Systematic analysis of experimental data on productive and reproductive traits of Brazilian dairy herds compared with breeders’ association records
Ícaro Rainyer Rodrigues Castro
A and Marcos Inácio Marcondes B *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
B Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, 116 Clark Hall, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
Animal Production Science 62(18) 1816-1829 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN22042
Submitted: 8 February 2022 Accepted: 14 June 2022 Published: 22 July 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Context: Dairy farming in Brazil is characterised by heterogeneity in production techniques, herds and kinds of producers; nonetheless, it has expanded in recent years. The data available in the scientific literature regarding breeds used in the system are inconsistent and may not represent the current genetic, productive and reproductive profile of Brazilian herds.
Aim: This study was developed to understand differences between animals used in experiments and those in breed control assessments. We aimed to evaluate data of Holstein, Gyr, Guzerat, Jersey, Sindhi, Brown Swiss, Holstein × Gyr and Holstein × Guzerat cattle on the traits 305-day milk yield, fat and protein contents, lactation length, age at first calving, and calving interval by comparing research literature and national official control records.
Methods: National breeders’ associations (NBAs) for each breed or cross were asked to send their official control from 2019 for comparison with 15 years of published data that we retrieved from the literature.
Key results: Holsteins showed the closest mean for milk yield between literature and NBA data. In Holstein × Gyr crosses, increasing the proportion of Gyr genes decreased milk yield. Jersey data showed the greatest variance between the literature and NBA. For Brown Swiss milk fat, literature values were 12.7% above NBA values. Holsteins had the longest lactation (305 days), and 5/8 Holstein × Gyr the shortest (262 days). For age at first calving, Jerseys were the youngest (26.3 months) and Guzerats the oldest (45.7 months). Jersey cows showed the shortest (best) mean calving interval (12 months), and Sindhi the longest (17 months). NBA data were not available for comparison for some traits in some breeds/crosses.
Conclusions: Holstein was the most productive breed. Holstein × Gyr crosses, because of adaptation and management, were able to express their productive and reproductive potentials. There was variance between literature and NBA data.
Implications: We expected that the literature data would somewhat represent the NBA data; however, for most traits, NBA data do not coincide (or do not exist). Literature data need to be collected to represent more closely what is happening at the field level in the national dairy industry.
Keywords: age at first calving, calving interval, dairy cows, lactation length, milk fat, milk protein, milk yield, reproduction.
References
Abe H, Masuda Y, Suzuki M (2009) Relationships between reproductive traits of heifers and cows and yield traits for Holsteins in Japan. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4055–4062.| Relationships between reproductive traits of heifers and cows and yield traits for Holsteins in Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Abreu BS, Barbosa SBP, Silva EC, Santoro KR, Batista ÂMV, Martínez RLV, Valença LM, Jatobá RB (2020) Productive and reproductive performance of Holstein cows in Agreste, Pernambuco, from 2007 to 2017. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias 41, 571–586.
| Productive and reproductive performance of Holstein cows in Agreste, Pernambuco, from 2007 to 2017.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Almeida TP, Kern EL, Daltro DS, Neto JB, McManus C, Neto AT, Cobuci JA (2017) Genetic associations between reproductive and linear-type traits of Holstein cows in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 46, 91–98.
| Genetic associations between reproductive and linear-type traits of Holstein cows in Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Alves RH, Santana Júnior HA, Cardoso-Santana EO, Mendes FBL, Abreu Filho G, Viana PT, Raduns LAP, Weiss BHR (2020) Production and marginal analysis of dairy cows fed sorghum silage diets with urea levels. Archivos de Zootecnia 69, 300–309.
| Production and marginal analysis of dairy cows fed sorghum silage diets with urea levels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Atashi H, Asaadi A, Hostens M (2021) Association between age at first calving and lactation performance, lactation curve, calving interval, calf birth weight, and dystocia in Holstein dairy cows. PLoS ONE 16, e0244825
| Association between age at first calving and lactation performance, lactation curve, calving interval, calf birth weight, and dystocia in Holstein dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Balancin Junior A, El Faro L, Vercesi Filho AE, Cardoso VL (2010) Curvas de lactação de vacas mestiças Holandês x Gir. In ‘VIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Melhoramento Animal, 2009–2011’. (Sociedade Brasileira de Melhoramento Animal: Maringá, PR, Brasil) Available at http://sbmaonline.org.br/anais/viii/trabalhos/
Balancin Júnior A, Prata MA, Moreira HL, Vercesi Filho AE, Cardoso VL, El Faro L (2014) Avaliação de desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de animais mestiços do cruzamento Holandês x Gir. Boletim de Indústria Animal 71, 357–364.
| Avaliação de desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de animais mestiços do cruzamento Holandês x Gir.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barros RRO, Mello RRC, Sousa SLG, Oliveira KN, Sousa JCD, Modesto EC, Mello MRB (2020) Reproductive efficiency and milk yield in Sindhi breed cattle. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria 42, e105120
| Reproductive efficiency and milk yield in Sindhi breed cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Batista DM (2013) Desempenho produtivo de vacas ¾ e ⅞ holandês x zebu criadas em condições de clima quente. MSc Thesis, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, SE, Brasil.
Bergamaschi MACM, Machado R, Barbosa RT (2010) Eficiência reprodutiva das vacas leiteiras. Circular Técnica 64, 1–12.
Botaro BG, Cortinhas CS, Mestieri L, Machado PF, Santos MV (2011) Composição e frações proteicas do leite de rebanhos bovinos comerciais. Veterinária e Zootecnia 18, 81–91.
Boulton AC, Rushton J, Wathes DC (2017) An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs. Animal 11, 1372–1380.
| An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
BRASIL (2018) ‘Instrução Normativa no 76, de 28 de dezembro de 2018.’ (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento: Brasilia, DF, Brasil)
Brito LF, Bedere N, Douhard F, Oliveira HR, Arnal M, Peñagaricano F, Schinckel AP, Baes CF, Miglior F (2021) Review: genetic selection of high-yielding dairy cattle toward sustainable farming systems in a rapidly changing world. Animal 15, 100292
| Review: genetic selection of high-yielding dairy cattle toward sustainable farming systems in a rapidly changing world.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brunini MA, Silva MRM, Vieira VMC (2015) Milk quality produced by bovine breeds in the ituverava city, São Paulo State. Nucleus Animalium 7, 93–103.
| Milk quality produced by bovine breeds in the ituverava city, São Paulo State.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Campos RV, Cobuci JA, Kern EL, Costa CN, McManus CM (2015) Genetic parameters for linear type traits and milk, fat, and protein production in Holstein cows in Brazil. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 28, 476–484.
| Genetic parameters for linear type traits and milk, fat, and protein production in Holstein cows in Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Canaza-Cayo AW, Lopes PS, Cobuci JA, Martins MF, Silva MVGBD (2018) Genetic parameters of milk production and reproduction traits of Girolando cattle in Brazil. Italian Journal of Animal Science 17, 22–30.
| Genetic parameters of milk production and reproduction traits of Girolando cattle in Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carlin JB (2000) Tutorial in biostatistics. Meta-analysis: formulating, evaluating, combining, and reporting by S-L. T. Normand, Statistics in Medicine, 18, 321–359 (1999). Statistics in Medicine 19, 753–759.
| Tutorial in biostatistics. Meta-analysis: formulating, evaluating, combining, and reporting by S-L. T. Normand, Statistics in Medicine, 18, 321–359 (1999).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carneiro PLS, Malhado CHM, Souza Júnior AAO, Silva AGS, Santos FN, Santos PF, Paiva SR (2007) Growth rate and phenotypic diversity among crosses of Dorper ovines and local breeds. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 42, 991–998.
| Growth rate and phenotypic diversity among crosses of Dorper ovines and local breeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Castillo-Gallegos E, Marín-Mejía BJ (2019) Segmented regression to describe cumulative milk production of grazing dual-purpose Holstein-Zebu cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production 51, 809–818.
| Segmented regression to describe cumulative milk production of grazing dual-purpose Holstein-Zebu cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CNA (2018) ‘Balanço 2017 e perspectivas 2018 da bovinocultura de leite.’ pp. 1–2. (Confederação da Agricultura e Pecuária do Brasil (CNA) – Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural (SENAR): Brasília, DF) Available at https://www.cnabrasil.org.br/paginas-especiais/balan%C3%A7o-2017-e-perspectivas-2018
Costa JHC, Hötzel MJ, Longo C, Balcão LF (2013) A survey of management practices that influence production and welfare of dairy cattle on family farms in southern Brazil. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 307–317.
| A survey of management practices that influence production and welfare of dairy cattle on family farms in southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cruz AS (2015) Estudo de associação ampla do genoma bovino para lactação ajustada em 305 dias em Girolando. PhD Thesis, Universidade Federal de Goiás, GO, Brasil.
Dalcq A-C, Beckers Y, Mayeres P, Reding E, Wyzen B, Colinet F, Delhez P, Soyeurt H (2018) The feeding system impacts relationships between calving interval and economic results of dairy farms. Animal 12, 1662–1671.
| The feeding system impacts relationships between calving interval and economic results of dairy farms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daltro DdosS, Padilha AH, da Gama LT, da Silva MVGB, Cobuci JA (2021) Breed, heterosis, and recombination effects for lactation curves in Brazilian cattle. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 50, e20200085
| Breed, heterosis, and recombination effects for lactation curves in Brazilian cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
De Vries A, Marcondes MI (2020) Review: overview of factors affecting productive lifespan of dairy cows. Animal 14, s155–s164.
| Review: overview of factors affecting productive lifespan of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Deitos AC, Maggioni D, Romero EA (2010) Produção e qualidade de leite de vacas de diferentes grupos genéticos. Campo Digital 5, 26–33.
Eastham NT, Coates A, Cripps P, Richardson H, Smith R, Oikonomou G (2018) Associations between age at first calving and subsequent lactation performance in UK Holstein and Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. PLoS ONE 13, e0197764
| Associations between age at first calving and subsequent lactation performance in UK Holstein and Holstein-Friesian dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Facó O, Lôbo RNB, Martins Filho R, Moura AdAA (2002) Analysis of productive performance of different Holstein x Gir genetic groups in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 31, 1944–1952.
| Analysis of productive performance of different Holstein x Gir genetic groups in Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Felippe EW, Gomes IPdO, Thaler Neto A (2017) Comparação de vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey com vacas puras quanto à eficiência produtiva e reprodutiva. Archives of Veterinary Science 22, 48–54.
| Comparação de vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey com vacas puras quanto à eficiência produtiva e reprodutiva.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fernandes TA, Cerdótes L, Vaz RZ, Restle J, Ferreira OGL (2020) Relationship between heterosis, weight gain, and body measurements of Nellore and Charolais calves. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 55, e01821
| Relationship between heterosis, weight gain, and body measurements of Nellore and Charolais calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ferreira DSA, Santos ALP, Cunha Filho M, Rocha LL, Batista ÂMV, Barbosa SBP, Moreira GR (2019) Qualidade do leite de vacas holandesas na região Agreste de Pernambuco. Sigmae 8, 509–521.
Flôres AA, Madalena FE, Teodoro RL (2004) Desempenho comparativo de seis grupos de cruzamento Holandês/Guzerá: 12. Ganho de peso de bezerras e novilhas. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 33, 1695–1702.
| Desempenho comparativo de seis grupos de cruzamento Holandês/Guzerá: 12. Ganho de peso de bezerras e novilhas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fonseca LFL, Santos MV (2000) ‘Qualidade do leite e controle de mastite.’ (Lemos Editorial: São Paulo, SP, Brasil)
Franzoni APS, Gloria JR, Costa ALBSA, Martins RA, Amaral TF, Azevedo RA, Campos EF, Coelho SG (2018) Metabolic and hormone profiles of Holstein x Gyr cows during pre- and postpartum. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 53, 371–377.
| Metabolic and hormone profiles of Holstein x Gyr cows during pre- and postpartum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Furtado DA, Peixoto AP, Regis JEF, Nascimento JWBdo, Araujo TGP, Lisboa ACC (2012) Termorregulação e desempenho de tourinhos Sindi e Guzerá, no agreste paraibano. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 16, 1022–1028.
| Termorregulação e desempenho de tourinhos Sindi e Guzerá, no agreste paraibano.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Garcia AB, Angeli N, Machado L, Cardoso FC, Gonzalez F (2015) Relationships between heat stress and metabolic and milk parameters in dairy cows in southern Brazil. Tropical Animal Health and Production 47, 889–894.
| Relationships between heat stress and metabolic and milk parameters in dairy cows in southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Geron LJV, Zeoula LM, Erkel JA, Prado INdo, Bublitz E, Prado OPPdo (2010) Consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com resíduo de cervejaria fermentado. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences 32, 69–76.
| Consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com resíduo de cervejaria fermentado.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Glória JR, Bergmann JAG, Reis RB, Coelho MS, Silva MA (2006) Efeito da composição genética e de fatores de meio sobre a produção de leite, a duração da lactação e a produção de leite por dia de intervalo de partos de vacas mestiças Holandês-Gir. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 58, 1139–1148.
| Efeito da composição genética e de fatores de meio sobre a produção de leite, a duração da lactação e a produção de leite por dia de intervalo de partos de vacas mestiças Holandês-Gir.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grebogi A, Ostrensky A, Pohl F, Almeida R, Weiss RR, Kozicki LE, Breda JC, Giacomeli AM (2008) Impacto da idade ao parto no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo em vacas holandesas primíparas. Archives of Veterinary Science 13, 22–25.
| Impacto da idade ao parto no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo em vacas holandesas primíparas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harvatine KJ, Bauman DE, McGuire MA (2020) Mammary gland, milk biosynthesis and secretion: milk fat. In ‘Encyclopedia of dairy sciences’. pp. 190-197. (Eds PLH McSweeney, JP McNamara) (Elsevier: Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 10.1016/b978-0-12-818766-1.00049-0
Heck JML, van Valenberg HJF, Bovenhuis H, Dijkstra J, van Hooijdonk TCM (2012) Characterization of milk fatty acids based on genetic and herd parameters. Journal of Dairy Research 79, 39–46.
| Characterization of milk fatty acids based on genetic and herd parameters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hristov AN, Bannink A, Crompton LA, Huhtanen P, Kreuzer M, McGee M, Nozière P, Reynolds CK, Bayat AR, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Schwarm A, Shingfield KJ, Yu Z (2019) Invited review: nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: a review of measurement techniques. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 5811–5852.
| Invited review: nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: a review of measurement techniques.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hutchison JL, VanRaden PM, Null DJ, Cole JB, Bickhart DM (2017) Genomic evaluation of age at first calving. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 6853–6861.
| Genomic evaluation of age at first calving.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
IBGE (2018) ‘Indicador IBGE: estatística da produção pecuária.’ pp. 1–76. (Instituto Brasileiro De Geografia E Estatística – IBGE) Available at https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/2380/epp_2017_4tri.pdf
IBGE (2019) ‘Produção da pecuária municipal 2019.’ pp. 1–12. (Instituto Brasileiro De Geografia E Estatística: Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil)
Johnsen JF, Zipp KA, Kälber T, Passillé AMde, Knierim U, Barth K, Mejdell CM (2016) Is rearing calves with the dam a feasible option for dairy farms?—current and future research. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 181, 1–11.
| Is rearing calves with the dam a feasible option for dairy farms?—current and future research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kashoma IP, Mwingira SM, Werema CW, Kessy BM (2015) Productive and reproductive performance of Friesian cows at Kitulo livestock multiplication unit, Tanzania. Tanzania Veterinary Journal 30, 33–41. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/tvj/article/view/136089
Kong L-N, Li J-B, Li R-L, Zhao X-X, Ma Y-B, Sun S-H, Huang J-M, Ju Z-H, Hou M-H, Zhong J-F (2018) Estimation of 305-day milk yield from test-day records of Chinese Holstein cattle. Journal of Applied Animal Research 46, 791–797.
| Estimation of 305-day milk yield from test-day records of Chinese Holstein cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krpálková L, Cabrera VE, Kvapilík J, Burdych J, Crump P (2014) Associations between age at first calving, rearing average daily weight gain, herd milk yield and dairy herd production, reproduction, and profitability. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 6573–6582.
| Associations between age at first calving, rearing average daily weight gain, herd milk yield and dairy herd production, reproduction, and profitability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kumar N, Abadi Y, Gebrekidan B, Woldearegay YH (2014) Productive and reproductive performance of local cows under farmer’s management in and around Mekelle, Ethiopia. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 7, 21–24.
| Productive and reproductive performance of local cows under farmer’s management in and around Mekelle, Ethiopia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Léis CM, Cherubini E, Ruviaro CF, Silva VP, Lampert VN, Spies A, Soares SR (2015) Carbon footprint of milk production in Brazil: a comparative case study. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 20, 46–60.
| Carbon footprint of milk production in Brazil: a comparative case study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leite PRM, Santiago AA, Navarro Filho HR (2001) ‘Sindi: gado vermelho para o semi- árido.’ pp. 147. (EMEPA–PB Banco do Nordeste: João Pessoa, PB, Brasil)
Lovatto PA, Lehnen CR, Andretta I, Carvalho AD, Hauschild L (2007) Meta-análise em pesquisas científicas: enfoque em metodologias. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 36, 285–294.
| Meta-análise em pesquisas científicas: enfoque em metodologias.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Madalena FE, Peixoto MGCD, Gibson J (2012) Dairy cattle genetics and its applications in Brazil. Livestock Research for Rural Development 24, http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/6/made24097.htm
Marestone BS, Santos ÉR, Serra FBS, Muniz CASD, Marques CP, Alves KB, Alves MV, Moreira Alves RC (2013) Características reprodutivas, de crescimento e idade ao primeiro parto em bovinos da raça Holandesa. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias 34, 4105–4112.
| Características reprodutivas, de crescimento e idade ao primeiro parto em bovinos da raça Holandesa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martins PdoC, Zoccal R, Rentero N, Albuquerque A (2018) Anuário leiteiro 2018: indicadores, tendências e oportunidades para quem vive no setor leiteiro. www.embrapa.br/gado-de-leite
McDowell RE, Hollon BF, Camoens JK, Van Vleck LD (1976) Reproductive efficiency of jerseys, red sindhis, and crossbreds. Journal of Dairy Science 59, 127–136.
| Reproductive efficiency of jerseys, red sindhis, and crossbreds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McManus C, Teixeira RdA, Dias LT, Louvandini H, Oliveira EMB (2008) Production and reproduction traits in Holstein and Gyr crossbred cows in the Central Plateau, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 37, 819–823.
| Production and reproduction traits in Holstein and Gyr crossbred cows in the Central Plateau, Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neiva R (2021) Genomic tool selects dairy cattle that adapt to Brazil’s different climates. Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. Available at https://www.embrapa.br/en/busca-de-noticias/-/noticia/66165007/genomic-tool-selects-dairy-cattle-that-adapt-to-brazils-different-climates
NRC (2001) ‘Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle.’ (The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA). 10.17226/19014
Okano MT, Vendrametto O, Santos OSdos (2014) How to improve dairy production in Brazil through indicators for the economic development of milk chain. Modern Economy 05, 663–669.
| How to improve dairy production in Brazil through indicators for the economic development of milk chain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Polsky L, von Keyserlingk MAG (2017) Invited review: effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 8645–8657.
| Invited review: effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pszczolkowski VL, Arriola Apelo SI (2020) The market for amino acids: understanding supply and demand of substrate for more efficient milk protein synthesis. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 11, 108
| The market for amino acids: understanding supply and demand of substrate for more efficient milk protein synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quirino CR, Pereira JC, Pereira CS, Bergmann JA (1998) Genetic evaluation by animal model techniques of first lactation length and mean daily milk yield of the Caracu breed. Latin American Archives of Animal Production 6, 71–78.
Ritchie H, Roser M (2017) Meat and dairy production. Available at https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production
Santana ML, Pereira RJ, Bignardi AB, Ayres DR, Menezes GRO, Silva LOC, Leroy G, Machado CHC, Josahkian LA, Albuquerque LG (2016) Structure and genetic diversity of Brazilian Zebu cattle breeds assessed by pedigree analysis. Livestock Science 187, 6–15.
| Structure and genetic diversity of Brazilian Zebu cattle breeds assessed by pedigree analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sauvant D, Schmidely P, Daudin JJ, St-Pierre NR (2008) Meta-analyses of experimental data in animal nutrition. Animal 2, 1203–1214.
| Meta-analyses of experimental data in animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schneider S, Niederle PA (2010) Resistance strategies and diversification of rural livelihoods: the construction of autonomy among Brazilian family farmers. The Journal of Peasant Studies 37, 379–405.
| Resistance strategies and diversification of rural livelihoods: the construction of autonomy among Brazilian family farmers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Segura-Correa JC, Magaña-Monforte JG, Aké-López JR, Segura-Correa VM, Hinojosa-Cuellar JA, Osorio-Arce MM (2017) Breed and environmental effects on birth weight, weaning weight and calving interval of zebu cattle in southeastern Mexico. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 20, 297–305.
Silper BF, Robles I, Madureira AML, Burnett TA, Reis MM, de Passillé AM, Rushen J, Cerri RLA (2015) Automated and visual measurements of estrous behavior and their sources of variation in Holstein heifers. I: walking activity and behavior frequency. Theriogenology 84, 312–320.
| Automated and visual measurements of estrous behavior and their sources of variation in Holstein heifers. I: walking activity and behavior frequency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silva V, Costa KA, Silva MA, Nicolau E, Silva V, Souza W, Carmo R, Brandstetter E (2017) Production, forage quality, and performance of holstein cows under intermittent grazing on Tifton 85. Journal of Agricultural Science 9, 11
| Production, forage quality, and performance of holstein cows under intermittent grazing on Tifton 85.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Teixeira CRV, Lana RP, Rennó LN, Veloso CM, Carvalho JC, Menezes AA (2015) Urea and salt as supplementary diet for crossbreed milk cows. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences 37, 281–287.
| Urea and salt as supplementary diet for crossbreed milk cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wathes DC, Pollott GE, Johnson KF, Richardson H, Cooke JS (2014) Heifer fertility and carry over consequences for life time production in dairy and beef cattle. Animal 8, 91–104.
| Heifer fertility and carry over consequences for life time production in dairy and beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yurchenko AA, Daetwyler HD, Yudin N, Schnabel RD, Vander Jagt CJ, Soloshenko V, Lhasaranov B, Popov R, Taylor JF, Larkin DM (2018) Scans for signatures of selection in Russian cattle breed genomes reveal new candidate genes for environmental adaptation and acclimation. Scientific Reports 8, 1–16.
| Scans for signatures of selection in Russian cattle breed genomes reveal new candidate genes for environmental adaptation and acclimation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
