Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Animal Production Science Animal Production Science Society
Food, fibre and pharmaceuticals from animals
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > AN > EA04068
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 46(3)

Impacts of feeding system and season on milk composition and Cheddar cheese yield in a subtropical environment

B. Amenu A D E , T. Cowan A , H. Deeth B and R. Moss C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.

B School of Land and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.

C Department of Primary Industries, Mutdapilly Research Station, Peak Crossing, Qld 4306, Australia.

D Current address: The University of Queensland, School of Land and Food Sciences, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.

E Corresponding author. Email: bxa@sas.uq.edu.au

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46(3) 299-306 https://doi.org/10.1071/EA04068
Submitted: 9 April 2004  Accepted: 24 March 2005   Published: 28 March 2006

Abstract

Milk obtained from cows on 2 subtropical dairy feeding systems were compared for their suitability for Cheddar cheese manufacture. Cheeses were made in a small-scale cheesemaking plant capable of making 2 blocks (about 2 kg each) of Cheddar cheese concurrently. Its repeatability was tested over 10 separate cheesemaking days with no significant differences being found between the 2 vats in cheesemaking parameters or cheese characteristics. In the feeding trial, 16 pairs of Holstein–Friesian cows were used in 2 feeding systems (M1, rain-grown tropical grass pastures and oats; and M5, a feedlot, based on maize/barley silage and lucerne hay) over 2 seasons (spring and autumn corresponding to early and late lactation, respectively). Total dry matter, crude protein (kg/cow.day) and metabolisable energy (MJ/cow.day) intakes were 17, 2.7, and 187 for M1 and 24, 4, 260 for M5, respectively. M5 cows produced higher milk yields and milk with higher protein and casein levels than the M1 cows, but the total solids and fat levels were similar (P > 0.05) for both M1 and M5 cows. The yield and yield efficiency of cheese produced from the 2 feeding systems were also not significantly different. The results suggest that intensive tropical pasture systems can produce milk suitable for Cheddar cheese manufacture when cows are supplemented with a high energy concentrate. Season and stage of lactation had a much greater effect than feeding system on milk and cheesemaking characteristics with autumn (late lactation) milk having higher protein and fat contents and producing higher cheese yields.

Additional keywords: Cheddar cheese yield, feeding systems, milk composition, season, stage of lactation.


Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Mutdapilly Research Station staff who assisted throughout this experiment. Special thanks are also extended to Allan Lisle who assisted in statistical analysis. We are also grateful for financial support from the Tropical Dairy Research Centre, School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.


References


Andrews RJ, Cowan RT, Callow MN, Chataway RG, Bake GK , et al. (2002) Sustainable dairy farm systems for the tropics. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 24, 270. open url image1

AOAC (1990) Standard methods for examination of dairy products. In ‘Association of official analytical chemists AOAC’. 15th edn. (Ed. GH Richardson) pp. 802–850. (Utah State University AOAC: Arlington, VA)

Auldist M, Johnston K, Fitzsimons P, Boland M (2001) Effect of breed of cow on cheese yield. The Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 56, 178. open url image1

Banks J (1990) The quality of milk in relation to cheese manufacture. Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 43, 35–39. open url image1

Banks JM, Tamime AY (1987) Seasonal trends in the efficiency of recovery of milk fat and casein in cheese manufacture. Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 40, 64–66. open url image1

Barber DG, Goblus NR, Hannah IJC, Poppi DP, Cant JP (2001) An approach to identifying factors affecting milk protein concentration in dairy cattle. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 56, 155. open url image1

Beever DE, Sutton JD, Reynolds CK (2001) Increasing the protein content of cow’s milk. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 56, 138–149. open url image1

Broome MC, Tan SE, Alexander MA, Manser B (1998) Low-concentration-ratio ultra filtration for cheddar cheese manufacture. 1: Effect on seasonal cheese composition. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 53, 5–10. open url image1

Candioti MC, Hynes E, Meinardi CA, Perotti MC, Zalazar CA (2002) Cultures for reggianito cheese. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 57, 170. open url image1

Christian MP, Grainger C, Southerland BJ, Mayes JJ, Hannah MC , et al. (1999a) Managing diet quality for cheddar cheese manufacturing milk. 1.The influence of protein and energy supplements. The Journal of Dairy Research 66, 341–355.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Christian MP, Grainger C, Southerland BJ, Mayes JJ, Hannah MC , et al. (1999b) Managing diet quality for cheddar cheese manufacturing milk. 2. Pasture v. grain supplements. The Journal of Dairy Research 66, 357–363.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Coulon JB, Dupont D, Pochet S, Pradel P, Duployer H (2001) Effect of genetic potential and level of feeding on milk protein composition. The Journal of Dairy Research 68, 569–577.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Dalgleish DG (1993) The enzymatic coagulation of milk. In ‘Cheese chemistry, physics and microbiology. General aspects. Vol. 1.’ 2nd edn. (Ed. PF Fox) pp. 69–100. (Chapman and Hall: New York)

Everett DW, Jameson GW (1993) Physicochemical aspects of cheddar cheese made from ultrafiltered milk. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 48, 20–29. open url image1

Gordon FG (1977) The effect of protein content on the response of lactating cows to level of concentrate feeding. Animal Production 25, 181–191. open url image1

Grandison AS, Ford GD, Owen AJ, Millard D (1984) Chemical composition and coagulating properties of renneted Friesian milk during the transition from winter rations to spring grazing. The Journal of Dairy Research 51, 69–78. open url image1

Guinee TP, Mulholland E, O’Brien B, Murphy J (2001) Effect of diet quality on the suitability of mid-lactation bovine milk for cheddar cheese manufacture. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 56, 3–8. open url image1

Holmes CW , Brookes IM , Garrick DJ , Mackenzie DDS , Parkinson TJ , Wilson GF (2002) Lactation: Mammary gland development and maintenance of lactation. In ‘Milk production from pasture, principles and practices’. (Ed. D Swain) pp. 317–368. (Massey University: Wellington, New Zealand)

Houlihan A, Lowe K, Cowan T, Deeth H, Dennien G , et al. (2001) The influence of milk composition on processability. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 56, 177. open url image1

Karman AH, van Boekel M (1986) Evaluation of the Kjeldahl factor for conversion of the nitrogen content of milk and milk products to protein content. Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal 40, 315–336. open url image1

Kefford B, Christian MP, Sutherland BJ, Mayes JJ, Grainger C (1995) Seasonal influences on Cheddar cheese manufacture: influence of diet quality and stage of lactation. The Journal of Dairy Research 62, 529–537.
| PubMed |
open url image1

Kosikowski FV (1977) Analysis. In ‘Cheese and fermented milk foods.’ 2nd edn. (Ed. FV Kosikowski) pp. 560–572. (Edwards Brothers, Inc.: Ann Arbor)

Mackle TR, Bryant AM, Petch SF, Hill JP, Auldist MJ (1999) Nutritional influences on the composition of milk from cows of different protein phenotypes in New Zealand. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 172–180.
| PubMed |
open url image1

Mayes JJ, Sutherland BJ (1984) Coagulum firmness and yield in Cheddar cheese manufacture. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 39, 69–73. open url image1

Mistry V, Brouk M, Kasperson K, Martin E (2002) Cheddar cheese from milk of Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Milchwissenschaft. Milk Science International 57, 19–23. open url image1

Murphy JJ, O’Mara F (1993) Nutritional manipulation of milk protein concentration and its impact on the dairy industry. Livestock Production Science 35, 117–134.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

O’Keeffe AM (1984) Seasonal and lactational influences on moisture content of cheddar cheese. Irish Journal of Food Science and Technology 8, 27–37. open url image1

Pearson D (1991) Composition and Analysis of Foods. Dairy Products II. In ‘Pearson’s Composition and Analysis of Foods’. 9th edn. (Ed. RS Kirk, R Sawyer) pp. 530–680. (Longman: London)

Phelan JA (1981) Standardization of milk for cheesemaking at factory level. Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology 34, 152–156. open url image1

Phelan JA, O’Keeffe AM, Keogh MK, Kelly PM (1982) Studies on milk composition and its relationship to some processing criteria. 1. Seasonal changes in the composition of Irish milk. Irish Journal of Food Science and Technology 6, 1–11. open url image1

Posthumus G, Booij CJ, Klijn CJ (1964) The relationship between the protein content of milk and the cheese yield. Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal 18, 155–164. open url image1

SAS Institute (1996) ‘SAS/STAT software. Version 6.12.’ (SAS Institute: Cary, NC)

Scott R (1986) Casein by modified acidity titration method. In ‘Cheesemaking practice.’ (Ed. R Scott) p. 104. (Elsevier Applied Science: London)

Spreer E (1998) Milk and dairy product technology. In ‘Food science and technology.’ pp. 293–294. (Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York)

Standards Association of Australia (1988) Methods of chemical and physical testing for the dairy industry: AS 2300.1.1. Standards Association of Australia, North Sydney, NSW.

Vertes C, Hoden A, Gallard Y (1989) Effect of nutritional level on the composition and cheese making quality of milk from Friesian and Normandy cows. INRA Productions Animales 2, 89–96. open url image1

Visser S, Slangen CJ, Rollema HS (1991) Phenotyping of bovine milk proteins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 548, 361–370.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

White CL (2001) Factors affecting milk protein concentration in Australian dairy cows. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 56, 153. open url image1

Yousef IM, Huber JT, Emery RS (1969) Milk protein synthesis as affected by high-grain, low-fiber rations. Journal of Dairy Science 53, 734–739. open url image1