Effects of different concentrations of ground oak acorn on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics of goat kids
E. Froutan A , O. Azizi A C , G. Sadeghi A , F. Fatehi B and S. Lashkari A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, PO Box 416, Iran.
B Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
C Corresponding author. Email: O.Azizi@uok.ac.ir
Animal Production Science 55(1) 87-92 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13312
Submitted: 23 July 2013 Accepted: 15 November 2013 Published: 29 January 2014
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of ground oak acorn on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics. Twenty-four goat kids averaging 16.93 ± 1.25 kg initial bodyweight were randomly assigned to four experimental diets in a completely randomised design for 90 days. The experimental diets consisted of (1) 0% oak acorn (control), (2) 8% oak acorn, (3) 17% oak acorn and (4) 25% oak acorn on a DM basis. The goats were slaughtered after 105 days of feeding and carcass characteristics were measured. DM intake increased linearly in small amounts as the level of acorn in the diet increased (P < 0.004). The results showed that average daily gain, water intake and feed conversion ratio were unaffected by levels of ground oak acorn (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in blood parameters (P > 0.05). Carcass fat depth and abdominal fat weight decreased with increasing ground oak acorn in the diet. Other carcass characteristics were not affected by different levels of ground oak acorn. On the basis of the results of the present study, it may be concluded that ground oak acorn can be used up to 25% in the diets of young goats without any adverse effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics. At this level of acorns, the goats received low concentrations of hydrolysable tannins (11 g/kg DM) in their diet.
References
Abdullah AY, Purchas RW, Davies AS (1998) Patterns of change with growth for muscularity and other composition characteristics of Southdown rams selected for high and low back depth. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 41, 367–376.| Patterns of change with growth for muscularity and other composition characteristics of Southdown rams selected for high and low back depth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Al Jassim RAM, Ereifej KI, Shibli RA, Abudabos A (1998) Utilization of concentrate diet containing acorns (Quercus aegilops and Quercus coccifera) and urea by growing Awassi lambs. Small Ruminant Research 29, 289–293.
| Utilization of concentrate diet containing acorns (Quercus aegilops and Quercus coccifera) and urea by growing Awassi lambs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
AOAC (1990) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 15th edn. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Washington, DC)
Ben Salem H, Nefzaoui A, Makkar HPS, Hochlef H, Ben Salem I, Ben Salem L (2005) Effect of early experience and adaptation period on voluntary intake, digestion, and growth in Barbarine lambs given tannin-containing (Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage) or tannin-free (oaten hay) diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology 122, 59–77.
| Effect of early experience and adaptation period on voluntary intake, digestion, and growth in Barbarine lambs given tannin-containing (Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage) or tannin-free (oaten hay) diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmsVCks7s%3D&md5=44076e0f5b6c6c79a97ff9575bb96b47CAS |
Esenbuga N, Yanar M, Dayioglu H (2001) Physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of ram lamb carcasses from four fat-tailed genotypes. Small Ruminant Research 39, 99–105.
| Physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of ram lamb carcasses from four fat-tailed genotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11182301PubMed |
Estévez M, Morcuende D, Ramirez R, Ventanas J, Cava R (2004) Extensively reared Iberian pigs versus intensively reared white pigs for the manufacture of liver pate. Meat Science 67, 453–461.
| Extensively reared Iberian pigs versus intensively reared white pigs for the manufacture of liver pate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22061520PubMed |
FAO/IAEA (2000) Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. A Laboratory Manual. Available at http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/aph/public/pubd31022manual-tannin.pdf [ Verified 18 December 2013]
Frutos P, Hervas G, Giraldez FG, Mantecon AR (2004) Tannins and ruminant nutritions. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2, 191–202. [Review]
İmik H, Tuncer ŞD, Aylanç A, Aytaç M (2008) Nutritive value of red clover and lucerne forages for ruminants estimated by in vitro and in vivo digestibility methods. Ankara Üniversity Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 55, 177–182.
Jaafari H, Fazaeli H, Maghsodinegad G (2001) The use of different levels of acorn in the diet of Kurdish fattening male lambs. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 53, 36–40. [In Persian]
Karolyi D, Salajpal K, Kis G, Dikic M, Juric I (2007) Influence of finishing diet on fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle of black slovonian pigs. Agricultural Science Professional Review 13, 176–179.
Krueger WK, Gutierrez-Banuelos H, Carstensa GE, Min BR, Pinchakd WE, Gomez RR, Anderson RC, Kruegerc NA, Forbese TDA (2010) Effects of dietary tannin source on performance, feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and carcass and non-carcass traits in steers fed a high-grain diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology 159, 1–9.
| Effects of dietary tannin source on performance, feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and carcass and non-carcass traits in steers fed a high-grain diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXosVGntr8%3D&md5=ee09c7bc93403bcf4356e47cb5f65eb4CAS |
Larraín RE, Schaefer DM, Arp SC, Claus JR, Reed JD (2009) Finishing steers with diets based on corn, high-tannin sorghum, or a mix of both: feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef sensory attributes. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2089–2095.
| Finishing steers with diets based on corn, high-tannin sorghum, or a mix of both: feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef sensory attributes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19251922PubMed |
Lopes IMG, Bernardo-Gil MG (2005) Characterization of acorn oils extracted by hexane and by supercritical carbon dioxide. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 107, 12–19.
| Characterization of acorn oils extracted by hexane and by supercritical carbon dioxide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlamtb4%3D&md5=ed3aafcf45f5d66bc11f3d360e496da1CAS |
Makkar HPS (2003) Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research 49, 241–256.
| Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Makkar HPS, Bluemmel M, Borowy NK, Becker K (1993) Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 61, 161–165.
| Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXksVCms7o%3D&md5=c6a2a4f1fdc3ec4a3a66a7c925762601CAS |
McLeod MN (1974) Plant tannins – their role in forage quality. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 44, 803–812.
McSweeney CS, Kennedy PM, John A (1988) Effect of ingestion of hydrolysable tannins in Terminalia oblongata on digestion in sheep fed Stylosanthes hamata. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 235–244.
| Effect of ingestion of hydrolysable tannins in Terminalia oblongata on digestion in sheep fed Stylosanthes hamata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXltV2jtro%3D&md5=4323334aca383b4e32714046b5a0e128CAS |
Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D, Schneider W (1979) The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. The Journal of Agricultural Science 93, 217–222.
| The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXlsFKitbc%3D&md5=24fee39c14dc618256dd838b10464ef0CAS |
Min BR, Barry TN, Attwood GT (2003) The effect of condensed tannin on the nutrition of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages. A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 106, 3–19.
| The effect of condensed tannin on the nutrition of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages. A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtlSmtr0%3D&md5=85163c94b560f7d4ab1cbc8d47afad24CAS |
Moujahed N, Moujahed RA, Benmustapha C, Belheni H, Kayouli C (2007) Effects of nitrogen supplementation of acorns (Querqus coccifera) on in vitro fermentation, intake and digestion by lambs. Livestock Research and Rural Development 19, 237–251.
National Research Council (NRC) (2007) ‘Nutrient requirements of small ruminant.’ (National Academy Press: Washington, DC)
Odenyo AA, McSweeney CS, Palmer B, Negassa D, Osuji PO (1999) In vitro screening of rumen fluid samples from indigenous African ruminants provides evidence for rumen fluid with superior capacities to digest tannin-rich fodders. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 1147–1157.
| In vitro screening of rumen fluid samples from indigenous African ruminants provides evidence for rumen fluid with superior capacities to digest tannin-rich fodders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnsVGqu7s%3D&md5=574f9a505c4f4ba47ce025ce15b5c84fCAS |
Perez-Maldonado RA, Norton BW (1996) The effect of condensed tannins from Desmodium intortum and Calliandra calothrsus on protein and carbohydrate digestion in sheep and goats. The British Journal of Nutrition 76, 515–533.
| The effect of condensed tannins from Desmodium intortum and Calliandra calothrsus on protein and carbohydrate digestion in sheep and goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xnt1Cgu7c%3D&md5=86442d7bdc2476460583937440eeb35fCAS | 8942360PubMed |
Rakić S, Povrenovic D, Tesevic V, Simic M, Maletic R (2006) Oak acorn polyphenols and antioxidant activity in functional food. Journal of Food Engineering 74, 416–423.
| Oak acorn polyphenols and antioxidant activity in functional food.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Romero MJ, Madrid J, Hernandez F, Ceroan JJ (2000) Digestibility and voluntary intake of vine leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) by sheep. Small Ruminant Research 38, 191–195.
| Digestibility and voluntary intake of vine leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) by sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saffarzadeh A, Vincze L, Csapo J (1999) Determination of the chemical composition of acorn (Quercus branti), Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia khinjuk seeds as non conventional feedstuffs. Acta Agraria Kaposvariensis 3, 59–69.
SAS Institute (2001) ‘SAS/STAT user’s guide release 8.2.’ (SAS Institute: Cary, NC)
Silanikove N (2000) The physiological basis of adaptations goats to harsh environments. Small Ruminant Research 35, 181–193.
| The physiological basis of adaptations goats to harsh environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silanikove N, Perevolotsky A (1994) Effect of a daily supplementation of polyethylene glycol on intake and digestion of tannin-containing leaves (Ceratonia siliqua) by sheep. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 42, 2844–2847.
| Effect of a daily supplementation of polyethylene glycol on intake and digestion of tannin-containing leaves (Ceratonia siliqua) by sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmvF2ms7w%3D&md5=a56da27d1e142a78fdfc73f50d653ca4CAS |
Simopoulos AP (1991) Omega -3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 438–463.
Sliwinski BJ, Kreuzer M, Wettstein HR, Machmuller A (2002) Rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance of lambs fed diets containing plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins, and associated emissions of nitrogen and methane. Archives of Animal Nutrition 56, 379–392.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.
| Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FnvVCltA%3D%3D&md5=1b837d0361716b7c813fff797a7701e0CAS | 1660498PubMed |
