Use of fat-coated or heat-treated soybean meal for partial replacement of solvent-extracted soybean meal in the diets of early lactation dairy cows
Mohsen Sahraei Belverdy
A * , Ali Akbar Khadem A , Ali A. Alamouti A , Jaber Khani A and Sergio Calsamiglia B
A Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran.
B Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
Animal Production Science - https://doi.org/10.1071/AN21255
Submitted: 14 May 2021 Accepted: 12 November 2021 Published online: 21 December 2021
© 2021 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Context: Soybean meal (SBM) is the most important protein source used to feed dairy cows, and methods have been developed to increase its nutritional value by protecting the proteins against rumen degradation. Protection of solvent-extracted SBM with saturated fats can achieve this, but effects on lactation performance and nutrient digestibility have not been investigated.
Aims: We evaluated effects on performance, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites of high-yielding dairy cows when dietary solvent-extracted SBM was partially replaced with two fat-coated SBM products containing palmitic acid or a palmitic–stearic acid mix, or with standard heat-treated SBM.
Methods: Forty lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomised complete block design experiment with two phases each of 26 days (20 days of diet adaptation and 6 days of data collection). Experimental diets comprised (per kg DM) 271 g maize silage, 138 g other forages and 590 g concentrate, with 6.74 MJ net energy for lactation, 157 g crude protein and 366 g neutral detergent fibre. The control diet contained solvent-extracted SBM at 73.1 g/kg, which was partially replaced in the three test diets: two with fat-coated SBM (400 g fat/kg, enriched with palmitic acid or 50:50 palmitic:stearic acids), and one with heat-treated SBM. Diets were offered ad libitum during the experiment, and cows were milked three times daily.
Key results: Solvent-extracted SBM had significantly lower rumen undegraded protein concentration than the other three products. Dry matter intake was not affected by dietary treatment (27.7 ± 0.531 kg/day), nor was milk yield (47.8–50.3 kg/day), but milk fat yield tended to be greater (P < 0.10) with diets containing fat-coated than solvent-extracted SBM. The diet with palmitic acid coated SBM showed higher apparent total tract digestibilities of ether extract, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre than palmitic:stearic acid coated or solvent-extracted SBM treatments. Heat-treated SBM diet likewise showed higher digestibilities of ether extract, dry matter, organic matter, and acid and neutral detergent fibres than the solvent-extracted SBM diet. Concentrations of urea nitrogen in plasma and milk were not affected by treatment.
Conclusions: Feeding heat-treated or fat-coated SBM did not increase milk production of high-yielding cows; however, use of fat-coated SBM increased milk fat yield. Both palmitic acid coating and heat treatment improved total tract digestibility.
Implications: Feeding fat-coated SBM to dairy cows can protect SBM in the rumen and increase milk fat yield.
Keywords: coating, digestibility, fatty acids, Holstein cows, lactation performance, nitrogen efficiency, rumen undegradable protein, soybean meal.
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