Fleece rot and dermatophilosis (lumpy wool) in sheep: opportunities and challenges for new vaccines
Stuart Denman A , Ross Tellam A , Tony Vuocolo A , Aaron Ingham A , Gene Wijffels A , Peter James
B and Ian Colditz C *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
B Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
C Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
Stuart Denman is a Principal Research Scientist at CSIRO and leads the Gut Microbial Function team. Stuart’s research interests are in using ‘omics’ technologies to produce new insights into the microbial world, and from which, improved methods for monitoring and adjustment of the microbiota systems might be achieved. The groups focus has recently been on investigating the effectiveness of methane abatement strategies in ruminants. He is the author of over 105 peer-reviewed publications in rumen nutrition and microbiome studies. |
Ross Tellam retired as a Chief Research Scientist at CSIRO Agriculture in 2016. His research focus includes the production of vaccines against ectoparasites of livestock, innate immune responses tomastitis in dairy cattle, the Bovine Genome Project, genetics and genomics of livestock production traits and epigenetic responses in development and adverse early life nutritional challenges. He has published 143 peer-reviewed papers. In 2014 he became a Member of the Order of Australia for services to science relating to livestock productivity and sustainability. |
Tony Vuocolo is a Senior Experimental Scientist with CSIRO and Leader of the Livestock Health Team. He has an extensive research career spanning biomaterial science, livestock health, production and genomics as a molecular biologist and has published 53 peer-reviewed papers. His current research focus is leading a multi-disciplinary team researching and developing vaccines for ecto-parasite control with principle focus on fly strike prevention. |
Aaron Ingham is a Research Scientist with CSIRO Agriculture and Food and Leads the Animal Health and Resilience Group. Aaron’s research interests include defining mechanisms of pathogenesis and characterisation of the host response to infection. He is the author of more than 70 peer-reviewed publications. |
Gene Wijffels is a Principal Research Scientist at CSIRO. Gene has been involved in projects aiming to develop recombinant vaccines against the major endo- and ectoparasites parasites affecting the sheep and cattle industries in Australia and Indonesia. Most recently, and in collaboration with The University of Queensland, Gene led a large project on assessing the metabolic, endocrine and inflammatory changes in feed lot cattle in response to heat wave conditions. |
Peter James is a Senior Research Fellow at with the Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation at the University of Queensland. His main area of research interest is in the development of new technologies and integrated approaches to the control of parasites and pests of domestic livestock species. He has worked with ectoparasites and nuisance insects associated with most of Australia’s major livestock industries and regularly provides consultancy to industry and veterinary pharmaceutical companies in this area. |
Ian Colditz is an Honorary Fellow with CSIRO Agriculture and Food. He has worked on pathogenesis and host resistance tomastitis, fleece rot and fly strike. In 2002 he helped establish a research capability in CSIRO in Animal Welfare Science of production animals, and contributed to research that supported registration of Metacam, Buccalgesic and Numocaine (Numnuts) for pain relief in sheep. His current interests are in the contribution of heritable and acquired immune competence and resilience in health and good welfare of sheep and cattle. |
Animal Production Science 62(4) 301-320 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN21120
Submitted: 2 March 2021 Accepted: 9 September 2021 Published: 30 November 2021
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
During prolonged wetting of the fleece, proliferation of bacterial flora often dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Dermatophilus congolensis can induce dermatitis and fleece damage termed fleece rot and dermatophilosis respectively, which predispose sheep to blowfly strike. A large research effort in the 1980s and 1990s on vaccines to control fleece rot and dermatophilosis met with limited success. This review examines theoretical and technological advances in microbial ecology, pathogenesis, immunology, vaccine development and the characterisation of microbial virulence factors that create new opportunities for development of vaccines against these diseases. Genomic technologies have now created new opportunities for examining microbial dynamics and pathogen virulence in dermatitis. An effective vaccine requires the combination of appropriate antigens with an adjuvant that elicits a protective immune response that ideally provides long-lasting protection in the field. A clinical goal informed by epidemiological, economic and animal welfare values is needed as a measure of vaccine efficacy. Due to dependence of fleece rot and dermatophilosis on sporadic wet conditions for their expression, vaccine development would be expedited by in vitro correlates of immune protection. The efficacy of vaccines is influenced by genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the animal. Advances in understanding vaccine responsiveness, immune defence in skin and immune competence in sheep should also inform any renewed efforts to develop new fleece rot and dermatophilosis vaccines. The commercial imperatives for new vaccines are likely to continue to increase as the animal welfare expectations of society intensify and reliance on pharmacotherapeutics decrease due to chemical resistance, market pressures and societal influences. Vaccines should be considered part of an integrated disease control strategy, in combination with genetic selection for general immune competence and resistance to specific diseases, as well as management practices that minimise stress and opportunities for disease transmission. The strategy could help preserve the efficacy of pharmacotherapeutics as tactical interventions to alleviate compromised welfare when adverse environmental conditions lead to a break down in integrated strategic disease control. P. aeruginosa and D. congolensis are formidable pathogens and development of effective vaccines remains a substantial challenge.
Keywords: adjuvant, antibiotic resistance, antibody, antigenic competition, immune responsiveness, Lucilia cuprina, lumpy wool, microbiome, resilience, transcutaneous immunisation.
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