Commercial aspects of cloning and genetic modification in cattle
I. M. Lewis B C , A. J. French A C , R. T. Tecirlioglu A C , G. Vajta F , A. E. McClintock A B , K. R. Nicholas D , K. A. Zuelke E , M. K. Holland A C and A. O. Trounson A CA Cooperative Research Centre for Innovative Dairy Products (Dairy CRC), Level 1, 84 William Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia.
B Genetics Australia Cooperative Ltd, Woolpack Road, Bacchus Marsh, Vic. 3340, Australia.
C Centre for Early Human Development, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, 27–31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia.
D Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
E United States Department of Agriculture, ARS Germplasm Laboratory, Belstville, MD 20705, USA.
F Section of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Tjele, Denmark.
G Corresponding author. Email: ilewis@genaust.com.au
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44(11) 1105-1111 https://doi.org/10.1071/EA03239
Submitted: 16 November 2003 Accepted: 1 April 2004 Published: 14 December 2004
Abstract
A range of potential commercial applications of cloning and genetic modification in cattle has been suggested over the last decade. It includes the rapid multiplication of elite genotypes, production of valuable human proteins, altered production characteristics, increased disease resistance and milk with improved nutritional value and processing capabilities. However, an economic return from the sale of product is far from reality in any of these areas. One impediment to achieving economic sustainability is the extremely low efficiency in producing healthy offspring from transferred cloned embryos. Other significant impediments are societal concerns surrounding such technologies, animal welfare issues and regulatory requirements. This review will focus on current biological limitations and technical capabilities in commercial settings, the changes required to allow the production and sale of products at economically sustainable levels, cryopreservation and the progress towards automation of cloning techniques.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the numerous scientific, technical and administrative staff at the Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Genetics Australia Cooperative Ltd and the Victorian Institute of Animal Science, whose dedicated work over the last 12 years has helped significantly to progress the technologies discussed in this review towards large-scale application.
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