Effect of different forage types and concentrate levels on energy conversion, enteric methane production, and animal performance of Holstein × Zebu heifers
F. A. S. Silva A C , S. C. Valadares Filho A , E. Detmann A , S. A. Santos B , L. A. Godoi A , B. C. Silva A , M. V. C. Pacheco A , H. M. Alhadas A and P. P. Rotta A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
B Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science School, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
C Corresponding author. Email: flaviasales_pf@hotmail.com
Animal Production Science 57(10) 2042-2050 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN16093
Submitted: 15 October 2015 Accepted: 11 July 2016 Published: 29 August 2016
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing corn silage (CS) or sugarcane (SC) with 300 or 500 g/kg of concentrate (on a DM basis) on energy conversion, enteric methane (CH4) production, and the animal performance of Holstein × Zebu heifers. An experiment was conducted while using comparative slaughter. Twenty Holstein × Zebu heifers with an average age of 12 ± 1.0 months and an average bodyweight of 218 ± 36.5 kg were used. Four heifers were assigned to a baseline group, whereas the remaining 16 heifers were distributed in a completely randomised design using a 2 × 2 factorial scheme (n = 4), with two types of roughage (CS or SC) and two levels of concentrate (300 or 500 g/kg) on a DM basis of the diet over the course of 112 days. For the evaluation of the apparent total-tract digestibility of diets and energy losses, a digestibility assay was performed by using the total collection of faeces and urine over three consecutive days. The enteric CH4 production was quantified by continuous analysis of regular samples of air excreted by the animals throughout the day. The greatest (P < 0.05) average daily gain was observed for heifers that were fed CS-based diets or with 500 g/kg of concentrate. Greater (P < 0.05) daily CH4 emissions were observed for heifers that were fed 500 g/kg of concentrate; CH4 production as a function of DM intake was greater (P < 0.05) for heifers that were fed SC-based diets. The efficiency of the conversion from digestible energy (DE) to metabolisable energy (ME) was not influenced (P > 0.05) by variables that were analysed in this study. However, the mean value that was observed in the present study was above those values proposed by the main evaluation systems of feedstuffs and nutrient requirements of ruminants. Therefore, we concluded that CS-based diets allow for better animal performance of Holstein × Zebu heifers in relation to SC-based diets. Also, the increased concentrate improves the performance of growing heifers. A greater inclusion of concentrate in SC-based diets can allow for a reduction of CH4 emissions per consumed unit and per gain unit. The mean suggested value for the ME : DE ratio based on this study is 0.86. However, more studies are necessary to validate this result.
Additional keywords: animal nutrition, Bos indicus, calorimetry, dairy.
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