Recent advances to improve nitrogen efficiency of grain-finishing cattle in North American and Australian feedlots
Frances Cowley
A E , Jenny Jennings B , Andy Cole C and Karen Beauchemin D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Elm Avenue, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
B Texas AgriLife, Texas A&M University, 6500 Amarillo Boulevard West, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
C US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2300 Experiment Road, Bushland, TX 79012, USA.
D Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
E Corresponding author. Email: fcowley@une.edu.au
Animal Production Science 59(11) 2082-2092 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN19259
Submitted: 2 May 2019 Accepted: 7 June 2019 Published: 16 September 2019
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2019 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Formulating diets conservatively for minimum crude-protein (CP) requirements and overfeeding nitrogen (N) is commonplace in grain finishing rations in USA, Canada and Australia. Overfeeding N is considered to be a low-cost and low-risk (to cattle production and health) strategy and is becoming more commonplace in the US with the use of high-N ethanol by-products in finishing diets. However, loss of N from feedlot manure in the form of volatilised ammonia and nitrous oxide, and nitrate contamination of water are of significant environmental concern. Thus, there is a need to improve N-use efficiency of beef cattle production and reduce losses of N to the environment. The most effective approach is to lower N intake of animals through precision feeding, and the application of the metabolisable protein system, including its recent updates to estimation of N supply and recycling. Precision feeding of protein needs to account for variations in the production system, e.g. grain type, liveweight, maturity, use of hormonal growth promotants and β agonists. Opportunities to reduce total N fed to finishing cattle include oscillating supply of dietary CP and reducing supply of CP to better meet cattle requirements (phase feeding).
Additional keywords: ammonia volatilisation, cattle feedlot, proteins, ruminant metabolism.
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