Maintenance of broiler performance on commercial diets diluted with copra meal and supplemented with feed enzymes
Sandy Hoffman Mael A B , Siaka Seriba Diarra
B C and Ashika Devi B
A Vanuatu Agriculture College and Livestock-Based Integrated Farm, Luganville, Santo, Vanuatu.
B School of Agriculture and Food Technology, The University of the South Pacific, Alafua, Samoa.
C Corresponding author. Email: siakadi2012@gmail.com, diarra_s@usp.ac.fj
Animal Production Science 60(12) 1514-1520 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN19237
Submitted: 1 May 2019 Accepted: 27 January 2020 Published: 16 April 2020
Abstract
Context: Dilution of commercial feed with moderate levels of copra meal (CM), a byproduct of coconut oil extraction, was shown to maintain broiler performance in older breeds, but reports on its use in modern fast-growing broilers are limited.
Aims: We evaluated feed dilution with CM and enzyme supplementation in broiler chickens. We hypothesised that (i) diluting commercial feed with CM will maintain performance of modern fast-growing broilers, and (ii) enzyme supplementation will improve utilisation of the diluted diets.
Methods: Experiment 1 studied the performance of growing broilers (10–21 days of age) fed commercial grower diet alone (control), or diluted with one of two levels of CM (50 and 100 g/kg) and with or without enzyme supplementation. Cobb 500 broiler chicks (10 days old), 200 in total, were assigned to five dietary treatments with four replicates, in a completely randomised design. Experiment 2 investigated higher levels of dilution (100 and 200 g CM/kg) and enzyme supplementation of commercial finisher diet in 200 finishing broilers (22–42 days of age) assigned to five treatments with four replicates each.
Key results: In Experiment 1, feed intake was reduced (P < 0.05) on the 100 g CM/kg diet without enzyme compared with 50 g CM/kg without enzyme and both of the enzyme-supplemented diets but was not different (P > 0.05) from the control. Bodyweight gain and feed conversion ratio were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment. In Experiment 2, feed intake was reduced on 200 g CM/kg with enzyme but did not differ (P > 0.05) among the control and other CM-based diets. Bodyweight gain (P < 0.05) was reduced on the 200 g CM/kg diet without enzyme compared with the 100 g CM/kg diet without enzyme. Feed : gain was not affected (P > 0.05) by diet. The relative weight of carcass and cuts, gut segments and annex organs was not affected (P > 0.05) by diet.
Conclusions: Diluting commercial grower and finisher diets with 50 and 100 g CM/kg has no adverse effects on performance of modern broilers. At higher levels of dilution (100 and 200 g/kg), enzyme supplementation may be required.
Implications: These findings will reduce the cost of broiler production and add value to CM in coconut-producing regions. We recommend more research into higher rates of dilution, sources of CM, and enzyme sources and levels that might improve performance and reduce cost of production.
Additional keywords: complex structures, exogenous enzymes, feed composition.
References
Adeyemi OA, Jimoh B, Olufade OO (2013) Soybean meal replacement with cassava leaf: blood meal mix with or without enzyme in broiler diets. Archivos de Zootecnia 62, 275–285.| Soybean meal replacement with cassava leaf: blood meal mix with or without enzyme in broiler diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anderson DM, MacIsaac JL, Safamehr A (2012) Dilution of broiler chicken diets with whole hulless barley. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21, 399–406.
| Dilution of broiler chicken diets with whole hulless barley.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anuradha P, Roy B (2015) Effect of supplementation of fiber degrading enzymes on performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing de-oiled rice bran. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10, 179–184.
| Effect of supplementation of fiber degrading enzymes on performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing de-oiled rice bran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bastos SC, Freire Fuentes MFF, Freitas ER, Espíndola GB, Braga CV, De P (2007) Efeito da inclusão do farelo de coco em rações para frangos de corte. Ciência Agronômica 38, 297–303.
Chauhan PS, Puri N, Sharma P, Gupta N (2012) Mannanases: microbial sources, production, properties and potential biotechnological applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 93, 1817–1830.
| Mannanases: microbial sources, production, properties and potential biotechnological applications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22314515PubMed |
Devi A, Diarra SS (2017) Influence of dietary protein source and utilisation of copra meal in finishing broiler chicken. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 34, 193–200.
| Influence of dietary protein source and utilisation of copra meal in finishing broiler chicken.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Diarra S (2017) Poultry industries in the South Pacific region: issues and future direction. World’s Poultry Science Journal 73, 293–300.
| Poultry industries in the South Pacific region: issues and future direction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Diarra SS, Kant R, Tanhimana J, Lela P (2015a) Utilisation of Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) meal as protein source for laying hen. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics 116, 85–90.
Diarra SS, Sandakabatu D, Perera D, Tabuaciria P, Mohammed U (2015b) Growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens fed commercial finisher and cassava copra meal-based diets. Journal of Applied Animal Research 43, 352–356.
| Growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens fed commercial finisher and cassava copra meal-based diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Diarra SS (2015) Utilisation of cassava products-copra meal based diets supplemented with Allzyme SSF by growing pullets. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science 18, 67–76.
Diarra SS, Saimone M, Olofia L (2014) Performance of hens fed high copra-meal diets with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science 17, 37–42.
Hetland H, Svihus B (2001) Effect of oat hulls on performance, gut capacity and feed passage time in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 42, 354–361.
| Effect of oat hulls on performance, gut capacity and feed passage time in broiler chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11469556PubMed |
Jácome IMTD, Gomes da Silva LP, Guim A, Lima DQ, Almeida MM, de Araújo MJ, Oliveira VP, Silva JDB, Martins TDD (2002) Effect of different levels of coconut meal in broiler chicken’s diets upon the carcass yield. Acta Science Animal 24, 1015–1019.
Jiménez-Moreno E, González-Alvarado JM, de Coca-Sinova A, Lázaro R, Mateos GG (2009) Effects of source of fibre on the development and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 154, 93–101.
| Effects of source of fibre on the development and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jiménez-Moreno E, González-Alvarado JM, de Coca-Sinova A, Lázaro R, Mateos GG (2010) Effect of type and particle size of dietary fibre on growth performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. Poultry Science 89, 2197–2212.
| Effect of type and particle size of dietary fibre on growth performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20852111PubMed |
Kim BG, Lee JH, Jung HJ, Han YK, Park KM, Han IK (2001) Effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with palm kernel meal and copra meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14, 821–830.
| Effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with palm kernel meal and copra meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lazaro R, Garcıa M, Medel P, Mateos GG (2003) Influence of enzymes on performance and digestive parameters of broilers fed rye-based diets. Poultry Science 82, 132–140.
| Influence of enzymes on performance and digestive parameters of broilers fed rye-based diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12580255PubMed |
Mack S, Bercovici D, De Groote G, Leclercq B, Lippens M, Pack M, Schuttle JB, Van Cauwenberghe S (1999) Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specification for broiler chickens of 20 to 40 days of age. British Poultry Science 40, 257–265.
| Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specification for broiler chickens of 20 to 40 days of age.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10465394PubMed |
Mateos GG, Lázaro R, Gracia M (2002) The feasibility of using nutritional modifications to replace drugs in poultry feeds. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 11, 437–452.
| The feasibility of using nutritional modifications to replace drugs in poultry feeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mateos GG, Jiménez-Moreno E, Serrano MP, Lázaro RP (2012) Poultry response to high levels of dietary fibre sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21, 156–174.
| Poultry response to high levels of dietary fibre sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Montagne L, Pluske J, Hampson DJ (2003) A review of interactions between dietary fibre and the internal musoca and their consequences on digestive health in young ruminant animals. Animal Feed Science and Technology 108, 95–117.
| A review of interactions between dietary fibre and the internal musoca and their consequences on digestive health in young ruminant animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pandi J (2005) Dilution of broiler finisher feed with copra meal. Papua New Guinea Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 48, 3–6.
Panigrahi S (1992) Effects of different copra meals and amino acid supplementation on broiler chick growth. British Poultry Science 33, 683–687.
| Effects of different copra meals and amino acid supplementation on broiler chick growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1643531PubMed |
Panigrahi S, Machin DH, Parr WH, Bainton J (1987) Responses of broiler chicks to dietary copra cake of high lipid content. British Poultry Science 28, 589–600.
| Responses of broiler chicks to dietary copra cake of high lipid content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 3446330PubMed |
Rougière N, Carré B (2010) Comparison of gastrointestinal transit times between chickens from D+ and D– genetic lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency. Animal 4, 1861–1872.
| Comparison of gastrointestinal transit times between chickens from D+ and D– genetic lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22445147PubMed |
Salami RI, Longe OG, Oluyemi JA (2004) Effect of dietary protein levels on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31, 27–31.
Sandakabatu D, Diarra SS (2018) Canarium (Canarium indicum) cake as a source of lysine in fermented cassava-copra meal diets with Challenzyme for broilers. Journal of South Pacific Agriculture 21, 1–8.
Siebra JEdC, Ludke MdCMM, Ludke JV, Bertol TM, Dutra Júnior WM (2008) Biol. economic performance of growing finishing pigs fed diet with coconut meal. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 37, 1996–2002.
| Biol. economic performance of growing finishing pigs fed diet with coconut meal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sundu B (2007) Utilization of palm kernel meal and copra meal by poultry. PhD Thesis, School of Animal Studies, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld.
Sundu B, Dingle J (2003) Use of enzymes to improve the nutritive value of palm kernel meal and copra meal. In ‘Proceedings of the Queensland poultry science symposium’. Gatton, Qld. Vol. 11, pp. 1–15. (World's Poultry Science Association)
Sundu B, Kumar A, Dingle J (2004) The effect of commercial enzymes on chicks fed high copra meal and palm kernel meal diets. In ‘Proceedings of the seminar nasional pemanfaatan sumber saya hayati berkelanjutan’. pp. 26–31. (Tadulako University Press: Palu, Indonesia)
Sundu B, Kumar A, Dingle J (2005) Growth pattern of broilers fed a physically of enzymatically treated copra meal diet. In ‘Proceedings of the 17th Australian poultry science symposium’. 7–9 February 2005, University of Sydney. pp. 291–294. (World's Poultry Science Association)
Sundu D, Kumar A, Dingle J (2006) Response of broiler chicks fed increasing levels of copra meal and enzymes. International Journal of Poultry Science 5, 13–18.
Sundu B, Kumar A, Dingle J (2009) Feeding value of copra meal for broilers. World’s Poultry Science Journal 65, 481–492.
| Feeding value of copra meal for broilers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Svihus B (2011) The gizzard: Function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. World’s Poultry Science Journal 67, 207–224.
| The gizzard: Function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Svihus B, Hetland H, Choct M, Sundby F (2002) Passage rate through the anterior tract of broiler chickens fed on diets with ground and whole wheat. British Poultry Science 43, 662–668.
| Passage rate through the anterior tract of broiler chickens fed on diets with ground and whole wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12555890PubMed |
Yalcin S, Ozkan S, Acikgoz Z, Ozkan K (1999) Effect of dietary methionine on performance, carcass characteristics and breast meat composition of heterozygous naked neck (Na/nat) birds under spring and summer conditions. British Poultry Science 40, 688–694.
| Effect of dietary methionine on performance, carcass characteristics and breast meat composition of heterozygous naked neck (Na/nat) birds under spring and summer conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10670683PubMed |
