Farmed red deer home range, habitat use and daily movement patterns in a Southland, New Zealand, tussock grassland over calving and lactation
A. J. Wall A E , G. W. Asher B , M. S. Netzer C , M. G. H. Johnson D , K. T. O’Neill B , R. P. Littlejohn B and N. Cox B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
B AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand.
C Winrock International, 2121 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA.
D The Biological Husbandry Unit, PO Box 69113, Lincoln 7646, Canterbury, New Zealand.
E Corresponding author. Email: Andrew.wall@agresearch.co.nz
Animal Production Science 59(3) 549-563 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN17516
Submitted: 11 August 2017 Accepted: 29 November 2017 Published: 21 February 2018
Abstract
Considerable expansion of red deer farming has occurred in the South Island high country of New Zealand. On these farms, breeding hinds are usually continuously grazed (set-stocked) at low population densities in large highly modified native-tussock grassland paddocks during their calving and lactation seasons. The present study determined how these hinds use the tussock grassland over this critical period, identifying the most essential resources for them and also some potential long-term consequences of their behaviour on the grassland ecosystem. This was achieved by tracking nine GPS-collared hinds over 2 years on a high-country deer farm in Te Anau, Southland, New Zealand. The home ranges of the GPS-tracked hinds varied widely, occupying between 15% and 52% of the total paddock area. Vegetation dominated by naturalised exotic pasture species covered the greatest proportion (>60%) of eight of nine hind home ranges. In contrast, tussock-dominant vegetation coverage was far more variable (0.4–46%), with several indicators suggesting that this vegetation type was used as a substitute for pasture areas under high intra-specific competition among the deer. Both pasture- and tussock-dominant vegetation was used in proportion to its availability. In contrast, shrub-dominated vegetation was used less than its proportional availability, indicating that it was not being put under as much foraging or grazing pressure. This has implications for the further ingression of this vegetation type over time. There was also clear evidence that certain paddock topography was being favoured by the hinds, namely steeper and higher-altitude areas of a paddock. On the basis of these findings, some potential methods for aiding in the management of these extensive tussock grassland paddocks under deer grazing are suggested.
Additional keywords: Cervus elaphus, diurnal rhythms, remote sensing, resource selection.
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