature–humidity index with increasing heat stress in cattle: a global meta-analysis. International Journal of Biometeorology 65, 2099-2109.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Charlton GL, Rutter SM (2017) The behaviour of housed dairy cattle with and without pasture access: a review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 192, 2-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Charlton GL, Rutter SM, East M, Sinclair LA (2011a) Effects of providing total mixed rations indoors and on pasture on the behavior of lactating dairy cattle and their preference to be indoors or on pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 3875-3884.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Charlton GL, Rutter SM, East M, Sinclair LA (2011b) Preference of dairy cows: indoor cubicle housing with access to a total mixed ration vs. access to pasture. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 130, 1-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Charlton GL, Rutter SM, East M, Sinclair LA (2013) The motivation of dairy cows for access to pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 4387-4396.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Chawala AR, Lopez-Villalobos N, Margerison JK, Spelman RJ (2013) Genetic and crossbreeding parameters for incidence of recorded clinical lameness in New Zealand dairy cattle. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 61, 281-285.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Chen JM, Schütz KE, Tucker CB (2016) Sprinkler flow rate affects dairy cattle preferences, heat load, and insect deterrence behavior. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 182, 1-8.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chen JM, Stull CL, Ledgerwood DN, Tucker CB (2017) Muddy conditions reduce hygiene and lying time in dairy cattle and increase time spent on concrete. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 2090-2103.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Chesterton RN, Pfeiffer DU, Morris RS, Tanner CM (1989) Environmental and behavioural factors affecting the prevalence of foot lameness in New Zealand dairy herds – a case-control study. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 37, 135-142.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Chilibroste P, Soca P, Mattiauda DA, Bentancur O, Robinson PH (2007) Short term fasting as a tool to design effective grazing strategies for lactating dairy cattle: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 1075-1084.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chiumia D, Chagunda MGG, Macrae AI, Roberts DJ (2013) Predisposing factors for involuntary culling in Holstein–Friesian dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research 80, 45.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cockram MS (2019) Fitness of animals for transport to slaughter. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 60, 423.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cockram MS, Hughes BO (2011) Health and disease. Animal Welfare 418, 120-137.
| Google Scholar |

Coffey EL, Delaby L, Fitzgerald S, Galvin N, Pierce KM, Horan B (2017) Effect of stocking rate and animal genotype on dry matter intake, milk production, body weight, and body condition score in spring-calving, grass-fed dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 7556-7568.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Coffey EL, Delaby L, Fleming C, Pierce KM, Horan B (2018) Multi-year evaluation of stocking rate and animal genotype on milk production per hectare within intensive pasture-based production systems. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 2448-2462.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Coimbra PAD, Machado Filho LCP, Hötzel MJ (2012) Effects of social dominance, water trough location and shade availability on drinking behaviour of cows on pasture. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 139, 175-182.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Colak A, Polat B, Okumus Z, Kaya M, Yanmaz LE, Hayirli A (2008) Short Communication: early detection of mastitis using infrared thermography in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 4244-4248.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Coleman G, Hemsworth PH (2014) Training to improve stockperson beliefs and behaviour towards livestock enhances welfare and productivity. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’OIE 33, 131-137.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Collings LKM, Weary DM, Chapinal N, Von Keyserlingk MAG (2011) Temporal feed restriction and overstocking increase competition for feed by dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 5480-5486.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Compton CWR, Heuer C, Parker K, McDougall S (2007) Risk factors for peripartum mastitis in pasture-grazed dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 4171-4180.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Compton CWR, Young L, McDougall S (2015) Subclinical ketosis in post-partum dairy cows fed a predominantly pasture-based diet: defining cut-points for diagnosis using concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood and determining prevalence. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 63, 241-248.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Compton CWR, Heuer C, Thomsen PT, Carpenter TE, Phyn CVC, McDougall S (2017) Invited review: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of mortality and culling in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 1-16.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cook NB (2020) Symposium review: the impact of management and facilities on cow culling rates. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 3846-3855.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Coombe JE, Pyman MF, Mansell PD, Auldist MJ, Anderson GA, Wales WJ, Malmo J, Conley MJ, Fisher AD (2013) The effects on claw health of supplement feeding grazing dairy cows on feed pads. The Veterinary Journal 198, 672-677.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cranston LM, Kenyon PR, Morris ST, Lopez-Villalobos N, Kemp PD (2015) Effect of post-grazing height on the productivity, population and morphology of a herb and legume mix. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 58(4), 397-411.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Crossley RE, Harlander-Matauschek A, DeVries TJ (2017) Variability in behavior and production among dairy cows fed under differing levels of competition. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 3825-3838.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Dahl-Pedersen K, Herskin MS, Houe H, Thomsen PT (2018) A descriptive study of the clinical condition of cull dairy cows before transport to slaughter. Livestock Science 218, 108-113.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dairy Australia (2015) Assessing a herd’s body condition and using results. Available at https://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/-/media/dairyaustralia/documents/farm/animal-care/fertility/body-condition-scoring/assessing-a-herds-body-condition-and-using-results.pdf?la=en&hash=8F8E1EACA864B92029372F2C72F2C56ED98B7264

Dairy Australia (2016) Ryegrass - spring grazing management. Available at https://cdn-prod.dairyaustralia.com.au/-/media/project/dairy-australia-sites/national-home/resources/2020/07/09/ryegrass-spring-grazing-management-paddock-guide-2016/ryegrass-spring-grazing-management-paddock-guide-2016.pdf?rev=c754ab35bdec4e7a89c9254cd473dc87

Dairy Australia (2019) Dairy Situation and Outlook. Available at https://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/-/media/situation-and-outlook-june-2019.pdf

Dairy Australia (2022) Animal health and welfare on Australian dairy farms - Animal husbandry survey. Available at https://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/resource-repository/2023/06/05/animal-health-and-welfare-on-australian-dairy-farms---animal-husbandry-survey-2022

Dairy NZ (2009) NewZealand Dairy Statistics 2008–09. Available at https://d1r5hvvxe7dolz.cloudfront.net/media/documents/DAIRY-STATISTICS-08-09.pdf

Dairy NZ (2012) Dairy NZ body condition scoring: the reference guide for New Zealand dairy farmers. Available at https://www.dairynz.co.nz/media/5790781/body-condition-scoring-reference-guide.pdf

Dairy NZ (2023) Perennial ryegrass grazing management in spring. Available at https://www.dairynz.co.nz/media/hnnappup/perennial-ryegrass-grazing-guide-web.pdf

DataGene (2017) DataGene: solutions for Herd Development. Available at https://datagene.com.au/ [Verified 1 November]

de Mol RM, André G, Bleumer EJB, Van der Werf JTN, de Haas Y, van Reenen CG (2013) Applicability of day-to-day variation in behavior for the automated detection of lameness in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 3703-3712.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

de Rensis FD, Scaramuzzi RJ (2003) Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow – a review. Theriogenology 60, 1139-1151.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

De Vries A (2020) Symposium review: why revisit dairy cattle productive lifespan? Journal of Dairy Science 103, 3838-3845.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

de Vries M, Bokkers EAM, van Reenen CG, Engel B, van Schaik G, Dijkstra T, de Boer IJM (2015) Housing and management factors associated with indicators of dairy cattle welfare. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 118, 80-92.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Deniz M, de Sousa KT, Moro MF, do Vale MM, Dittrich JR, Machado Filho LCP, Hötzel MJ (2021) Social hierarchy influences dairy cows’ use of shade in a silvopastoral system under intensive rotational grazing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 244, 105467.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dewes HF (1978) Some aspects of lameness in dairy herds. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 26, 147-159.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Dias K, Garcia S, Islam MR, Clark C (2019) Milk yield, milk composition, and the nutritive value of feed accessed varies with milking order for pasture-based dairy cattle. Animals 9, 60.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Doherty N, More SJ, Somers J (2014) Risk factors for lameness on 10 dairy farms in Ireland. Veterinary Record 174, 609.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Dutton-Regester KJ, Wright JD, Rabiee AR, Barnes TS (2019) Understanding dairy farmer intentions to make improvements to their management practices of foot lesions causing lameness in dairy cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 171, 104767.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

D’Eath RB, Keeling LJ (2003) Social discrimination and aggression by laying hens in large groups: from peck orders to social tolerance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 84, 197-212.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Eastwood CR, Greer J, Schmidt D, Muir J, Sargeant K (2020) Identifying current challenges and research priorities to guide the design of more attractive dairy-farm workplaces in New Zealand. Animal Production Science 60, 84-88.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Edwards JP, Dela Rue BT, Jago JG (2015) Evaluating rates of technology adoption and milking practices on New Zealand dairy farms. Animal Production Science 55, 702-709.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Endres MI, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K (2018) Overview of cattle production systems. In ‘Advances in cattle welfare’. (Ed. CB Tucker) pp. 1–26. (Elsevier)

England JR, O’Grady AP, Fleming A, Marais Z, Mendham D (2020) Trees on farms to support natural capital: an evidence-based review for grazed dairy systems. Science of the Total Environment 704, 135345.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Fabian J, Laven RA, Whay HR (2014) The prevalence of lameness on New Zealand dairy farms: a comparison of farmer estimate and locomotion scoring. The Veterinary Journal 201, 31-38.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Fabris TF, Laporta J, Skibiel AL, Corra FN, Senn BD, Wohlgemuth SE, Dahl GE (2019) Effect of heat stress during early, late, and entire dry period on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 5647-5656.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Falk AC, Weary DM, Winckler C, Von Keyserlingk MAG (2012) Preference for pasture versus freestall housing by dairy cattle when stall availability indoors is reduced. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 6409-6415.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Fariña SR, Chilibroste P (2019) Opportunities and challenges for the growth of milk production from pasture: the case of farm systems in Uruguay. Agricultural Systems 176, 102631.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fariña SR, Garcia SC, Fulkerson WJ, Barchia IM (2011) Pasture-based dairy farm systems increasing milk production through stocking rate or milk yield per cow: pasture and animal responses. Grass and Forage Science 66, 316-332.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fisher MW (2020) Pastoral farming ethics and economics–aligning grazing practices and expectations. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, 209.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Fisher AD, Webster JR (2013) Dairy cow welfare: the role of research and development in addressing increasing scrutiny. Animal Production Science 53, 924-930.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fisher MW, Stockwell W, Hastings A, Brannigan JIE, Lyons CE, Timmer-Arends P (2019) Barriers to the adoption of animal welfare standards: shelter on pastoral farms. New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production 79, 37-42.
| Google Scholar |

Fitzpatrick JL, Young FJ, Eckersall D, Logue DN, Knight CH, Nolan AM (1998) Recognising and controlling pain and inflammation in mastitis. In ‘Proceedings of the British Mastitis Conference’. (Novartis Animal Health: UK)

Fleming A, O’grady AP, Mendham D, England J, Mitchell P, Moroni M, Lyons A (2019) Understanding the values behind farmer perceptions of trees on farms to increase adoption of agroforestry in Australia. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 39, 9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fogsgaard KK, Røntved CM, Sørensen P, Herskin MS (2012) Sickness behavior in dairy cows during Escherichia coli mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 630-638.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Fuchs P, Stachowicz J, Schneider MK, Probo M, Bruckmaier PM, Umstatter C (2024) Stress indicators in dairy cows adapting to virtual fencing. Journal of Animal Science 102, skae024.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Galli JR, Cangiano CA, Pece MA, Larripa MJ, Milone DH, Utsumi SA, Laca EA (2018) Monitoring and assessment of ingestive chewing sounds for prediction of herbage intake rate in grazing cattle. Animal 12, 973-982.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

García-Muñoz A, Singh N, Leonardi C, Silva-del-Río N (2017) Effect of hoof trimmer intervention in moderately lame cows on lameness progression and milk yield. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 9205-9214.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gardner IA, Hird DW, Utterback WW, Danaye-Elmi C, Heron BR, Christiansen KH, Sischo WM (1990) Mortality, morbidity, case-fatality, and culling rates for California dairy cattle as evaluated by the National Animal Health Monitoring System, 1986–87. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 8, 157-170.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gargiulo JI, Eastwood CR, Garcia SC, Lyons NA (2018) Dairy farmers with larger herd sizes adopt more precision dairy technologies. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 5466-5473.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gellrich K, Sigl T, Meyer HHD, Wiedmann S (2015) Cortisol levels in skimmed milk during the first 22 weeks of lactation and response to short-term metabolic stress and lameness in dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 6, 31.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Genther ON, Beede DK (2013) Preference and drinking behavior of lactating dairy cows offered water with different concentrations, valences, and sources of iron. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 1164-1176.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Golder HM, Denman SE, McSweeney C, Wales WJ, Auldist MJ, Wright MM, Marett LC, Greenwood JS, Hannah MC, Celi P, Bramley E, Lean IJ (2014) Effects of partial mixed rations and supplement amounts on milk production and composition, ruminal fermentation, bacterial communities, and ruminal acidosis. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 5763-5785.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Golder HM, Hodge A, Lean IJ (2016) Effects of antibiotic dry-cow therapy and internal teat sealant on milk somatic cell counts and clinical and subclinical mastitis in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 7370-7380.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gomez Y, Terranova M, Zähner M, Hillmann E, Savary P (2017) Effects of milking stall dimensions on behavior of dairy cows during milking in different milking parlor types. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 1331-1339.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gonyou HW, Hemsworth PH, Barnett JL (1986) Effects of frequent interactions with humans on growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 16, 269-278.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

González LA, Kyriazakis I, Tedeschi LO (2018) Review: precision nutrition of ruminants: approaches, challenges and potential gains. Animal 12, s246-s261.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Grandin T (1999) Safe handling of large animals. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews 14, 195-212.
| Google Scholar |

Grandin T (2001) Perspectives on transportation issues: the importance of having physically fit cattle and pigs. Journal of Animal Science 79, E201-E207.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Grandin T (2018) Welfare problems in cattle, pigs, and sheep that persist even though scientific research clearly shows how to prevent them. Animals 8, 124.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Green LE, Hedges VJ, Schukken YH, Blowey RW, Packington AJ (2002) The impact of clinical lameness on the milk yield of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2250-2256.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Green LE, Borkert J, Monti G, Tadich N (2010) Associations between lesion-specific lameness and the milk yield of 1,635 dairy cows from seven herds in the Xth region of Chile and implications for management of lame dairy cows worldwide. Animal Welfare 19, 419-427.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Greenwood PL, Paull DR, McNally J, Kalinowski T, Ebert D, Little B, Smith DV, Rahman A, Valencia P, Ingham AB, Bishop-Hurley GJ (2018) Use of sensor-determined behaviours to develop algorithms for pasture intake by individual grazing cattle. Crop & Pasture Science 68, 1091-1099.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gregorini P, Villalba JJ, Chilibroste P, Provenza FD (2017) Grazing management: setting the table, designing the menu and influencing the diner. Animal Production Science 57, 1248-1268.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Groenevelt M, Main DCJ, Tisdall D, Knowles TG, Bell NJ (2014) Measuring the response to therapeutic foot trimming in dairy cows with fortnightly lameness scoring. The Veterinary Journal 201, 283-288.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Grumett D, Butterworth A (2022) Electric shock control of farmed animals: welfare review and ethical critique. Animal Welfare 31, 373-385.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gussmann M, Denwood M, Kirkeby C, Farre M, Halasa T (2019) Associations between udder health and culling in dairy cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 171, 104751.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Guzhva O, Ardö H, Herlin A, Nilsson M, Åström K, Bergsten C (2016) Feasibility study for the implementation of an automatic system for the detection of social interactions in the waiting area of automatic milking stations by using a video surveillance system. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 127, 506-509.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hadley GL, Wolf CA, Harsh SB (2006) Dairy cattle culling patterns, explanations, and implications. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 2286-2296.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Halachmi I, Guarino M, Bewley J, Pastell M (2019) Smart animal agriculture: application of real-time sensors to improve animal well-being and production. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, 403-425.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Haozhe X, Zhaohui C, Yiming X, Hao Y, Jijun L (2019) Effects of different wind speeds behind windbreak wall of fattening cattle farm on farm environment and performance of beef cattle in Zhangye District. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science 11, 140-144.
| Google Scholar |

Harris DJ, Hibburt CD, Anderson GA, Younis PJ, Fitspatrick DH, Dunn AC, Parsons IW, McBeath NR (1988) The incidence, cost and factors associated with foot lameness in dairy cattle in south-western Victoria. Australian Veterinary Journal 65, 171-176.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Haskell MJ, Rennie LJ, Bowell VA, Bell MJ, Lawrence AB (2006) Housing system, milk production, and zero-grazing effects on lameness and leg injury in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 4259-4266.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Held-Montaldo R, Cartes D, Sepúlveda-Varas P (2021) Behavioral changes in dairy cows with metritis in seasonal calving pasture-based dairy system. Journal of Dairy Science 104, 12066-12078.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hemsworth PH, Barnett JL, Hansen C (1981a) The influence of handling by humans on the behavior, growth, and corticosteroids in the juvenile female pig. Hormones and Behavior 15, 396-403.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hemsworth PH, Brand A, Willems P (1981b) The behavioural response of sows to the presence of human beings and its relation to productivity. Livestock Production Science 8, 67-74.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hemsworth P, Barnett J, Hansen C (1986) The influence of handling by humans on the behaviour, reproduction and corticosteroids of male and female pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15, 303-314.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hemsworth PH, Barnett JL, Coleman GJ, Hansen C (1989) A study of the relationships between the attitudinal and behavioural profiles of stockpersons and the level of fear of humans and reproductive performance of commercial pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 23, 301-314.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hemsworth PH, Coleman GJ, Barnett JL (1994) Improving the attitude and behaviour of stockpersons towards pigs and the consequences on the behaviour and reproductive performance of commercial pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39, 349-362.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hemsworth PH, Coleman GJ, Barnett JL, Borg S (2000) Relationships between human–animal interactions and productivity of commercial dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 78, 2821-2831.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hemsworth PH, Coleman GJ, Barnett JL, Borg S, Dowling S (2002) The effects of cognitive behavioral intervention on the attitude and behavior of stockpersons and the behavior and productivity of commercial dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 80, 68-78.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hendricks J, Mills KE, Sirovica LV, Sundermann L, Bolton SE, von Keyserlingk MAG (2022) Public perceptions of potential adaptations for mitigating heat stress on Australian dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 105, 5893-5908.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hendriks SJ, Phyn CVC, Turner S-A, Mueller KR, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Donaghy DJ, Huzzey JM, Roche JR (2020) Effect of weather on activity and lying behaviour in clinically healthy grazing dairy cows during the transition period. Animal Production Science 60, 148-153.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hernandez-Mendo O, von Keyserlingk MAG, Veira DM, Weary DM (2007) Effects of pasture on lameness in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 1209-1214.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Herskin MS, Hels A, Anneberg I, Thomsen PT (2017) Livestock drivers’ knowledge about dairy cow fitness for transport: a Danish questionnaire survey. Research in Veterinary Science 113, 62-66.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hesseling J, Legione AR, Stevenson MA, McCowan CI, Pyman MF, Finochio C, Nguyen D, Roic CL, Thiris OL, Zhang AJ, van Schaik G, Coombe JE (2019) Bovine digital dermatitis in Victoria, Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 97, 404-413.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hetti Arachchige AD, Fisher AD, Auldist MJ, Wales WJ, Jongman EC (2013) Effects of different systems of feeding supplements on time budgets of cows grazing restricted pasture allowances. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 148, 13-20.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hetti Arachchige AD, Fisher A, Wales W, Auldist M, Hannah M, Jongman E (2014) Space allowance and barriers influence cow competition for mixed rations fed on a feed-pad between bouts of grazing. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 3578-3588.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hills JL, Wales WJ, Dunshea FR, Garcia SC, Roche JR (2015) Invited review: An evaluation of the likely effects of individualized feeding of concentrate supplements to pasture-based dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 1363-1401.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hixon DL, Kesler DJ, Troxel TR, Vincent DL, Wiseman BS (1981) Reproductive hormone secretions and first service conception rate subsequent to ovulation control with Synchro-Mate B. Theriogenology 16, 219-229.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hoden A, Peyraud JL, Muller A, Delaby L, Faverdin P, Peccatte JR, Fargetton M (1991) Simplified rotational grazing management of dairy cows: effects of rates of stocking and concentrate. Journal of Agricultural Science 116, 417-428.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hostiou N, Fagon J, Chauvat S, Turlot A, Kling-Eveillard F, Boivin X, Allain C (2017) Impact of precision livestock farming on work and human-animal interactions on dairy farms. A review. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment 21(4), 268-275.
| Google Scholar |

Humer E, Petri RM, Aschenbach JR, Bradford BJ, Penner GB, Tafaj M, Südekum K-H, Zebeli Q (2018) Invited review: practical feeding management recommendations to mitigate the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 872-888.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hund A, Chiozza Logroño J, Ollhoff RD, Kofler J (2019) Aspects of lameness in pasture based dairy systems. The Veterinary Journal 244, 83-90.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Islam MR, Clark CEF, Garcia SC, Kerrisk KL (2015) Modelling pasture-based automatic milking system herds: the impact of large herd on milk yield and economics. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 28, 1044-1052.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Jackson A, Green M, Millar K, Kaler J (2020) Is it just about grazing? UK citizens have diverse preferences for how dairy cows should be managed. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 3250-3263.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Jaeger M, Brügemann K, Brandt H, König S (2019) Associations between precision sensor data with productivity, health and welfare indicator traits in native black and white dual-purpose cattle under grazing conditions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 212, 9-18.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Janßen S, Wunderlich C, Heppelmann M, Palme R, Starke A, Kehler W, Steiner A, Rizk A, Meyer U, Daenicke S (2016) Short communication: Pilot study on hormonal, metabolic, and behavioral stress response to treatment of claw horn lesions in acutely lame dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 7481-7488.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Jaster EH, Schuh JD, Wegner TN (1978) Physiological effects of saline drinking water on high producing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 61, 66-71.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Jensen MB (2018) The role of social behavior in cattle welfare. In ‘Advances in cattle welfare’. (Ed. CB Tucker) pp. 123–155. (Elsevier)

Jensen MB, Proudfoot KL (2017) Effect of group size and health status on behavior and feed intake of multiparous dairy cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 9759-9768.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Jensen MB, Vestergaard M (2021) Invited review: freedom from thirst. Do dairy cows and calves have sufficient access to drinking water? Journal of Dairy Science 104, 11368-11385.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Jerrentrup JS, Komainda M, Seither M, Cuchillo-Hilario M, Wrage-Monnig N, Isselstein J (2020) Diverse swards and mixed-grazing of cattle and sheep for improved productivity. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3, doi:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00125

Jurkovich V, Bakony M, Laky E, Ruff F, Kézér FL, Bende A, Kovács L (2020) Cardiac vagal tone, plasma cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone response to an ACTH challenge in lame and nonlame dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 71, 106388.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kamphuis C, Burke J, Jago J (2013) Cows becoming clinically lame differ in changes in behaviour and physiology compared to cows that do not become clinically lame. In ‘Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production’. (New Zealand Society of Animal Production)

Kelly P, Shalloo L, Wallace M, Dillon P (2020) The Irish dairy industry: recent history and strategy, current state and future challenges. International Journal of Dairy Technology 73, 309-323.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kézér FL, Kovács L, Tőzsér J (2015) Step behaviour and autonomic nervous system activity in multiparous dairy cows during milking in a herringbone milking system. Animal 9, 1393-1396.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kismul H, Spörndly E, Höglind M, Næss G, Eriksson T (2018) Morning and evening pasture access – comparing the effect of production pasture and exercise pasture on milk production and cow behaviour in an automatic milking system. Livestock Science 217, 44-54.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kismul H, Spörndly E, Höglind M, Eriksson T (2019) Nighttime pasture access: comparing the effect of production pasture and exercise paddock on milk production and cow behavior in an automatic milking system. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 10423-10438.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kleen JL, Hooijer GA, Rehage J, Noordhuizen JPTM (2003) Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA): a review. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 50, 406-414.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kovács L, Kézér FL, Ruff F, Szenci O (2017) Rumination time and reticuloruminal temperature as possible predictors of dystocia in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 1568-1579.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kovács L, Kézér FL, Póti P, Jurkovich V, Szenci O, Nagy K (2019) Short communication: heart rate variability, step, and rumination behavior of dairy cows milked in a rotary milking system. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 5525-5529.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Langford FM, Stott AW (2012) Culled early or culled late: economic decisions and risks to welfare in dairy cows. Animal Welfare 21, 41-55.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Langworthy AD, Verdon M, Freeman MJ, Corkrey R, Hills JL, Rawnsley RP (2021) Virtual fencing technology to intensively graze lactating dairy cattle. I: technology efficacy and pasture utilization. Journal of Dairy Science 104, 7071-7083.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Laven RA, Holmes CW (2008) A review of the potential impact of increased use of housing on the health and welfare of dairy cattle in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 56, 151-157.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Laven RA, Lawrence KE (2008) Efficacy of blanket treatment of cows and heifers with an internal teat sealant in reducing the risk of mastitis in dairy cattle calving on pasture. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 56, 171-175.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Laven RA, Lawrence KE, Weston JF, Dowson KR, Stafford KJ (2008) Assessment of the duration of the pain response associated with lameness in dairy cows, and the influence of treatment. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 56, 210-217.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Laven RA, Balcomb CC, Tulley WT, Lawrence KE (2014) Effect of dry period length on the effect of an intramammary teat sealant on the risk of mastitis in cattle treated with antibiotics at drying off. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 62, 214-220.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Lazo A (1994) Social segregation and the maintenance of social stability in a feral cattle population. Animal Behaviour 48, 1133-1141.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lean IJ, Westwood CT, Playford MC (2008) Livestock disease threats associated with intensification of pastoral dairy farming. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 56, 261-269.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Lederman SA (2004) Influence of lactation on body weight regulation. Nutrition Reviews 62, S112-S119.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Legrand A, Schütz KE, Tucker CB (2011) Using water to cool cattle: Behavioral and physiological changes associated with voluntary use of cow showers. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 3376-3386.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Lomax S, Colusso P, Clark CEF (2019) Does virtual fencing work for grazing dairy cattle? Animals 9, 429.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ma W, Renwick A, Greig B (2019) Modelling the heterogeneous effects of stocking rate on dairy production: an application of unconditional quantile regression with fixed effects. Applied Economics 51, 4769-4780.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Macdonald KA, Penno JW, Lancaster JAS, Roche JR (2008) Effect of stocking rate on pasture production, milk production, and reproduction of dairy cows in pasture-based systems. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 2151-2163.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Macdonald KA, Penno JW, Lancaster JAS, Bryant AM, Kidd JM, Roche JR (2017) Production and economic responses to intensification of pasture-based dairy production systems. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 6602-6619.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Maher P, Good M, More SJ (2008) Trends in cow numbers and culling rate in the Irish cattle population, 2003 to 2006. Irish Veterinary Journal 61, 455.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Main DCJ, Leach KA, Barker ZE, Sedgwick AK, Maggs CM, Bell NJ, Whay HR (2012) Evaluating an intervention to reduce lameness in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 2946-2954.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Markova-Nenova N, Wätzold F (2018) Fair to the cow or fair to the farmer? The preferences of conventional milk buyers for ethical attributes of milk. Land Use Policy 79, 223-239.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Markus S, Jensen D, Bailey D, Price M (1998) Effect of location and intensity of electrical shock on cattle movements. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 97 [Abstract].
| Google Scholar |

Martiskainen P, Tuomisto L, Huuskonen A, Mononen J (2008) Training dairy bull calves to stay within light-built electric fences. Agriculture and Food Science 17, 121-126.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mason W (2017) Association between age and time from calving and reported lameness in a dairy herd in the Waikato region of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 65, 163-167.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Mayer DG, Davison TM, McGowan MR, Young BA, Matschoss AL, Hall AB, Goodwin PJ, Jonsson NN, Gaughan JB (1999) Extent and economic effect of heat loads on dairy cattle production in Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 77, 804-808.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

McCarthy B, Delaby L, Pierce KM, Journot F, Horan B (2011) Meta-analysis of the impact of stocking rate on the productivity of pasture-based milk production systems. Animal 5(5), 784-794.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McCarthy B, Pierce KM, Delaby L, Brennan A, Horan B (2012) The effect of stocking rate and calving date on reproductive performance, body state, and metabolic and health parameters of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 1337-1348.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

McCarthy B, Delaby L, Pierce KM, McCarthy J, Fleming C, Brennan A, Horan B (2016) The multi-year cumulative effects of alternative stocking rate and grazing management practices on pasture productivity and utilization efficiency. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 3784-3797.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

McDonald CL, Beilharz RG, McCutchan JC (1981) Training cattle to control by electric fences. Applied Animal Ethology 7, 113-121.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McDougall S (1999) Prevalence of clinical mastitis in 38 Waikato dairy herds in early lactation. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 47, 143-149.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

McDougall S (2002) Bovine mastitis: epidemiology, treatment and control. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 50, 81-84.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

McLellan KJ, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG (2022) Effects of free-choice pasture access on lameness recovery and behavior of lame dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 105, 6845-6857.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Medrano-Galarza C, Gibbons J, Wagner S, de Passillé AM, Rushen J (2012) Behavioral changes in dairy cows with mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 6994-7002.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Mee JF, Boyle LA (2020) Assessing whether dairy cow welfare is ‘better’ in pasture-based than in confinement-based management systems. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 68, 168-177.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Mellor DJ (2016) Updating animal welfare thinking: moving beyond the ‘Five Freedoms’ towards “a Life Worth Living”. Animals 6, 21.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Mellor DJ (2017) Operational details of the five domains model and its key applications to the assessment and management of animal welfare. Animals 7, 60.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Mellor DJ, Beausoleil NJ, Littlewood KE, McLean AN, McGreevy PD, Jones B, Wilkins C (2020) The 2020 five domains model: including human–animal interactions in assessments of animal welfare. Animals 10, 1870.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Miguel-Pacheco GG, Thomas HJ, Huxley JN, Newsome RF, Kaler J (2017) Effect of claw horn lesion type and severity at the time of treatment on outcome of lameness in dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal 225, 16-22.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Moorman AKG, Duffield TF, Godkin MA, Kelton DF, Rau J, Haley DB (2018) Associations between the general condition of culled dairy cows and selling price at Ontario auction markets. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 10580-10588.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Moreira TF, Nicolino RR, Meneses RM, Fonseca GV, Rodrigues LM, Facury Filho EJ, Carvalho AU (2019) Risk factors associated with lameness and hoof lesions in pasture-based dairy cattle systems in southeast Brazil. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 10369-10378.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Morton J (2021) National bulk milk cell count (BMCC) statistics: 2000–2019. Available at https://cdn-prod.dairyaustralia.com.au/-/media/project/dairy-australia-sites/national-home/resources/2021/12/22/national-bulk-milk-cell-count-2000-19/national-bulk-milk-cell-count-bmcc-statistics-2000-to-2019.pdf?rev=151682da789345e4a46c6669efbc3f3c

Morton JM, Penry JF, Malmo J, Mein GA (2014) Premilking teat disinfection: Is it worthwhile in pasture-grazed dairy herds? Journal of Dairy Science 97, 7525-7537.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Munksgaard L, De Passillé AM, Rushen J, Thodberg K, Jensen MB (1997) Discrimination of people by dairy cows based on handling. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 1106-1112.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Nasirahmadi A, Edwards SA, Sturm B (2017) Implementation of machine vision for detecting behaviour of cattle and pigs. Livestock Science 202, 25-38.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

National Water Quality Management Strategy (2000) Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Available at https://www.waterquality.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/anzecc-armcanz-2000-guidelines-vol1.pdf

Neave HW, Schütz KE, Dalley DE (2022) Behavior of dairy cows managed outdoors in winter: effects of weather and paddock soil conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 105, 8298-8315.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Nicholson JDW, Nicholson KL, Frenzel LL, Maddock RJ, Delmore RJ, Jr, Lawrence TE, Henning WR, Pringle TD, Johnson DD, Paschal JC, Gill RJ, Cleere JJ, Carpenter BB, Machen RV, Banta JP, Hale DS, Griffin DB, Savell JW (2013) Survey of transportation procedures, management practices, and health assessment related to quality, quantity, and value for market beef and dairy cows and bulls. Journal of Animal Science 91, 5026-5036.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Nielsen PP, Wredle E (2016) It is warm outside today: How temperature affects dairy cows’ willingness to be on pasture. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A – Animal Science 66, 215-220.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Olmos G, Boyle L, Hanlon A, Patton J, Murphy JJ, Mee JF (2009) Hoof disorders, locomotion ability and lying times of cubicle-housed compared to pasture-based dairy cows. Livestock Science 125, 199-207.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Olmos G, Bran JA, von Keyserlingk MAG, Hötzel MJ (2018) Lameness on Brazilian pasture based dairies – Part 2: Conversations with farmers and dairy consultants. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 157, 115-124.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ouellet V, Laporta J, Dahl GE (2020) Late gestation heat stress in dairy cows: effects on dam and daughter. Theriogenology 150, 471-479.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

O’Connor AH, Bokkers EAM, de Boer IJM, Hogeveen H, Sayers R, Byrne N, Ruelle E, Shalloo L (2019) Associating cow characteristics with mobility scores in pasture-based dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 8332-8342.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

O’Driscoll K, Boyle L, French P, Hanlon A (2008a) The effect of out-wintering pad design on hoof health and locomotion score of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 544-553.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

O’Driscoll K, Boyle L, French P, Meaney B, Hanlon A (2008b) The effect of out-wintering pad design on dirtiness score, somatic cell score and mastitis incidence in dairy cows. Animal 2, 912-920.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

O’Driscoll KKM, Hanlon A, French P, Boyle LA (2009) The effects of two out-wintering pad systems compared with free-stalls on dairy cow hoof and limb health. Journal of Dairy Research 76, 59.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

O’Driscoll K, Boyle L, Hanlon A, Buckley F, French P (2010) The effect of dry cow winter management system on feed intake, performance and estimated energy demand. Animal 4, 272-281.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

O’Driscoll K, McCabe M, Earley B (2015) Differences in leukocyte profile, gene expression, and metabolite status of dairy cows with or without sole ulcers. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 1685-1695.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

O’Grady L, Doherty ML, Mulligan FJ (2008) Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in grazing Irish dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal 176, 44-49.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Pajor EA, Rushen J, de Passillé AMB (2000) Aversion learning techniques to evaluate dairy cattle handling practices. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 69, 89-102.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Patton D, Pierce KM, Horan B (2016) Effect of stocking rate on milk and pasture productivity and supplementary feed use for spring calving pasture fed dairy systems. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 5904-5915.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Petersson-Wolfe CS, Leslie KE, Swartz TH (2018) An update on the effect of clinical mastitis on the welfare of dairy cows and potential therapies. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 34, 525-535.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Peyraud J-L, Delagarde R (2013) Managing variations in dairy cow nutrient supply under grazing. Animal 7, 57-67.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Phillips C (2002) The welfare of dairy cows. In ‘Cattle behaviour & welfare’. (Ed. C Phillips) pp. 10–22. (Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK)

Plaizier JC, Krause DO, Gozho GN, McBride BW (2008) Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: the physiological causes, incidence and consequences. The Veterinary Journal 176, 21-31.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Plozza K, Lievaart JJ, Potts G, Barkema HW (2011) Subclinical mastitis and associated risk factors on dairy farms in New South Wales. Australian Veterinary Journal 89, 41-46.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Polsky L, von Keyserlingk MAG (2017) Invited review: effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 8645-8657.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Porto SMC, Arcidiacono C, Anguzza U, Cascone G (2013) A computer vision-based system for the automatic detection of lying behaviour of dairy cows in free-stall barns. Biosystems Engineering 115, 184-194.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Prescott NB, Mottram TT, Webster AJF (1998) Effect of food type and location on the attendance to an automatic milking system by daily cows and the effect of feeding during milking on their behaviour and milking characteristics. Animal Science 67, 183-193.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pryce J, Blake M, Davis K, Beggs D (2013) Challenges of health data recording - An Australian perspective. In ‘Proceedings of the ICAR conference’. Aarhus, Denmark, October. Vol. 17’. (Eds C Egger-Danner, O Hansen, K Stock, J Pryce, J Cole, N Gengler, B Heringstad) pp. 47–53. (ICAR Technical series). Available at https://www.icar.org/Documents/technical_series/tec_series_17_Aarhus.pdf

Rabiee AR, Lean IJ (2013) The effect of internal teat sealant products (Teatseal and Orbeseal) on intramammary infection, clinical mastitis, and somatic cell counts in lactating dairy cows: a meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 6915-6931.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ranjbar S, Rabiee AR, Gunn A, House JK (2016) Identifying risk factors associated with lameness in pasture-based dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 7495-7505.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ranjbar S, Rabiee AR, Ingenhoff L, House JK (2020) Farmers’ perceptions and approaches to detection, treatment and prevention of lameness in pasture-based dairy herds in New South Wales, Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 98(6), 264-269.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rasmussen DB, Fogsgaard K, Røntved CM, Klaas IC, Herskin MS (2011) Changes in thermal nociceptive responses in dairy cows following experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 53, 32.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A (1981) Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd (Bos indicus). Behaviour 77, 121-150.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rhoads ML, Rhoads RP, VanBaale MJ, Collier RJ, Sanders SR, Weber WJ, Crooker BA, Baumgard LH (2009) Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1986-1997.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Rind M, Phillips CJC (1999) The effects of group size on the ingestive and social behaviour of grazing dairy cows. Animal Science 68, 589-596.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rivero MJ, Anrique R (2015) Milk fat depression syndrome and the particular case of grazing cows: a review. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science 65(1), 42-54.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Robertson BG, Williamson JH, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Lacy-Hulbert S, Turner S-A (2017) Use of internal teat sealant in heifers reduces mastitis and may affect milk production. Animal Production Science 57, 1494-1498.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Roche JR, Macdonald KA, Burke CR, Lee JM, Berry DP (2007) Associations among body condition score, body weight, and reproductive performance in seasonal-calving dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 376-391.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Roche JR, Macdonald KA, Schütz KE, Matthews LR, Verkerk GA, Meier S, Loor JJ, Rogers AR, McGowan J, Morgan SR, Taukiri S, Webster JR (2013) Calving body condition score affects indicators of health in grazing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 5811-5825.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Roche JR, Ledgard SF, Sprosen MS, Lindsey SB, Penno JW, Horan B, Macdonald KA (2016) Increased stocking rate and associated strategic dry-off decision rules reduced the amount of nitrate-N leached under grazing. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 5916-5925.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Roche SM, Renaud DL, Genore R, Shock DA, Bauman C, Croyle S, Barkema HW, Dubuc J, Keefe GP, Kelton DF (2020) Canadian National Dairy Study: describing Canadian dairy producer practices and perceptions surrounding cull cow management. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 3414-3421.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Rombach M, Münger A, Niederhauser J, Südekum K-H, Schori F (2018) Evaluation and validation of an automatic jaw movement recorder (RumiWatch) for ingestive and rumination behaviors of dairy cows during grazing and supplementation. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 2463-2475.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ruegg PL (2017) A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 10381-10397.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ruelle E, Delaby L, Wallace M, Shalloo L (2018) Using models to establish the financially optimum strategy for Irish dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 614-623.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Runciman DJ, Malmo J, Deighton M (2010) The use of an internal teat sealant in combination with cloxacillin dry cow therapy for the prevention of clinical and subclinical mastitis in seasonal calving dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 4582-4591.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Rushen J, Taylor AA, de Passillé AM (1999) Domestic animals’ fear of humans and its effect on their welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 65, 285-303.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rushen J, De Passillé AM, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM (2007) ‘The welfare of cattle.’ (Springer Science & Business Media)

Sadiq MB, Ramanoon SZ, Shaik Mossadeq WM, Mansor R, Syed Hussain SS (2019) Dairy farmers’ perceptions of and actions in relation to lameness management. Animals 9, 270.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Saint-Dizier M, Chastant-Maillard S (2015) Methods and on-farm devices to predict calving time in cattle. The Veterinary Journal 205, 349-356.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Sapkota S, Laven R, Müller KR, Kells N (2022) Practicability of a time-limited welfare assessment protocol for pasture-based dairy farms, and a preliminary assessment of welfare outcome thresholds. Animals 12, 2481.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Schils R, Philipsen B, Hoekstra N, Holshof G, Zom R, Hoving I, van Reenen K, Stienezen M, Klootwijk C, van der Werf J, Léon S, van Eekeren N, van Dixhoorn I, van den Pol-van Dasselaar A (2019) Amazing grazing: a public and private partnership to stimulate grazing practices in intensive dairy systems. Sustainability 11, 5868.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Schuppli CA, Von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM (2014) Access to pasture for dairy cows: responses from an online engagement. Journal of Animal Science 92, 5185-5192.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Schütz KE, Clark KV, Cox NR, Matthews LR, Tucker CB (2010) Responses to short-term exposure to simulated rain and wind by dairy cattle: time budgets, shelter use, body temperature and feed intake. Animal Welfare 19, 375.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Schütz KE, Rogers AR, Cox NR, Webster JR, Tucker CB (2011) Dairy cattle prefer shade over sprinklers: effects on behavior and physiology. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 273-283.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Schütz KE, Lee C, DeVries TJ (2018) Cattle priorities: feed and water selection, ability to move freely and to access pasture. In ‘Advances in cattle welfare’. (Ed. CB Tucker) pp. 93–122. (Elsevier)

Schütz KE, Huddart FJ, Cox NR (2019) Manure contamination of drinking water influences dairy cattle water intake and preference. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 217, 16-20.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Schütz KE, Cox NR, Cave VM, Huddart FJ, Tucker CB (2023) Effects of changing milking and feeding times on the behaviour, body temperature, respiration rate and milk production of dairy cows on pasture. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 261, 105895.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sepúlveda-Varas P, Proudfoot KL, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG (2016) Changes in behaviour of dairy cows with clinical mastitis. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 175, 8-13.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sepúlveda-Varas P, Lomb J, von Keyserlingk MAG, Held R, Bustamante H, Tadich N (2018) Claw horn lesions in mid-lactation primiparous dairy cows under pasture-based systems: association with behavioral and metabolic changes around calving. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 9439-9450.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Shafiullah AZ, Werner J, Kennedy E, Leso L, O’Brien B, Umstätter C (2019) Machine learning based prediction of insufficient herbage allowance with automated feeding behaviour and activity data. Sensors 19, 4479.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Shalloo L, Byrne T, Leso L, Ruelle E, Starsmore K, Geoghegan A, Werner J, O’Leary N (2021) A review of precision technologies in pasture-based dairying systems. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 59, 279-291.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shepley E, Bergeron R, Bécotte F, Vasseur E (2016) Dairy cow preference for outdoor access during winter under eastern Canada climatic conditions. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 97, 1-5.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shepley E, Bergeron R, Vasseur E (2017) Daytime summer access to pasture vs. free-stall barn in dairy cows with year-long outdoor experience: a case study. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 192, 10-14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shim EH, Shanks RD, Morin DE (2004) Milk loss and treatment costs associated with two treatment protocols for clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 2702-2708.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Shock DA, Renaud DL, Roche SM, Poliquin R, Thomson R, Olson ME (2018) Evaluating the impact of meloxicam oral suspension administered at parturition on subsequent production, health, and culling in dairy cows: a randomized clinical field trial. PLoS ONE 13, e0209236.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Shortall OK, Lorenzo-Arribas A (2022) Dairy farmer practices and attitudes relating to pasture-based and indoor production systems in Scotland. PLoS ONE 17, e0262268.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Smid A-MC, Weary DM, Costa JH, von Keyserlingk MAG (2018) Dairy cow preference for different types of outdoor access. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 1448-1455.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Smid A-MC, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG (2020) The influence of different types of outdoor access on dairy cattle behavior. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, 257.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Smid A-MC, de Jong S, Inberg PHJ, Sinclair S, Von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM, Barkema HW (2022) Western Canadian dairy farmers’ perspectives on the provision of outdoor access for dairy cows and on the perceptions of other stakeholders. Journal of Dairy Science 105, 4461-4473.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Somers J, O’Grady L (2015) Foot lesions in lame cows on 10 dairy farms in Ireland. Irish Veterinary Journal 68, 10.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Somers JR, Huxley J, Lorenz I, Doherty ML, O’Grady L (2015) The effect of lameness before and during the breeding season on fertility in 10 pasture-based Irish dairy herds. Irish Veterinary Journal 68, 14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Spaans OK, Macdonald KA, Lancaster JAS, Bryant AM, Roche JR (2018) Dairy cow breed interacts with stocking rate in temperate pasture-based dairy production systems. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 4690-4702.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Špinka M (2006) How important is natural behaviour in animal farming systems? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100, 117-128.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Stafford KJ, Gregory NG (2008) Implications of intensification of pastoral animal production on animal welfare. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 56, 274-280.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Stewart M, Wilson MT, Schaefer AL, Huddart F, Sutherland MA (2017) The use of infrared thermography and accelerometers for remote monitoring of dairy cow health and welfare. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 3893-3901.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Stockdale CR (2001) Body condition at calving and the performance of dairy cows in early lactation under Australian conditions: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 823-839.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Stojkov J, von Keyserlingk MAG, Duffield T, Fraser D (2020a) Fitness for transport of cull dairy cows at livestock markets. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 2650-2661.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Stojkov J, von Keyserlingk MAG, Duffield T, Fraser D (2020b) Management of cull dairy cows: Culling decisions, duration of transport, and effect on cow condition. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 2636-2649.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Stookey JM (2010) Fence line behavior. In ‘The encyclopedia of applied animal behavior and welfare’. (Eds DS Mills, JN Marchant-Forde, PD McGreevy, DB Morton, CJ Nicol, CJC Phillips, P Sandoe, RR Swaisgood) p. 262. (CAB International: Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK)

Stygar AH, Gómez Y, Berteselli GV, Dalla Costa E, Canali E, Niemi JK, Llonch P, Pastell M (2021) A systematic review on commercially available and validated sensor technologies for welfare assessment of dairy cattle. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8, 634338.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Suárez VH, Martínez GM, Bertoni EA (2017) Mastitis, a Health-Related Indicator of Dairy Cow Welfare and Productivity. Journal of Dairy and Veterinary Sciences 4, 555650.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Teixeira DL, Machado Filho LCP, Hötzel MJ, Enríquez-Hidalgo D (2017) Effects of instantaneous stocking rate, paddock shape and fence with electric shock on dairy cows’ behaviour. Livestock Science 198, 170-173.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thomas LC, Wright TC, Formusiak A, Cant JP, Osborne VR (2007) Use of flavored drinking water in calves and lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3831-3837.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Thomas HJ, Remnant JG, Bollard NJ, Burrows A, Whay HR, Bell NJ, Mason C, Huxley JN (2016) Recovery of chronically lame dairy cows following treatment for claw horn lesions: a randomised controlled trial. The Veterinary Record 178, 116.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Thompson IM, Dahl GE (2012) Dry-period seasonal effects on the subsequent lactation. The Professional Animal Scientist 28, 628-631.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thompson AJ, Weary DM, Bran JA, Daros RR, Hötzel MJ, von Keyserlingk MAG (2019) Lameness and lying behavior in grazing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 6373-6382.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Tolkamp BJ, D’Eath RB (2016) Hunger associated with restricted feeding systems. In ‘Nutrition and the welfare of farm animals.’ (Ed. C Phillips) pp. 11–27. (Springer)

Tomazi T, Ferreira GC, Orsi AM, Gonçalves JL, Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Moroni P, dos Santos MV (2018) Association of herd-level risk factors and incidence rate of clinical mastitis in 20 Brazilian dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 161, 9-18.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Tranter WP, Morris RS (1991) A case study of lameness in three dairy herds. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 39, 88-96.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Tucker CB, Rogers AR, Verkerk GA, Kendall PE, Webster JR, Matthews LR (2007) Effects of shelter and body condition on the behaviour and physiology of dairy cattle in winter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 105, 1-13.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Valentine S, Lewis P, Cowan RT, DeFaveri J (2009) The effects of high stocking rates on milk production from dryland and irrigated Mediterranean pastures. Animal Production Science 49, 100-111.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ventura BA, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM (2015) Animal welfare concerns and values of stakeholders within the dairy industry. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28, 109-126.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Verdon M (2022) A review of factors affecting the welfare of dairy calves in pasture-based production systems. Animal Production Science 62, 1-20.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Verdon M (2023) A review of factors affecting the welfare of weaned replacement heifers in pasture-based dairy production systems. Animal Production Science 63, 723-741.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Verdon M, Rawnsley R (2020) The effects of dairy heifer age at training on rate of learning and retention of learning in a virtual fencing feed attractant trial. Frontiers in Animal Science 1, 618070.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Verdon M, Hansen CF, Rault J-L, Jongman E, Hansen LU, Plush K, Hemsworth PH (2015) Effects of group housing on sow welfare: a review. Journal of Animal Science 93, 1999-2017.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Verdon M, Rawnsley R, Raedts P, Freeman M (2018) The behaviour and productivity of mid-lactation dairy cows provided daily pasture allowance over 2 or 7 intensively grazed strips. Animals 8, 115.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Verdon M, Lee C, Marini D, Rawnsley R (2020) Pre-exposure to an electrical stimulus primes associative pairing of audio and electrical stimuli for dairy heifers in a virtual fencing feed attractant trial. Animals 10, 217.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Verdon M, Langworthy A, Rawnsley R (2021) Virtual fencing technology to intensively graze lactating dairy cattle. II: Effects on cow welfare and behavior. Journal of Dairy Science 104, 7084-7094.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Verdon M, Hunt I, Rawnsley R (2024) The effectiveness of a virtual fencing technology to allocate pasture and herd cows to the milking shed. Journal of Dairy Science 107, 6161-6177.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Villa-Arcila NA, Sanchez J, Ratto MH, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Duque-Madrid PC, Sanchez-Arias S, Ceballos-Marquez A (2017) The association between subclinical mastitis around calving and reproductive performance in grazing dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science 185, 109-117.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Villalba JJ, Manteca X (2019) A case for eustress in grazing animals. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6, 303.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Vizzotto EF, Fischer V, Thaler Neto A, Abreu AS, Stumpf MT, Werncke D, Schmidt FA, McManus CM (2015) Access to shade changes behavioral and physiological attributes of dairy cows during the hot season in the subtropics. Animal 9, 1559-1566.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

von Keyserlingk MAG, Rushen J, de Passillé AM, Weary DM (2009) Invited review: The welfare of dairy cattle—Key concepts and the role of science. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4101-4111.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

von Keyserlingk MAG, Cestari AA, Franks B, Fregonesi JA, Weary DM (2017) Dairy cows value access to pasture as highly as fresh feed. Scientific Reports 7, 44953.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Waiblinger S, Menke C, Coleman G (2002) The relationship between attitudes, personal characteristics and behaviour of stockpeople and subsequent behaviour and production of dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 79, 195-219.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Waiblinger S, Boivin X, Pedersen V, Tosi M-V, Janczak AM, Visser EK, Jones RB (2006) Assessing the human–animal relationship in farmed species: a critical review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 101, 185-242.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wales WJ, Marett LC, Greenwood JS, Wright MM, Thornhill JB, Jacobs JL, Ho CKM, Auldist MJ (2013) Use of partial mixed rations in pasture-based dairying in temperate regions of Australia. Animal Production Science 53, 1167-1178.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG (2023) Using animal welfare to frame discussion on dairy farm technology. Animal 17, 100836.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Weary DM, Huzzey JM, von Keyserlingk MAG (2009) Board-invited review: Using behavior to predict and identify ill health in animals. Journal of Animal Science 87, 770-777.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Weber C, Hametner C, Tuchscherer A, Losand B, Kanitz E, Otten W, Singh SP, Bruckmaier RM, Becker F, Kanitz W, Hammon HM (2013) Variation in fat mobilization during early lactation differently affects feed intake, body condition, and lipid and glucose metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 165-180.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Weigel KA, Palmer RW, Caraviello DZ (2003) Investigation of factors affecting voluntary and involuntary culling in expanding dairy herds in Wisconsin using survival analysis. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 1482-1486.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Werema CW, Yang DA, Laven LJ, Mueller KR, Laven RA (2022) Evaluating alternatives to locomotion scoring for detecting lameness in pasture-based dairy cattle in New Zealand: in-parlour scoring. Animals 12, 703.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Werner J, Leso L, Umstatter C, Schick M, O’Brien B (2017) Evaluation of precision technologies for measuring cows’ grazing behaviour. In ‘Grassland resources for extensive farming systems in marginal lands: major drivers and future scenarios’. (Eds C Porqueddu, A Franca, G Lombardi, G Molle, G Peratoner, A Hopkins) pp. 82–84. (European Grassland Federation)

Werner J, Umstatter C, Kennedy E, Grant J, Leso L, Geoghegan A, Shalloo L, Schick M, O’Brien B (2019) Identification of possible cow grazing behaviour indicators for restricted grass availability in a pasture-based spring calving dairy system. Livestock Science 220, 74-82.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

West JW (2003) Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2131-2144.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Whistance LK (2010) Mastitis. In ‘The encyclopedia of applied animal behaviour and welfare’. (Eds DS Mills, JN Marchant-Forde, PD McGreevy, DB Morton, CJ Nicol, CJC Phillips, P Sandøe, RR Swaisgood) p. 401. (CABI Publishing)

Wilkinson JM, Lee MRF, Rivero MJ, Chamberlain AT (2020) Some challenges and opportunities for grazing dairy cows on temperate pastures. Grass and Forage Science 75, 1-17.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Williams YJ, McDonald S, Chaplin SJ (2020) The changing nature of dairy production in Victoria, Australia: are we ready to handle the planning and development of large, intensive dairy operations? Animal Production Science 60, 473-486.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Williamson JH, Lacy-Hulbert SJ (2013) Effect of disinfecting teats post-milking or pre- and post-milking on intramammary infection and somatic cell count. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 61, 262-268.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Workie ZW, Gibson JP, van der Werf JHJ (2021) Analysis of culling reasons and age at culling in Australian dairy cattle. Animal Production Science 61, 680-689.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wright MM, Marett LC, Greenwood JS, Hannah M, Jacobs JL, Wales WJ, Auldist MJ (2014) Feeding a partial mixed ration once a day did not increase milk production compared with feeding grain in the dairy and forage in the paddock. Animal Production Science 54, 1405-1411.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wright MM, Auldist MJ, Kennedy E, Dunshea FR, Hannah M, Wales WJ (2016) Variation in feeding behaviour and milk production among dairy cows when supplemented with 2 amounts of mixed ration in combination with 2 amounts of pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 6507-6518.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wynands EM, Roche SM, Cramer G, Ventura BA (2022) Promoting farm advisor engagement and action toward the improvement of dairy cattle lameness. Journal of Dairy Science 105, 6364-6377.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Yang W, Edwards JP, Eastwood CR, Dela Rue BT, Renwick A (2021) Analysis of adoption trends of in-parlor technologies over a 10-year period for labor saving and data capture on pasture-based dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 104, 431-442.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |