Weather and pasture characteristics associated with outbreaks of perennial ryegrass toxicosis in southern Australia
K. F. M. Reed A D E , Z. N. Nie A , L. V. Walker B , W. J. Mace C and S. G. Clark A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 105, Hamilton, Vic. 3300, Australia.
B Southern Scientific Services, PO Box 345, Hamilton, Vic. 3300, Australia.
C AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
D Present address: Reed Pasture Science, Hamilton, Vic. 3300, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: rps@eftel.net.au
Animal Production Science 51(8) 738-752 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN11016
Submitted: 10 February 2011 Accepted: 13 May 2011 Published: 5 August 2011
Abstract
Severe outbreaks of toxicosis caused by the natural endophyte Neotyphodium lolii in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) have occasionally resulted in heavy loss of livestock in Victoria and Tasmania. Meteorological records were examined from locations where acute toxicosis was recorded. High rainfall (>350 mm) in spring–summer was an obvious common feature; typically, it prolonged the period of high growth rate of pasture, increasing predicted spring–summer (September–March) growth (by ~36%) and increasing the predicted digestibility of organic matter of summer pasture (1 February) by 2.7% units (up to 55.6%). In years when severe toxicosis occurred, such rainfall was accompanied by dry, warm conditions in March and April, viz. mean maximum daily temperatures on the mainland of ≥21°C (March) and ≥18°C (April). During summer–autumn 2002, pastures from 10 Victorian farms on which acute perennial ryegrass toxicosis resulted in the loss of >7000 sheep/deer, were found to be dominated by perennial ryegrass. The ryegrass endophyte-produced toxins, ergovaline and lolitrem B, were detected in 74% and 100%, respectively, of composite faecal samples collected from acutely affected animals. The populations of perennial ryegrass all tested positive for Neotyphodium lolii endophyte, with a mean infection frequency of 90.5% (s.e.m. 1.81). The mean mycelial mass in basal tillers of perennial ryegrass was estimated at 66.00 (s.e.m. 3.40) from a sample of 20 plants, each of which was assessed on a scale of 1–5. Mycelial mass accounted for 19–20% of the variation in the concentration of ergovaline and lolitrem B in perennial ryegrass. Toxin concentrations in the plants where acute toxicosis was observed exceeded the tolerance levels for sheep (ergovaline 0.8 mg/kg; lolitrem B 1.8 mg/kg) in the minor (green) fraction of the plant in all but one affected pasture for ergovaline and all but two for lolitrem B. Maximum concentrations recorded were 4.3 and 4.6 mg/kg for ergovaline and lolitrem B respectively. Ergovaline increased in an asymptotic relationship with lolitrem B, which accounted for 45% of the variation in ergovaline. The concentrations of ergovaline and lolitrem B in the whole plant (green and dead fractions combined) were not greater than those recorded from randomly sampled pastures in earlier seasons, when only occasional mild cases of toxicosis were reported. Further examination of stored grass samples collected during the 2002 outbreak recently revealed unidentified peaks on the chromatograms for both ergovaline and lolitrem B; peaks that are not seen on chromatograms for toxic perennial ryegrass from New Zealand, where the expression of perennial ryegrass toxicosis is usually milder and rarely fatal.
Additional keywords: corynetoxins, deer, endophyte, ergovaline, GrassGro, lolitrem B.
References
Arnold GW (1962) Effects of pasture maturity on the diet of sheep. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 13, 701–706.| Effects of pasture maturity on the diet of sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ball OJ-P, Prestidge RA, Sprosen JM (1995) Interrelationships between Acremonium lolii, peramine and lolitrem B in perennial ryegrass. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61, 1527–1533.
Bluett SJ, Hodgson J, Kemp PD, Barry TN (2001) Performance of lambs and the incidence of staggers and heat stress on two perennial ryegrass cultivars using a leader-follower rotational grazing system. The Journal of Agricultural Science 136, 99–110.
| Performance of lambs and the incidence of staggers and heat stress on two perennial ryegrass cultivars using a leader-follower rotational grazing system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bluett SJ, Kolver ES, Auldist MJ, Thom ER, Davis SR, Farr VC, Tapper BA (2003) Perennial ryegrass endophyte effects on plasma prolactin concentration in dairy cows. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 9–14.
| Perennial ryegrass endophyte effects on plasma prolactin concentration in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bony S, Pichon N, Ravel C, Durix A, Balfourier F, Guillaumin J-J (2001) The relationship between mycotoxin synthesis and isolate morphology in fungal endophytes of Lolium perenne. New Phytologist 152, 125–137.
| The relationship between mycotoxin synthesis and isolate morphology in fungal endophytes of Lolium perenne.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnvVyls7k%3D&md5=8d380a41cd19919d809402997765e0a9CAS |
Brooks HV, Cahill JJ (1985) The susceptibility of Canadian Wapiti to ryegrass staggers. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 33, 126
| The susceptibility of Canadian Wapiti to ryegrass staggers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MzntlWjtw%3D%3D&md5=9a60f48e4006c44071f6e96bb15d5cd2CAS |
Bush LP, Wilkinson HH, Schardl CL (1997) Bioprotective alkaloids of grass–fungal endophyte symbioses. Plant Physiology 114, 1–7.
Butler AR (1987) Ryegrass staggers – Tasmania, 1986. Australian Advances in Veterinary Science 1987, 111–13.
Clark MF, Adams AN (1977) Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses. The Journal of General Virology 34, 475–483.
| Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE2s7mslWntQ%3D%3D&md5=28a4c3468853fb3164307606e2ab2753CAS |
CSIRO (2007) Climate Change in Australia: technical report 2007. Available at http://www.csiro.au/resources/Climate-Change-Technical-Report-2007.html [Verified 10 November 2010]
Cunningham IJ, Hartley WJ (1959) Ryegrass staggers. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 7, 1–7.
| Ryegrass staggers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Department of Primary Industries Victoria (2009) ‘Pasture management.’ Available at http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/landuse-best_management_pasture [Verified 8 November 2010]
Easton HS, Lane GA, Tapper BA, Keogh RG, Cooper BM, Blackwell M, Anderson M, Fletcher LR (1996) Ryegrass endophyte-related heat stress in cattle. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 57, 37–41.
Easton HS, Christensen MJ, Eerens JPJ, Fletcher LR, Hume DE, Keogh RG, Lane GA, Latch GCM, Pennell CGL, Popay AJ, Rolston MP, Sutherland BL, Tapper BA (2001a) Ryegrass endophyte: a New Zealand grassland success story. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 63, 33–36.
Easton HS, Couchman JN, Keogh RG, Tapper BA (2001b) Ryegrass endophyte and cattle in northern New Zealand. In ‘Proceedings of the 4th international Neotyphodium/grass interactions symposium, Soest’. (Eds PH Volker, PD Dapprich) pp. 357–363. Universitat – Gesamthochschule Paderborn, Abteilung Soest, Germany.
Easton HS, Latch GCM, Tapper BA, Ball OJ-P (2002) Ryegrass host genetic control of concentrations of endophyte-derived alkaloids. Crop Science 42, 51–57.
| Ryegrass host genetic control of concentrations of endophyte-derived alkaloids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmsVantb8%3D&md5=e63092d8e40941bcfad53c8fd8c6d31eCAS |
Finnie JW (2006) Review of corynetoxins poisoning of livestock, a neurological disorder produced by a nematode-bacterium complex. Australian Veterinary Journal 84, 271–277.
| Review of corynetoxins poisoning of livestock, a neurological disorder produced by a nematode-bacterium complex.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVKrtbjE&md5=ae63d30cfde354cd72a589bff7f7f34bCAS |
Fletcher LR, Sutherland BL (1993) Liveweight change in lambs grazing perennial ryegrasses with different endophytes. In ‘Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Acremonium/grass interactions’. (Eds DE Hume, GCM Latch, HS Easton) pp. 125–127. Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Fletcher LR, Sutherland BL, Fletcher CG (1999) The impact of endophyte on the health and productivity of sheep grazing ryegrass-based pasture. In ‘Ryegrass endophyte: an essential New Zealand symbiosis’. (Eds DR Woodfield, C Matthew) pp. 11–17. Research and Practice series No. 7, New Zealand Grassland Association, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Fletcher LR, Lane GA, Baird DB, Davies E (2001) Seasonal variations of alkaloid concentrations in two perennial ryegrass–endophyte associations. In ‘Proceedings of the 4th international Neotyphodium/grass interactions symposium, Soest’. (Eds PH Volker, PD Dapprich) pp. 535–541. Universität – Gesamthochschule Paderborn, Abteilung Soest, Germany.
Flieger M, Olsovska J, Halada P, Pazoutova S, Cagas B, Shelby RA (2001) Chanoclavine I and lysergols, clavinet alkaloids produced by Neotyphodium spp. In ‘Proceedings of the 4th international Neotyphodium/grass interactions symposium, Soest’. (Eds PH Volker, PD Dapprich) pp. 515–519. Universität – Gesamthochschule Paderborn, Abteilung Soest, Germany.
Foot JZ, Woodburn OJ, Walsh JR, Heazlewood PG (1994) Responses in grazing sheep to toxins from perennial ryegrass/endophyte associations. In ‘Plant-associated toxins – agricultural, phytochemical and ecological aspects’. (Eds SM Colegate, PR Dorling) pp. 375–380. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
Gallagher RT, Hawkes AD, Steyn PS, Vleggaar R (1984) Tremorgenic neurotoxins from perennial ryegrass causing ryegrass staggers disorder of livestock: structure elucidation of lolitrem B. Journal of the Chemical Society. Chemical Communications 614–616.
| Tremorgenic neurotoxins from perennial ryegrass causing ryegrass staggers disorder of livestock: structure elucidation of lolitrem B.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXmtlSrsrc%3D&md5=91e46a92e885e4caea7255d71506678dCAS |
Garner GB, Rottinghaus GE, Cornell CN, Testereci H (1993) Chemistry of compounds associated with endophyte/grass interaction: ergovaline and ergopeptide-related alkaloids. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 44, 65–80.
| Chemistry of compounds associated with endophyte/grass interaction: ergovaline and ergopeptide-related alkaloids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlsFKis74%3D&md5=1aa214dd4331bcb8593d3d5fd08d527bCAS |
Genstat Committee (2008) ‘Genstat for Windows.’ 11th edn. (VSN International: Hertfordshire, UK)
Guy PL (1992) Enzyme-linked immuno absorbent assays (ELISA) to detect perennial ryegrass endophyte (Acremonium lolii) and Metarhizium anisopliae, a potential bio-control agent. In ‘Pests of pastures: weed, invertebrate and disease pests of Australian sheep pastures’. (Ed. ES Delfosse) pp. 321–325. (CSIRO: Melbourne)
Hill NS (2005) Absorption of ergot alkaloids in the ruminant. In ‘Neotyphodium in cool-season grasses’. (Eds CA Roberts, CP West, DE Spiers) pp. 271–290. (Blackwell Publishing Professional: Ames, IA)
Hovermale JT, Craig AM (2001) Correlation of ergovaline and lolitrem B levels in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 13, 323–327.
| Correlation of ergovaline and lolitrem B levels in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2Fis1Gjsg%3D%3D&md5=e404be3c57f976c753ce9ff6dffa84a2CAS |
Huizing HJ, van der Molen W, Kloek W, Den Nijs APM (1991) Detection of loline in endophyte-containing meadow fescue in the Netherlands and the effect of elevated temperature on induction of lolines in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass. Grass and Forage Science 46, 441–445.
| Detection of loline in endophyte-containing meadow fescue in the Netherlands and the effect of elevated temperature on induction of lolines in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xitlaitbw%3D&md5=7e29453b7b4343d50769d29bb93dfab0CAS |
Jeffrey SJ, Carter JO, Moodie KM, Beswick AR (2001) Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data. Environmental Modelling & Software 16, 309–330.
| Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kenny PT, Reed KFM (1984) Effects of pasture type on the growth and wool production of weaner sheep during summer and autumn. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24, 322–331.
| Effects of pasture type on the growth and wool production of weaner sheep during summer and autumn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keogh RG, Blackwell MB (2001) A three-year investigation of the performance of spring-calving dairy cows grazing ryegrass-based pastures of high or low endophyte toxin status in Northland. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 63, 209–214.
Lane GA (1999) Chemistry of endophytes: pattern and diversity. In ‘Ryegrass endophyte: an essential New Zealand symbiosis’. (Eds DR Woodfield, C Matthew) pp. 85–94. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 7, New Zealand Grassland Association. Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Lane GA, Tapper BA, Davies E, Hume DE, Latch GCM, Barker DJ, Easton HS, Rolston MP (1997) Effect of growth conditions on alkaloid concentrations in perennial ryegrass naturally infected with endophyte. In ‘Neotyphodium/grass interactions’. (Eds CW Bacon, NS Hill NS) pp. 179–182. (Plenum Press: New York)
Lane GA, Tapper BA, Davies E (1999) Ergot alkaloids additional to ergovaline in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass and tall fescue in New Zealand. In ‘Ryegrass endophyte: an essential New Zealand symbiosis’. (Eds DR Woodfield, C Matthew) pp. 95–100. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 7, New Zealand Grassland Association, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Langlands JP (1974) Studies on the nutritive value of the diet selected by grazing sheep. Animal Production 19, 249–252.
| Studies on the nutritive value of the diet selected by grazing sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Latch GCM (1994) Influence of Acremonium endophytes on perennial grass improvement. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37, 311–318.
| Influence of Acremonium endophytes on perennial grass improvement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lean G (2005) Impact on sheep production of perennial ryegrass toxicosis. In ‘Perennial ryegrass toxicosis in Australia’. (Eds KFM Reed, SW Page, I Lean) pp. 37–44. (Meat and Livestock Australia: Sydney)
Lehner AF, Duringer JM, Estill CT, Tobin T, Craig AM (2011) ESI–mass spectrometric and HPLC elucidation of a new ergot alkaloid from perennial ryegrass hay silage associated with bovine reproductive problems. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 21, 1–16.
| ESI–mass spectrometric and HPLC elucidation of a new ergot alkaloid from perennial ryegrass hay silage associated with bovine reproductive problems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mackintosh CG, Orr MB, Gallagher RT, Harvey IC (1982) Ryegrass staggers in Canadian Wapiti deer. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 30, 106–107.
| Ryegrass staggers in Canadian Wapiti deer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2Mznt1yjtw%3D%3D&md5=b445391a2ff3cb07b96b4b81aae8f064CAS |
McLeay LM, Smith BL, Gordon WR (2002) Cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature responses of sheep to the ergopeptides ergotamine and ergovaline. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63, 387–393.
| Cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature responses of sheep to the ergopeptides ergotamine and ergovaline.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XisVagtr0%3D&md5=914c213e68023ce2dade540a42e9995bCAS |
Miles CO, Wilkens AL, Gallagher RT, Hawkes AD, Munday SC, Towers NR (1992) Synthesis and tremorgenicity of paxitriols and lolitriol: possible biosynthetic precursors of lolitrem B. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40, 234–238.
| Synthesis and tremorgenicity of paxitriols and lolitriol: possible biosynthetic precursors of lolitrem B.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xht1aqtb0%3D&md5=f83e26350b5b50bd46e0670134e97117CAS |
Mitchell PJ, McCaughan CJ (1992) Perennial ryegrass staggers in fallow deer (Dama dama). Australian Veterinary Journal 69, 258–259.
| Perennial ryegrass staggers in fallow deer (Dama dama).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FnsVygtw%3D%3D&md5=38c78b1ab7a7ab448eeb2950b85c09feCAS |
Moore AD, Donnelly JR, Freer M (1997) GRAZPLAN: decision support systems for Australian grazing enterprises. III. Pasture growth and soil moisture submodels and the GrassGro DSS. Agricultural Systems 55, 535–582.
| GRAZPLAN: decision support systems for Australian grazing enterprises. III. Pasture growth and soil moisture submodels and the GrassGro DSS.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Musgrave DR, Fletcher LR (1986) Optimisation and characterisation of enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for the detection of the Acremonium endophyte. Molecular & General Genetics 233, 1–9.
Napthine DV, McLeod IK (1987) Perennial ryegrass staggers – 1986 Victorian outbreak. Australian Advances in Veterinary Science 1987, 107–109.
Panaccione DG (2005) Origins and significance of ergot alkaloid diversity in fungi. FEMS Microbiology Letters 251, 9–17.
| Origins and significance of ergot alkaloid diversity in fungi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVWgsr%2FN&md5=77e5eeb9b936d8e5be2947c370e5ab73CAS |
Porter JK (1995) Analysis of endophyte toxins: fescue and other grasses toxic to livestock. Journal of Animal Science 73, 871–880.
Pownall DB, Lucas RJ, Hamilton AS, Love BG, Fletcher LR (1993) Endophyte associated mycotoxins and diarrhea in lambs. In ‘Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Acremonium/grass interactions’. (Eds DE Hume, GCM Latch, HS Easton) pp. 132–134. (AgResearch: Palmerston North, New Zealand)
Reed KFM, Flinn PC (1993) Assessment of perennial legumes for acid soils in Western Victoria. In ‘Proceedings of the 2nd national workshop on alternative legumes’, Penola, SA. (Eds D Michalk D, A Craig) pp. 152–154. Primary Industries South Australia Technical Report 219, Adelaide.
Reed KFM, Leonforte A, Cunningham PJ, Walsh JR, Allen DI, Johnstone GR, Kearney GA (2000) Incidence of ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and diversity of associated alkaloid concentrations among naturalised populations of perennial ryegrass. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 569–578.
| Incidence of ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) and diversity of associated alkaloid concentrations among naturalised populations of perennial ryegrass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reed KFM, McFarlane NM, Walsh JR (2001) Seasonal alkaloid concentration in perennial ryegrass dairy pasture. In ‘Proceedings of the 10th Australian agronomy conference’, Hobart, 29–31 January 2001. Available at www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001/p/16/reed.htm [Verified 17 June 2011]
Reed KFM, Rainsford KA, Borg D, Cummins LJ (2002) Perennial ryegrass toxicosis in autumn 2002: 1. The epidemic and its effects. In ‘Grassland Society of Victoria Inc., Newsletter No. 240’. pp. 1–11. (Grassland Society of Victoria Inc.: Melbourne)
Reed KFM, Walsh JR, Cross PA, McFarlane NM, Sprague M (2004) Ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) alkaloids and mineral concentrations in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from southwest Victorian pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, 1185–1194.
| Ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) alkaloids and mineral concentrations in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from southwest Victorian pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmsVOnsw%3D%3D&md5=59fa5331fb923b633267ba79a7ea666aCAS |
Reed KFM, Scrivener CJ, Rainsford KA, Walker LV (2005) Neotyphodium research and application in Australia. In ‘Neotyphodium in cool-season grasses’. (Eds CA Roberts, CP West, DE Spiers) pp. 43–54. (Blackwell Publishing Professional: Ames, IA)
Sackett D, Francis J (2006) The economic assessment of the impact of wild endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on the productivity of sheep and cattle and the profitability of Australian livestock enterprises. Report AHW.089. Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney.
Sackett D, Holmes P, Abbott K, Jephcott S, Barber M (2006) Assessing the economic cost of endemic disease on the profitability of Australian beef cattle and sheep producers. Report AHW.087. Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney.
Scrivener CJ (2002) Perennial ryegrass staggers. In ‘Plant toxins and their effects on animal welfare’. Animal Welfare Centre Scientists meeting, 17 May 2002. Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Melbourne. Available at www.animalwelfare.net.au/comm/download/abs03.html [Verified 17 June 2011]
Shelby R, Flieger M (1997) Improved method of analysis for ergovaline in tall fescue by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, 1797–1800.
| Improved method of analysis for ergovaline in tall fescue by high performance liquid chromatography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtlWrtr8%3D&md5=f03944b53aa77040670c6e42bfbb3b22CAS |
Shelby RA, Olsovska J, Havlicek V, Flieger M (1997) Analysis of ergot alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, 4674–4679.
| Analysis of ergot alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnsVSks7w%3D&md5=ed0e297514ad75b8ec16c4a6ca962147CAS |
Spiering MJ, Davies E, Tapper BA, Schmid J, Lane GA (2002) Simplified extraction of ergovaline and peramine for analysis of tissue distribution in endophyte-infected grass tillers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, 5856–5862.
| Simplified extraction of ergovaline and peramine for analysis of tissue distribution in endophyte-infected grass tillers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmvFKrsLg%3D&md5=7a8ba25842592ab83991c3d40d1f19edCAS |
Spiering MJ, Lane GA, Christensen MJ, Schmid J (2005) Distribution of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii is not a major determinant of the distribution of fungal alkaloids in Lolium perenne plants. Phytochemistry 66, 195–202.
| Distribution of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii is not a major determinant of the distribution of fungal alkaloids in Lolium perenne plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksVektw%3D%3D&md5=e35f50451726fa36d695b43e8137aea1CAS |
Tor-Agbidye J, Blythe LL, Craig AM (2001) Correlation of endophyte toxins (ergovaline and lolium B) with clinical disease: fescue foot and perennial ryegrass staggers. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 43, 140–146.
van Zijll de Jong E, Bannan NR, Stewart AV, Reed KFM, Dobrowolski MP, Smith KF, Spangenberg GC, Forster JW (2005) Genetic variation in the perennial ryegrass fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii. In ‘Molecular breeding for the genetic improvement of forage crops and turf’. Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on the molecular breeding of forage and turf, a satellite workshop of the 20th international grassland congress, Aberystwyth, Wales, July 2005. (Ed. MO Humphreys) p. 211.
Ward GN, Quigley PE (1992) The botanical composition of high rainfall pastures in south-western Victoria. In ‘Proceedings of the 6th Australian Society of Agronomy conference’, Armidale, NSW. p. 530.
Watson B 2005
Woodburn OJ, Walsh JR, Foot JZ, Heazlewood PG (1993) Seasonal ergovaline concentrations in perennial ryegrass cultivars of differing endophyte status. In ‘Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium Acremonium/grass interactions’. (Eds DE Hume, GCM Latch, HS Easton) pp. 100 –102. Palmerston North, New Zealand.
