Feeding forage or concentrates early in life influences rumen fermentation, metabolic response, immune function and growth of Wagyu × Friesian calves
M. A. Khan A , V. T. Burggraaf B , B. Thomson C , P. Muir C , K. Lowe A , J. Koolaard A , A. Heiser D , S. Leath B and S. McCoard A E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
B AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Hamilton, 3214, New Zealand.
C On-Farm Research, Poukawa Research Farm, State Highway 2, Hastings, 4178, New Zealand.
D AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
E Corresponding author. Email: sue.mccoard@agresearch.co.nz
Animal Production Science 60(11) 1418-1428 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN18636
Submitted: 18 October 2018 Accepted: 4 December 2019 Published: 3 March 2020
Abstract
Context: Early life nutrition of calves influences their performance later in life. There is limited literature demonstrating the effects of rearing dairy calves in early life on milk with either exclusively forage or concentrate starter diets on metabolic and immune function and post-weaning growth and body composition on a pasture only diet.
Aim: This study evaluated the effects of feeding Wagyu × Holstein Friesian calves a forage starter (FS) or a concentrate starter (CS) for the first 14 weeks of rearing on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, immune function, growth and body composition to Week 41.
Methods: Group-housed calves (Wagyu × Friesian, 10 calves per group, three groups per treatment) were fed milk (2 L per calf twice daily) until Week 7, then transitioned to once a day milk feeding until weaning by Week 9, with ad libitum access to either FS or CS. All calves were transferred to graze ryegrass pastures a week after transitioning to once daily milk feeding, with starter feeds removed gradually by Week 14. Thereafter, calves were reared together on pasture until Week 41.
Results: Solid feed intake was lower in FS than CS calves during the first 7 weeks. Total short chain fatty acids were lower, but acetate to propionate ratio and rumen pH were higher in FS than CS calves at Week 7, with no differences observed at Week 12 or 30. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate an indicator of ketogenic ability of the rumen in developing calves was higher in FS vs CS calves at weaning. Further, FS calves had lower concentrations of circulating non-esterified fatty acids compared with CS calves at weaning. Compared with CS calves, FS calves grew slower for the first 14 weeks which was associated with lower plasma IGF-1 levels. However, FS calves had greater average daily gain after 14 weeks when on pasture and had similar plasma IGF-1 at 30 weeks and similar body weight and body composition (muscle and subcutaneous fat deposition) by Week 41 compared to CS calves.
Conclusions: These results indicate that offering a FS starter has better prepared calves for weaning onto pasture and potentially improved utilisation of forage post-weaning to achieve similar muscle and fat deposition and overall liveweight in both groups by 41 weeks.
Implications: Dairy beef calves can be successfully reared using forage as the only solid feed source without affecting their growth performance on pasture until 10 months of age. Rearing calves using forage will contribute to reducing the usage of concentrate feeds in pastoral dairy-beef production systems and provide an opportunity to fulfil the market requirements and standards for grain-free beef production.
Additional keywords: immune response, pasture, rumen fermentation, solid feeds.
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