Effect of probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 on productivity and the incidence of diarrhoea in dairy calves
Oanh T. Le A , Peter J. Dart B , Karen Harper B , Dagong Zhang B , Benjamin Schofield B , Matthew J. Callaghan C , Allan T. Lisle B , Athol V. Klieve B and David M. McNeill A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.
B School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.
C Ridley AgriProducts Pty Ltd, Toowong, Qld 4066, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: d.mcneill@uq.edu.au
Animal Production Science 57(5) 912-919 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15776
Submitted: 4 November 2015 Accepted: 10 February 2016 Published: 20 July 2016
Abstract
A spore-forming probiotic, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57), was administered to dairy calves in starter pellets to determine effects on liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency and animal health under summer feeding conditions, without antibiotics. Twenty-four male and female calves were allocated into two groups and from 4 weeks of age individually offered 6 L/day of whole milk and ad libitum starter pellets impregnated with H57 (3.16 × 108 cfu per kg DM) or without (Control) until 12 weeks of age. The calves were housed in a non-air-conditioned animal house, with deep-straw bedding over concrete, under typically challenging subtropical summer conditions. After 12 weeks the calves were released into a grazing paddock as one group and were supplemented ad libitum with control pellets and hay, until 19 weeks of age. From Weeks 4 to 12, liveweight and feed intakes were measured weekly and health status was monitored daily. Rumen fluid and blood were collected at Weeks 4 and 12, and to test for persistence after cessation of feeding H57, each were measured again at Week 19. From Weeks 4 to 12, the H57 calves grew faster (767 vs 551 g/day, P = 0.01), tended to consume more pellets (1013 vs 740 g DM/day, P = 0.07) and were 19% more feed conversion efficiency (2.43 vs 2.90 kg milk + starter DM/kg weight gain, P = 0.01) compared with the Control calves. The mean duration of each diarrhoea event was 2 days less for the H57 calves than the Control (P = 0.01). The H57 calves weaned 9 days earlier (P = 0.02) and were heavier at Week 19 (155 vs 139 kg, P = 0.03) than the Control calves. The only effect of H57 on rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations was an elevation in valerate at Week 12 (4.10 vs 2.47 mmol/L, P = 0.03). Plasma β-hydroxy butyrate was also elevated in the H57 calves at Week 19 (0.24 vs 0.20 mmol/L), indicating the potential of H57 to improve rumen development. H57 can be used to improve the nutritional performance and reduce the risk of diarrhoea in dairy calves as they transition from milk to dry feed.
Additional keywords: feed conversion, growth.
References
Adams MC, Luoa J, Rayward D, King S, Gibson R, Moghaddam GH (2008) Selection of a novel direct-fed microbial to enhance weight gain in intensively reared calves. Animal Feed Science and Technology 145, 41–52.| Selection of a novel direct-fed microbial to enhance weight gain in intensively reared calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aldana C, Cabra S, Ospina CA, Carvajal F, Rodríguez F (2009) Effect of a probiotic compound in rumen development, diarrhea incidence and weight gain in young Holstein calves. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33, 378–382.
Bakhshi N, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Samie A (2006) Effect of probiotic and milk feeding frequency on performance of dairy Holstein calves. International Journal of Dairy Science 1, 113–119.
| Effect of probiotic and milk feeding frequency on performance of dairy Holstein calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Basham D, Halliday I (2011) ‘Rearing healthy calves: how to raise calves that thrive.’ (Dairy Australia: Melbourne)
Bayatkouhsar J, Tahmasebi AM, Naserian AA, Mokarram RR, Valizadeh R (2013) Effects of supplementation of lactic acid bacteria on growth performance, blood metabolites and fecal coliform and lactobacilli of young dairy calves. Animal Feed Science and Technology 186, 1–11.
| Effects of supplementation of lactic acid bacteria on growth performance, blood metabolites and fecal coliform and lactobacilli of young dairy calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXovVSqu70%3D&md5=98074b3c914ddd9aa32db7481faaf0efCAS |
Berge ACB, Lindeque P, Moore DA, Sischo WM (2005) A clinical trial evaluating prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic use on health and performance of preweaned calves. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 2166–2177.
| A clinical trial evaluating prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic use on health and performance of preweaned calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksFyrurY%3D&md5=203c7e2de91acdb661052d806e7b4244CAS |
Chaucheyras DF, Durand H (2010) Probiotics in animal nutrition and health. Beneficial Microbes 1, 3–9.
| Probiotics in animal nutrition and health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cho Y-i, Yoon K-J (2014) An overview of calf diarrhea – infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. Journal of Veterinary Science (Suwon-si, Korea) 15, 1–17.
| An overview of calf diarrhea – infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cottyn BG, Boucque CV (1968) Rapid method for the gas-chromatographic determination of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 16, 105–107.
| Rapid method for the gas-chromatographic determination of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXjs1Glsw%3D%3D&md5=31bb9a23dd5f458d864d3777f3a2759cCAS |
Frizzo LS, Soto LP, Zbrun MV, Bertozzi E, Sequeira G, Armesto RR, Rosmini MR (2010) Lactic acid bacteria to improve growth performance in young calves fed milk replacer and spray-dried whey powder. Animal Feed Science and Technology 157, 159–167.
| Lactic acid bacteria to improve growth performance in young calves fed milk replacer and spray-dried whey powder.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXkvFKrsLw%3D&md5=22aff4d75e6907202d94e1a04c173eecCAS |
Galina MA, Ortiz-Rubio MA, Delgado-Pertinez M, Pineda LJ (2009) Goat kid’s growth improvement with a lactic probiotic fed on a standard base diet. Options Mesditerranéennes 85, 315–323.
Garza‐Cázares F, Daenicke R, Flachowsky G (2001) Research note: Effect of Bacillus cereus on performances of growing bulls. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 55, 161–165.
| Research note: Effect of Bacillus cereus on performances of growing bulls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12068483PubMed |
Hsieh F-C, Kao S-S (2010) Novel strains of bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its use. Patent Application Publication. US 2010/0143316 A1.
Jatkauskas J, Vrotniakiene V (2010) Effects of probiotic dietary supplementation on diarrhoea patterns, faecal microbiota and performance of early weaned calves. Veterinarni Medicina 55, 494–503.
Jouany JP, Morgavi DP (2007) Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal 1, 1443–1466.
| Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjt1yltrs%3D&md5=8d4b2f53290f3c52b5fb314369044398CAS | 22444918PubMed |
Klinkon M, Ježek J (2012) Values of blood variables in calves. In ‘A bird’s-eye view of veterinary medicine’. (Ed. CC Perez-Marin) pp. 301–320. (InTech) Available at http://www.intechopen.com/books/a-bird-s-eye-view-of-veterinary-medicine/values-of-blood-variables-in-calves [Verified 17 May 2016]
Kowalski ZM, Górka P, Schlagheck A, Jagusiak W, Micek P, Strzetelski J (2009) Performance of Holstein calves fed milk-replacer and starter mixture supplemented with probiotic feed additive. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 18, 399–411.
Kristensen NB, Danfær A, Agergaard N (1998) Absorption and metabolism of short‐chain fatty acids in ruminants. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 51, 165–175.
| Absorption and metabolism of short‐chain fatty acids in ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXksVWns74%3D&md5=cff8ca46f2578bbf4cee3387a8ca8e6aCAS | 9672714PubMed |
Kumagai H, Kumagae S, Mitani K, Endo T (2004) Effects of supplementary probiotics to two different diets on dry matter intake, daily gain, digestibility, ruminal pH, and fecal microbial populations and metabolites in ewes. Animal Science Journal 75, 219–224.
| Effects of supplementary probiotics to two different diets on dry matter intake, daily gain, digestibility, ruminal pH, and fecal microbial populations and metabolites in ewes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Le OT, McNeill DM, Klieve AV, Dart PJ, Ouwerkerk D, Schofield B, Callaghan MJ (2014) Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 improves the performance of pregnant and lactating ewes fed a diet based on Palm kernel meal. Proceedings of the 30th Biennial Conference of the Australian Society of Animal Production 30, 319
Malik R, Bandla S (2010) Effect of source and dose of probiotics and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on intake, feed efficiency, and growth of male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Tropical Animal Health and Production 42, 1263–1269.
| Effect of source and dose of probiotics and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on intake, feed efficiency, and growth of male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20401692PubMed |
Mentschel J, Leiser R, Mülling C, Pfarrer C, Claus R (2001) Butyric acid stimulates rumen mucosa development in the calf mainly by a reduction of apoptosis. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 55, 85–102.
| Butyric acid stimulates rumen mucosa development in the calf mainly by a reduction of apoptosis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjslGrtrs%3D&md5=18bf8f76fdca1e13f81dff6a2c1d1dbcCAS | 12068484PubMed |
Mitchell PJ, Hooper PT, Collyer DN (1981) Heat stress and diarrhoea in neonatal calves. Australian Veterinary Journal 57, 392
| Heat stress and diarrhoea in neonatal calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL383gsFyntQ%3D%3D&md5=1e4fd76adfe748347e9d9483b517e1d2CAS | 7342947PubMed |
Norton BW, Dart PJ, Brown SM (2008) The effects of microbial amendment of rye-grass clover hay at baling on intake and nutritive value for pregnant sheep. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 27, 110
Oliver SP, Murinda SE, Jayarao BM (2011) Impact of antibiotic use in adult dairy cows on antimicrobial resistance of veterinary and human pathogens: a comprehensive review. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8, 337–355.
| Impact of antibiotic use in adult dairy cows on antimicrobial resistance of veterinary and human pathogens: a comprehensive review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXivVGisL4%3D&md5=ca84018a542f477c8658da7255608572CAS | 21133795PubMed |
Playne MJ (1985) Determination of ethanol, volatile fatty acids, lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 36, 638–644.
| Determination of ethanol, volatile fatty acids, lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXmtFehtL8%3D&md5=5eff264df1c199893dff2c0dbb1e2a60CAS |
Pryce JE, Holmes CW, Bryant JR, Johnson DL, López-Villalobos N (2007) Quantifying the effect of thermal environment on production traits in three breeds of dairy cattle in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 327–338.
| Quantifying the effect of thermal environment on production traits in three breeds of dairy cattle in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Qiao GH, Shan AS, Ma N, Ma QQ, Sun ZW (2010) Effect of supplemental Bacillus cultures on rumen fermentation and milk yield in Chinese Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 94, 429–436.
Quigley J, Caldwell LA, Heitman RN (1991) Changes in blood-glucose, nonestified fatty-acids, and ketones in response to weaning and feed-intake in young calves. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 250–257.
| Changes in blood-glucose, nonestified fatty-acids, and ketones in response to weaning and feed-intake in young calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXisVKhurk%3D&md5=cab1d1334e3de62af5e7d57eec44578dCAS | 2030170PubMed |
Quigley LJD, Drewry JJ, Murray LM, Ivey SJ (1997) Body weight gain, feed efficiency, and fecal scores of dairy calves in response to galactosyl-lactose or antibiotics in milk replacers. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 1751–1754.
| Body weight gain, feed efficiency, and fecal scores of dairy calves in response to galactosyl-lactose or antibiotics in milk replacers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXls1Kqtbs%3D&md5=9ffe9314f35c51b51e10d98debdf3d9aCAS |
Quintero-Gonzalez CI, Comerfod JW, Varga GA (2003) Effects of direct-fed microbials on growth, health, and blood parameters of young Holstein calves. The Professional Animal Scientist 19, 211–220.
| Effects of direct-fed microbials on growth, health, and blood parameters of young Holstein calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Riddell JB, Gallegos AJ, Harmon DL, McLeod KR (2010) Addition of a Bacillus based probiotic to the diet of preruminant calves: influence on growth, health, and blood parameters. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 8, 78–86.
Shen Z, Kuhla S, Zitnan R, Seyfert HM, Schneider F, Hagemeister H, Chudy A, Löhrke B, Blum JW, Hammon HM, Voigt J (2005) Intraruminal infusion of n-butyric acid induces an increase of ruminal papillae size independent of IGF-1 system in castrated bulls. Archives of Animal Nutrition 59, 213–225.
| Intraruminal infusion of n-butyric acid induces an increase of ruminal papillae size independent of IGF-1 system in castrated bulls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtV2hurfI&md5=670149ecd6d27a2c187060c6aa596276CAS | 16320810PubMed |
Soberon F, Van Amburgh ME (2013) Lactation biology symposium: the effect of nutrient intake from milk or milk replacer of preweaned dairy calves on lactation milk yield as adults: a meta-analysis of current data. Journal of Animal Science 91, 706–712.
| Lactation biology symposium: the effect of nutrient intake from milk or milk replacer of preweaned dairy calves on lactation milk yield as adults: a meta-analysis of current data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXlvVKnu7w%3D&md5=2bbd1afd9782f4fd76c7c9e6af4c2d0cCAS | 23296823PubMed |
Sullivan ML, Gaughan JB, Son NH, Lees J, Lees AM (2014) Correlation between milk production, days in milk and temperature humidity index in lactating dairy cows in a sub-tropical summer. In ‘2014 ADSA-ASAS-CSAS joint annual meeting. Kansas, Missouri, USA’. Journal of Dairy Science 97(Suppl. 1), 293–294.
Sun P, Wang JQ, Zhang HT (2010) Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto on performance and immune function of preweaning calves. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 5851–5855.
| Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto on performance and immune function of preweaning calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjs1Kis7k%3D&md5=97e8dfbfda603b79460abb47d748949bCAS | 21094758PubMed |
Sun P, Wang JQ, Zhang HT (2011) Effects of supplementation of Bacillus subtilis natto Na and N1 strains on rumen development in dairy calves. Animal Feed Science and Technology 164, 154–160.
| Effects of supplementation of Bacillus subtilis natto Na and N1 strains on rumen development in dairy calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sun P, Wang JQ, Deng LF (2013) Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto on milk production, rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiome of dairy cows. animal 7, 216–222.
| Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto on milk production, rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiome of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3s%2FitVOjsQ%3D%3D&md5=fdeb2ca34b0eb27b3b60695249a25e9dCAS | 23031615PubMed |
Thornton JR, Willoughby RA, McSherry BJ (1972) Studies on diarrhea in neonatal calves: the plasma proteins of normal and diarrheic calves during the first ten days of age. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 36, 17–25.
Timmerman HM, Mulder L, Everts L, van Espen DC, van der Wal E, Klaassen G, Rouwers SMG, Hartemink R, Rombouts FM, Beynen AC (2005) Health and growth of veal calves fed milk replacers with or without probiotics. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 2154–2165.
| Health and growth of veal calves fed milk replacers with or without probiotics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksFyrurk%3D&md5=d2bf3a57aea8290b1a646cf31d1f871aCAS | 15905445PubMed |
Weiß C (2007) STATISTICA, Version 8. AStA StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK. Advances in Statistical Analysis 91, 339–341.
