Platforms to accelerate biomanufacturing of enzyme and probiotic animal feed supplements: discovery considerations and manufacturing implications
Robert E. Speight
A B E , Laura Navone A B , Leigh K. Gebbie A , Jo-Anne L. Blinco C and Wayne L. Bryden D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
B Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
C Biorefining Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
D School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: robert.speight@qut.edu.au
Animal Production Science 62(12) 1113-1128 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN21342
Submitted: 25 June 2021 Accepted: 15 November 2021 Published: 25 January 2022
Journal compilation © CSIRO 2022 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Probiotics and enzymes are important components of the global livestock feed supplement market, which is expected to be approximately US$56 billion by 2027. They make essential contributions to animal health and productivity and are very important for on-farm economics, as well as feed supplement and bulk feed businesses. Despite the variety of on-market products, there remains a strong drive to develop new function or more effective enzymes (e.g. more active or stable) and probiotics (e.g. for specific health or nutrition requirements) that can be produced economically and commercialised to gain market share. Various large and established supplement development, manufacture and supply companies with highly refined, efficient and vertically integrated processes dominate the market. In contrast, many challenges exist for less established players, such as feed companies, large farming corporations, start-up companies and the research community, to develop and commercialise improved feed supplements. These less established players may have niche markets or needs or may have identified highly novel candidate products through basic or collaborative academia-industry applied research. In these situations, the path from discovery and development to a commercial product is unclear and likely to be very challenging. However, the risk of not progressing is that the value of research investments is not realised, or the needs of specific niche markets are not met. For these situations, new pathways to market based on rapid discovery, production (at various scales), and testing feedback loops, along with appropriate intellectual property management and clear regulatory strategies need to be established. To deliver these new pathways, it is essential to define key performance, production and economic criteria, have a rapid route from laboratory to pilot-scale manufacture and livestock feeding trials, and include all the necessary participants in the value chain from research development, manufacturing, distribution, and regulatory management to the end user. These issues are discussed with reference to the current state-of-the-art and our development of new pathways for a specific enzyme and probiotic based on efficient laboratory-to-market platforms. Although new supplements have been brought closer to market, challenges remain regarding scaling to commercial manufacture for new products without an established market.
Keywords: livestock, commercialisation, fermentation, bioprocess.
References
Aftab U, Bedford MR (2018) The use of NSP enzymes in poultry nutrition: myths and realities. World’s Poultry Science Journal 74, 277–286.| The use of NSP enzymes in poultry nutrition: myths and realities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ainscough RJ, McGree JM, Callaghan MJ, Speight RE (2019) Effective incorporation of xylanase and phytase in lick blocks for grazing livestock. Animal Production Science 59, 1762–1768.
| Effective incorporation of xylanase and phytase in lick blocks for grazing livestock.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Almeida A, Nayfach S, Boland M, Strozzi F, Beracochea M, Shi ZJ, Pollard KS, Sakharova E, Parks DH, Hugenholtz P (2021) A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome. Nature Biotechnology 39, 105–114.
| A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32690973PubMed |
Amini Z, Self R, Strong J, Speight R, O’Hara I, Harrison MD (2021) Valorization of sugarcane biorefinery residues using fungal biocatalysis. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
| Valorization of sugarcane biorefinery residues using fungal biocatalysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anderson PA, Baker DH, Mistry SP (1978) Bioassay determination of the biotin content of corn, barley, sorghum and wheat. Journal of Animal Science 47, 654–659.
| Bioassay determination of the biotin content of corn, barley, sorghum and wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Archacka M, Celińska E, Białas W (2020) Techno-economic analysis for probiotics preparation production using optimized corn flour medium and spray-drying protective blends. Food and Bioproducts Processing 123, 354–366.
| Techno-economic analysis for probiotics preparation production using optimized corn flour medium and spray-drying protective blends.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bajagai YS, Klieve AV, Dart PJ, Bryden WL (2016) ‘Probiotics in animal nutrition: production, impact and regulation. FAO Animal Production and Health paper no. 179.’ (Ed. HPS Makkar) (FAO: Rome, Italy)
Baker DH (1984) Equalized versus ad libitum feeding. Nutrition Reviews 42, 269–273.
| Equalized versus ad libitum feeding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 6384834PubMed |
Baker DH (1986) Problems and pitfalls in animal experiments designed to establish dietary requirements for essential nutrients. The Journal of Nutrition 116, 2339–2349.
| Problems and pitfalls in animal experiments designed to establish dietary requirements for essential nutrients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 3543259PubMed |
Bedford MR (2018) The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation. British Poultry Science 59, 486–493.
| The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29877713PubMed |
Bedford MR, Partridge GG (Eds) (2010) Enzymes in farm animal nutrition. 2nd edn. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
Bedford MR, Choct M, O’Neill HM (Eds) (2016) ‘Nutrition experiments in pigs and poultry: a practical guide.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
Brown S, Dart P (2005) ‘Testing hay treated with mould-inhibiting, biocontrol inoculum.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra, ACT, Australia)
Browne HP, Forster SC, Anonye BO, Kumar N, Neville BA, Stares MD, Goulding D, Lawley TD (2016) Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation. Nature 533, 543–546.
| Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27144353PubMed |
Brüssow H (2017) Adjuncts and alternatives in the time of antibiotic resistance and in-feed antibiotic bans. Microbial Biotechnology 10, 674–677.
| Adjuncts and alternatives in the time of antibiotic resistance and in-feed antibiotic bans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28643479PubMed |
Bryden WL, Selle PH, Ravindran V, Acamovic T (2007) Phytate: An anti-nutrient factor in animal diets. In ‘Poisonous plants: global research and solutions’. (Eds KE Panter, TL Wierenga, JA Pfister) pp. 279–284. (CAB International Publishing: Wallingford, UK)
Campbell GL, Bedford MR (1992) Enzyme applications for monogastric feeds: a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, 449–466.
| Enzyme applications for monogastric feeds: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cardinal KM, Kipper M, Andretta I, Ribeiro AML (2019) Withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from broiler diets: performance indexes and economic impact. Poultry Science 98, 6659–6667.
| Withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from broiler diets: performance indexes and economic impact.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Charbonneau MR, Isabella VM, Li N, Kurtz CB (2020) Developing a new class of engineered live bacterial therapeutics to treat human diseases. Nature Communications 11, 1738
| Developing a new class of engineered live bacterial therapeutics to treat human diseases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32269218PubMed |
Chávez B, Ledeboer A (2007) Drying of probiotics: optimization of formulation and process to enhance storage survival. Drying Technology 25, 1193–1201.
| Drying of probiotics: optimization of formulation and process to enhance storage survival.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cutting SM (2011) Bacillus probiotics. Food Microbiology 28, 214–220.
| Bacillus probiotics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21315976PubMed |
Czinkóczky R, Németh Á (2020) Techno-economic assessment of Bacillus fermentation to produce surfactin and lichenysin. Biochemical Engineering Journal 163, 107719
| Techno-economic assessment of Bacillus fermentation to produce surfactin and lichenysin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
D’Mello JPF (Ed.) (2000) ‘Farm animal metabolism and nutrition.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
De Maria L, Skov LK, Skjoet M (2013) Thermostable Phytase Variants. US 2013/0017185.
de Melo Pereira GV de Melo Pereira GV (2018) How to select a probiotic? A review and update of methods and criteria. Biotechnology Advances 36, 2060–2076.
| How to select a probiotic? A review and update of methods and criteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30266342PubMed |
EFSA (2006a) Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed and of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on the safety and efficacy of the enzyme preparation Natuphos® (3-phytase) produced by Aspergillus niger. EFSA Journal 369, 1–19.
EFSA (2006b) Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed and the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on the safety and efficacy of the enzymatic preparation Phyzyme XP (6- Phytase) for use as feed additive for chickens for fattening EFSA Journal 350, 1–14.
EFSA (2007) Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed and the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on the safety and efficacy of the enzyme preparation Rovabio™ PHY AP/LC (3-phytase) as feed additive for chickens for fattening, laying hens, piglets and pigs for fattening in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. EFSA Journal 471, 1–29.
EFSA (2008) Safety and efficacy of the product Quantum™ Phytase 5000 L and Quantum™ Phytase 2500 D (6-phytase) as a feed additive for chickens for fattening, laying hens, turkeys for fattening, ducks for fattening and piglets (weaned). EFSA Journal 627, 1–27.
EFSA (2010) Scientific Opinion on Ronozyme® P (6-phytase) as feed additive for chickens and turkeys for fattening, laying hens, and piglets (weaned), pigs for fattening and sows (poultry and pigs). EFSA Journal 8, 1862
| Scientific Opinion on Ronozyme® P (6-phytase) as feed additive for chickens and turkeys for fattening, laying hens, and piglets (weaned), pigs for fattening and sows (poultry and pigs).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
EFSA (2011) Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Optiphos® (6-phytase) as a feed additive for chickens and turkeys for fattening, chickens reared for laying, turkeys reared for breeding, laying hens, other birds for fattening and laying, weaned piglets, pigs for fattening and sows. EFSA Journal 9, 2414
EFSA (2013) Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Quantum® Blue (6-phytase) as a feed additive for laying hens and minor laying poultry species. EFSA Journal 11, 3433
Elisashvili V, Kachlishvili E, Chikindas ML (2019) Recent advances in the physiology of spore formation for Bacillus probiotic production. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 11, 731–747.
| Recent advances in the physiology of spore formation for Bacillus probiotic production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30515722PubMed |
Ellis JL, Bannink A, Hindrichsen IK, Kinley RD, Pellikaan WF, Milora N, Dijkstra J (2016) The effect of lactic acid bacteria included as a probiotic or silage inoculant on in vitro rumen digestibility, total gas and methane production. Animal Feed Science and Technology 211, 61–74.
| The effect of lactic acid bacteria included as a probiotic or silage inoculant on in vitro rumen digestibility, total gas and methane production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
EUROPA (2007) Concerning the authorisation of 6-phytase EC 3.1.3.26 (Phyzyme XP 5000G Phyzyme XP 5000L) as a feed additive. Official Journal of the European Union, L 175,
Faichney GJ (1975) The use of markers to partition digestion within the gastro-intestinal tract of ruminants. In ‘Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant’. (Eds IW McDonald, ACI Warner) pp. 277–291. (University of New England Publishing Unit: Armidale, NSW, Australia)
Farrell DJ (1999) In vivo and in vitro techniques for the assessment of the energy content of feed grains for poultry: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 881–888.
| In vivo and in vitro techniques for the assessment of the energy content of feed grains for poultry: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fasim A, More VS, More SS (2021) Large-scale production of enzymes for biotechnology uses. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 69, 68–76.
| Large-scale production of enzymes for biotechnology uses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33388493PubMed |
FiorMarkets (2020) Animal Feed Additives Market by Type (Antibiotics, Minerals, Binders, Vitamins, Feed Enzymes, Feed Acidifiers, Antioxidants, Amino Acids), Livestock (Aquatic Animals, Ruminants, Poultry, Swine), Form (Liquid, Dry), Region, Global Industry Analysis, Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2020 to 2027. Available at https://www.fiormarkets.com/report/animal-feed-additives-market-by-type-antibiotics-minerals-418379.html
Fuller MF (Ed.) (1991) ‘In vitro digestion for pigs and poultry.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
Gagoski DShZ, Nielsen LK, Vickers CE, Mahler S, Speight R, Johnston WA, Alexandrov K (2017) Cell-free pipeline for discovery of thermotolerant xylanases and endo-1, 4-β-glucanases. Journal of Biotechnology 259, 191–198.
| Cell-free pipeline for discovery of thermotolerant xylanases and endo-1, 4-β-glucanases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Garrett JB, Kretz KA, O’Donoghue E, Kerovuo J, Kim W, Barton NR, Hazlewood GP, Short JM, Robertson DE, Gray KA (2004) Enhancing the thermal tolerance and gastric performance of a microbial phytase for use as a phosphate-mobilizing monogastric-feed supplement. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, 3041–3046.
| Enhancing the thermal tolerance and gastric performance of a microbial phytase for use as a phosphate-mobilizing monogastric-feed supplement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15128565PubMed |
Gebbie L, Dam TT, Ainscough R, Palfreyman R, Cao L, Harrison M, O’Hara I, Speight R (2020) A snapshot of microbial diversity and function in an undisturbed sugarcane bagasse pile. BMC Biotechnology 20, 12
| A snapshot of microbial diversity and function in an undisturbed sugarcane bagasse pile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32111201PubMed |
Greiner R, Konietzny U, Jany K-D (1993) Purification and characterization of two phytases from Escherichia coli. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 303, 107–113.
| Purification and characterization of two phytases from Escherichia coli.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 8387749PubMed |
Guerrand D (2018) Economics of food and feed enzymes: status and prospectives. In ‘Enzymes in human and animal nutrition’. (Eds CS Nunes, FV Kumar) pp. 487–514. (Academic Press: London, UK)
Guggenbuhl P, Torrallardona D, Cechova I, Wache Y, Nunes CS, Fru F, Broz J (2012) The efficacy of a novel microbial 6-phytase expressed in Aspergillus oryzae on the performance and phosphorus utilization in swine. Journal of Animal Science Advances 2, 438–452.
Hogan JP, Flinn PC (1999) An assessment by in vivo methods of grain quality for ruminants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 843–854.
| An assessment by in vivo methods of grain quality for ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Homan VB, Boney JW, Moritz JS (2019) Effects of steam conditioning temperatures on commercial phytases and subsequent broiler performance and tibia mineralization. Applied Animal Science 35, 298–303.
| Effects of steam conditioning temperatures on commercial phytases and subsequent broiler performance and tibia mineralization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hristov AN, Bannink A, Crompton LA, Huhtanen P, Kreuzer M, McGee M, Nozière P, Reynolds CK, Bayat AR, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Schwarm A, Shingfield KJ, Yu Z (2019) Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: a review of measurement techniques. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 5811–5852.
| Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: a review of measurement techniques.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31030912PubMed |
Huang S, Vignolles M-L, Chen XD, Le Loir Y, Jan G, Schuck P, Jeantet R (2017) Spray drying of probiotics and other food-grade bacteria: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 63, 1–17.
| Spray drying of probiotics and other food-grade bacteria: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Inborr J, Bedford MR (1994) Stability of feed enzymes to steam pelleting during feed processing. Animal Feed Science and Technology 46, 179–196.
| Stability of feed enzymes to steam pelleting during feed processing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jayaraman S, Thangavel G, Kurian H, Mani R, Mukkalil R, Chirakkal H (2013) Bacillus subtilis PB6 improves intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis. Poultry Science 92, 370–374.
| Bacillus subtilis PB6 improves intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23300303PubMed |
Kotb AR, Luckey TD (1972) Markers in nutrition. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 42, 813–845.
Le OT, Dart PJ, Harper K, Zhang D, Schofield B, Callaghan MJ, Lisle AT, Klieve AV, McNeill DM (2017a) Effect of probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57on productivity and the incidence of diarrhoea in dairy calves. Animal Production Science 57, 912–919.
| Effect of probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57on productivity and the incidence of diarrhoea in dairy calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Le OT, Schofield B, Dart PJ, Callaghan MJ, Lisle AT, Ouwerkerk D, Klieve AV, McNeill DM (2017b) Production responses of reproducing ewes to a by-product-based diet inoculated with the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57. Animal Production Science 57, 1097–1105.
| Production responses of reproducing ewes to a by-product-based diet inoculated with the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lewis AJ, Southern LL (Eds) (2001) ‘Swine nutrition.’ 2nd edn. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)
Li X, Zhang D, Yang TY, Bryden WL (2016) Phosphorus bioavailability: a key aspect for conserving this critical animal feed resource with reference to broiler nutrition. Agriculture 6, 25
| Phosphorus bioavailability: a key aspect for conserving this critical animal feed resource with reference to broiler nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu W-C, Inwood S, Gong T, Sharma A, Yu L-Y, Zhu P (2019) Fed-batch high-cell-density fermentation strategies for Pichia pastoris growth and production. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 39, 258–271.
| Fed-batch high-cell-density fermentation strategies for Pichia pastoris growth and production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30599783PubMed |
Loi M, Fanelli F, Liuzzi VC, Logrieco AF, Mulè G (2017) Mycotoxin biotransformation by native and commercial enzymes: present and future perspectives. Toxins 9, 111
| Mycotoxin biotransformation by native and commercial enzymes: present and future perspectives.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lu S, Mikkelsen D, Yao H, Williams BA, Flanagan BM, Gidley MJ (2021) Wheat cell walls and constituent polysaccharides induce similar microbiota profiles upon in vitro fermentation despite different short chain fatty acid end-product levels. Food & Function 12, 1135–1146.
| Wheat cell walls and constituent polysaccharides induce similar microbiota profiles upon in vitro fermentation despite different short chain fatty acid end-product levels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mandenius CF, Brundin A (2008) Bioprocess optimization using design‐of‐experiments methodology. Biotechnology Progress 24, 1191–1203.
| Bioprocess optimization using design‐of‐experiments methodology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19194932PubMed |
Markowiak P, Śliżewska K (2018) The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition. Gut Pathogens 10, 21
| The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29930711PubMed |
McLean JA, Tobin G (1987) ‘Animal and human calorimetry.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
McNab JM, Boorman KN (Eds) (2002) ‘Poultry feedstuffs: supply, composition and nutritive value.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
Mingmongkolchai S, Panbangred W (2018) Bacillus probiotics: an alternative to antibiotics for livestock production. Journal of Applied Microbiology 124, 1334–1346.
| Bacillus probiotics: an alternative to antibiotics for livestock production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29316021PubMed |
Moll D (2019) Enzyme technology for detoxification of mycotoxins in animal feed. In ‘Industrial Enzyme Applications’. (Eds A Vogel, O May) pp. 219–254. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co.: Weinheim, Germany)
Mollah Y, Bryden WL, Wallis IR, Balnave D, Annison EF (1983) Sudies on low metabolisable energy wheats for poultry using conventional and rapid assay procedures and the effects of processing. British Poultry Science 24, 81–89.
| Sudies on low metabolisable energy wheats for poultry using conventional and rapid assay procedures and the effects of processing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mordor Intelligence (2020) Australia feed additives market: growth, trends, COVID-19 impact, and forecasts (2021–2026). Available at https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/australia-feed-additives-market-industry
Moughan PJ (1999) In vitro techniques for the assessment of the nutritive value of feed grains for pigs: a review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 871–879.
| In vitro techniques for the assessment of the nutritive value of feed grains for pigs: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moughan PJ, Hendriks WH (Eds) (2018) ‘Feed evaluation science.’ (Wageningen Academic Publishers: The Netherlands)
Navone L, Speight RE (2019) Enzyme systems for effective dag removal from cattle hides. Animal Production Science 59, 1387–1398.
| Enzyme systems for effective dag removal from cattle hides.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Navone L, Vogl T, Luangthongkam P, Blinco J-A, Luna-Flores C, Chen X, von Hellens J, Speight R (2021a) Synergistic optimisation of expression, folding, and secretion improves E. coli AppA phytase production in Pichia pastoris. Microbial Cell Factories 20, 8
| Synergistic optimisation of expression, folding, and secretion improves E. coli AppA phytase production in Pichia pastoris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33494776PubMed |
Navone L, Vogl T, Luangthongkam P, Blinco J-A, Luna-Flores CH, Chen X, von Hellens J, Mahler S, Speight R (2021b) Disulfide bond engineering of AppA phytase for increased thermostability requires co-expression of protein disulfide isomerase in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnology for Biofuels 14, 80
| Disulfide bond engineering of AppA phytase for increased thermostability requires co-expression of protein disulfide isomerase in Pichia pastoris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33789740PubMed |
Norton BW, Dart PJ, Brown SM (2008) The effects of microbial amendment of rye-grass clover hay at baling on intake and nutritive value for pregnant sheep. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Animal Production 27, 110.
Nunes CS, Kumar FV (Eds) (2018) ‘Enzymes in human and animal nutrition: principles and perspectives.’ (Academic Press: London, UK)
O’Toole PW, Marchesi JR, Hill C (2017) Next-generation probiotics: the spectrum from probiotics to live biotherapeutics. Nature Microbiology 2, 17057
| Next-generation probiotics: the spectrum from probiotics to live biotherapeutics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28440276PubMed |
Parks DH, Rinke C, Chuvochina M, Chaumeil P-A, Woodcroft BJ, Evans PN, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW (2017) Recovery of nearly 8,000 metagenome-assembled genomes substantially expands the tree of life. Nature Microbiology 2, 1533–1542.
| Recovery of nearly 8,000 metagenome-assembled genomes substantially expands the tree of life.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28894102PubMed |
Parks DH, Rigato F, Vera-Wolf P, Krause L, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW, Wood DL (2021) Evaluation of the microba community profiler for taxonomic profiling of metagenomic datasets from the human gut microbiome. Frontiers in Microbiology 12, 643682
| Evaluation of the microba community profiler for taxonomic profiling of metagenomic datasets from the human gut microbiome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33959106PubMed |
Patel AK, Singhania RR, Pandey A (2017) Production, purification, and application of microbial enzymes. In ‘Biotechnology of microbial enzymes’. (Ed. G Brahmachari) pp. 13–41. (Academic Press: London, UK)
Ramirez J, McCabe B, Jensen PD, Speight R, Harrison M, van den Berg L, O’Hara I (2021) Wastes to profit: a circular economy approach to value-addition in livestock industries. Animal Production Science 61, 541–550.
| Wastes to profit: a circular economy approach to value-addition in livestock industries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ravindran V (2013) Feed enzymes: the science, practice, and metabolic realities. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22, 628–636.
| Feed enzymes: the science, practice, and metabolic realities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ravindran V, Bryden WL (1999) Amino acid availability in poultry: in vitro and in vivo measurements. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 889–908.
| Amino acid availability in poultry: in vitro and in vivo measurements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ravindran V, Bryden WL, Kornegay ET (1995) Phytates: occurrence, bioavailability and implications in poultry nutrition. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews 6, 125–143.
Ravindran V, Hew LI, Ravindran G, Bryden WL (2005) Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens. Animal Science 81, 85–97.
| Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rebello S, Jose L, Sindhu R, Aneesh EM (2017) Molecular advancements in the development of thermostable phytases. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101, 2677–2689.
| Molecular advancements in the development of thermostable phytases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28233043PubMed |
Robbins KR, Baker DH, Norton HW (1977) Histidine status in the chick as measured by growth rate, plasma free histidine and breast muscle carnosine The Journal of Nutrition 107, 2055–2061.
| Histidine status in the chick as measured by growth rate, plasma free histidine and breast muscle carnosineCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 908963PubMed |
Robbins KR, Norton HW, Baker DH (1979) Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data. The Journal of Nutrition 109, 1710–1714.
| Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 490209PubMed |
Samtiya M, Aluko RE, Dhewa T (2020) Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: an overview. Food Production. Processing and Nutrition 2, 6
| Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: an overview.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanchez-Romero I, Ariza A, Wilson KS, Skjot M, Vind J, De Maria L, Skov LK, Sanchez-Ruiz JM (2013) Mechanism of protein kinetic stabilization by engineered disulfide crosslinks. PLoS One 8, e70013
| Mechanism of protein kinetic stabilization by engineered disulfide crosslinks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23936134PubMed |
Schneider BH, Flatt WP (1975) ‘The evaluation of feeds through digestibility experiments.’ (University of Georgia Press: Athens, GA, USA)
Schofield BJ, Skarshewski A, Lachner N, Ouwerkerk D, Klieve AV, Dart P, Hugenholtz P (2016) Near complete genome sequence of the animal feed probiotic, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57. Standards in Genomic Sciences 11, 60
| Near complete genome sequence of the animal feed probiotic, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27602182PubMed |
Selle PH, Ravindran V (2007) Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology 135, 1–41.
| Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Selle PH, Ravindran V (2008) Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition. Livestock Science 113, 99–122.
| Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Selle PH, Ravindran V, Caldwell RA, Bryden WL (2000) Phytate and phytase: consequences for protein utilisation. Nutrition Research Reviews 13, 255–278.
| Phytate and phytase: consequences for protein utilisation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19087442PubMed |
Shini S, Bryden WL (2021) Probiotics and gut health: linking intestinal homeostasis to poultry productivity. Animal Production Science
| Probiotics and gut health: linking intestinal homeostasis to poultry productivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shini S, Zhang D, Aland RC, Li X, Dart PJ, Callaghan MJ, Speight RE, Bryden WL (2020) Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57 ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks by maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and improving feed efficiency. Poultry Science 99, 4278–4293.
| Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57 ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks by maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and improving feed efficiency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32867972PubMed |
Shini S, Aland RC, Bryden WL (2021) Avian intestinal ultrastructure changes provide insight into the pathogenesis of enteric diseases and probiotic mode of action. Scientific Reports 11, 167
| Avian intestinal ultrastructure changes provide insight into the pathogenesis of enteric diseases and probiotic mode of action.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33420315PubMed |
Shivange AV, Schwaneberg U (2017) Recent advances in directed phytase evolution and rational phytase engineering. In ‘Directed Enzyme Evolution: Advances and Applications’. pp. 145–172.
Short JM, Gray KA, Barton NR, Garrett JB, O’Donoghue E, Robertson DE (2008) Phytases and methods for making and using them. US 7432098 B2.
Sibbald IR (1982) Measurement of bioavailable energy in poultry feedingstuffs: a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62, 983–1048.
Sibbald IR (1987) Estimation of bioavailable amino acids in feedingstuffs for poultry and pigs: a review with emphasis on balance experiments. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, 221–300.
| Estimation of bioavailable amino acids in feedingstuffs for poultry and pigs: a review with emphasis on balance experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Speight RE2016
Stein HH (2017) Procedures for determining digestibility of amino acids, lipids, starch, fibre, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients fed to pigs. Animal Production Science 57, 2317–2324.
| Procedures for determining digestibility of amino acids, lipids, starch, fibre, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients fed to pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Teo AY-L, Tan H-M (2005) Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens by a novel strain of Bacillus subtilis isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 4185–4190.
| Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens by a novel strain of Bacillus subtilis isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Torok VA, Luyckx K, Lapidge S (2021) Human food waste to animal feed: opportunities and challenges. Animal Production Science
| Human food waste to animal feed: opportunities and challenges.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vandenberghe LP, Pandey A, Carvalho JC, Letti LA, Woiciechowski AL, Karp SG, Thomaz-Soccol V, Martínez-Burgos WJ, Penha RO, Herrmann LW (2020) Solid-state fermentation technology and innovation for the production of agricultural and animal feed bioproducts. Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing 1–24.
Veiga P, Suez J, Derrien M, Elinav E (2020) Moving from probiotics to precision probiotics. Nature Microbiology 5, 878–880.
| Moving from probiotics to precision probiotics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32393856PubMed |
Warner ACI (1981) Rate of passage of digesta through the gut of mammals and birds. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 51, 789–820.
White CL, Ashes JR (1999) A review of methods for assessing the protein value of grain fed to ruminants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 855–869.
| A review of methods for assessing the protein value of grain fed to ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whittemore CT (1990) ‘Elements of pig science.’ (Longman Scientific and Technical: Harlow, Essex, UK)
Wiseman J, Cole DJA (Eds) (1990) ‘Feedstuff evaluation.’ (Butterworths: London, UK)
