The influence of calcium on phytase efficacy in non-ruminant animals
C. L. WalkAB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom. Email: carrie.walk@abvista.com
Animal Production Science 56(8) 1345-1349 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15341
Submitted: 2 July 2015 Accepted: 21 September 2015 Published: 22 March 2016
Abstract
High dietary calcium (Ca) can negatively influence growth performance and reduce phosphorus, protein and amino acid digestibility in broilers and pigs. In addition, high dietary Ca will precipitate with phytate at pH conditions within the small intestine. Previous research reported that high dietary Ca significantly reduced phytase efficacy through precipitation with or competition for binding sites on the phytate molecule. However, microbial phytases are active at pH ranges where phytate is soluble and hydrolyse phytate rapidly to reduce the likelihood of phytate precipitating with Ca, suggesting the effect of dietary Ca on the efficacy of these phytases may be reduced. Even with such phytases there may still be problems observed due to particularly high concentrations of dietary Ca, which can occur as a result of a reduction in Ca not being applied in the presence of a phytase and/or if Ca concentrations in the diet exceed expectations. For example, when total Ca was analysed in 795 broiler and pig diets, on average, there was 0.22% more Ca present than expected. This means that if a diet was formulated to contain 0.80% total Ca, the analysed value could be as high as 1.02%, almost 25% above the expected dietary Ca concentration. The discrepancy between the expected and analysed total Ca may have implications on chemical and physical properties within the gastrointestinal tract, dietary phytate solubility, nutrient digestibility and phytase efficacy. The present paper aims to highlight factors influencing the effect of Ca on phytase efficacy, encompassing the differences among published book values for total Ca content of ingredients, the difference between Ca sources and their affinity for phytate, and finally how these factors influence the Ca to P ratio and thus phytase efficacy.
Additional keywords: amino acids, digestibility, broiler, phosphorus, pig.
References
Amerah AM, Plumstead PW, Barnard LP, Kumar A (2014) Effect of calcium level and phytase addition on ileal phytate degradation and amino acid digestibility of broilers fed corn-based diets. Poultry Science 93, 906–915.| Effect of calcium level and phytase addition on ileal phytate degradation and amino acid digestibility of broilers fed corn-based diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2cnht1Wlsw%3D%3D&md5=72d69e4e13eca37884019064a300be5cCAS | 24706968PubMed |
González-Vega JC, Stein HH (2014) Calcium digestibility and metabolism in pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 27, 1–9.
| Calcium digestibility and metabolism in pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25049919PubMed |
Gonzalez-Vega JC, Walk CL, Stein HH (2015a) Effects of microbial phytase on apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of calcium in calcium supplements fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 93, 2255–2264.
Gonzalez-Vega JC, Walk CL, Stein HH (2015b) Effect of microbial phytase, fiber and soybean oil on calculated values for apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of calcium in fish meal. Journal of Animal Science 93, 4808–4818.
Greiner R, Konietzny U, Jany KD (1993) Purification and characterization of two phytases from Escherichia coli. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 303, 107–113.
| Purification and characterization of two phytases from Escherichia coli.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXisFSgsLc%3D&md5=6670819664d7d32ee9d6b072b1ac03d7CAS | 8387749PubMed |
Kühn I, Männer K (2012) Performance and apparent total tract phosphorus and calcium digestibility in grower-finisher pigs fed diets with and without phytase. Journal of Animal Science 90, 143–145.
| Performance and apparent total tract phosphorus and calcium digestibility in grower-finisher pigs fed diets with and without phytase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23365310PubMed |
Luttrell B (1993) Biological relevance of the binding of calcium ions by inositol phosphates. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 1521–1524.
Manangi MK, Coon CN (2008) Phytate phosphorus hydrolysis in broilers in response to dietary phytase, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations. Poultry Science 87, 1577–1586.
National Swine Nutrition Guide (2010) Tables on nutrient recommendations, ingredient composition and use rates. Version 1.2. (Ed. DJ Meisinger) US Pork Center of Excellence, Ames, IA, USA.
Nelson TS, McGillivray JJ, Shieh TR, Wodzinski RJ, Ware JH (1968) Effect of phytate on the calcium requirement of chicks. Poultry Science 47, 1985–1989.
| Effect of phytate on the calcium requirement of chicks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF1MXhtVCisrk%3D&md5=18e213eebd368cd1263492aaed7a60a2CAS | 4304686PubMed |
NRC (2012) ‘Nutrient requirements of swine.’ 11th rev. edn. (National Academy Press: Washington, DC)
Premier Nutrition Atlas (2014) ‘Ingredients matrix.’ 3rd edn. (Premier Nutrition, a division of AB Agri Limited: Rugeley, UK)
Qian H, Kornegay ET, Conner DE (1996) Effects of wide calcium : phosphorus ratios on supplemental phytase efficacy for weanling pigs fed two dietary phosphorus levels. Journal of Animal Science 74, 1288–1297.
Qian H, Kornegay ET, Denbow DM (1997) Utilization of phytate phosphorus and calcium as influenced by microbial phytase, cholecalciferol, and the calcium : total phosphorus ratio in broiler diets. Poultry Science 76, 37–46.
| Utilization of phytate phosphorus and calcium as influenced by microbial phytase, cholecalciferol, and the calcium : total phosphorus ratio in broiler diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhsVOisr4%3D&md5=617ac2761634d2d3f6deadb54e0ae0a2CAS | 9037686PubMed |
Tamim NM, Angel R (2003) Phytate phosphorus hydrolysis as influenced by dietary calcium and micro-mineral source in broiler diets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, 4687–4693.
| Phytate phosphorus hydrolysis as influenced by dietary calcium and micro-mineral source in broiler diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltVGgt7k%3D&md5=8c2b67f8a3a9c438dd7f87aa6649b643CAS | 14705897PubMed |
Walk CL, Bedford MR, McElroy AP (2012a) Influence of limestone and phytase on broiler performance, gastrointestinal pH, and apparent ileal nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science 91, 1371–1378.
| Influence of limestone and phytase on broiler performance, gastrointestinal pH, and apparent ileal nutrient digestibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XpsVKis7g%3D&md5=2a4313f8c66e29f22dec5d23a3e8b95aCAS | 22582295PubMed |
Walk CL, Addo-Chidie EK, Bedford MR, Adeola O (2012b) Evaluation of a highly soluble calcium source and phytase in the diets of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 91, 2255–2263.
| Evaluation of a highly soluble calcium source and phytase in the diets of broiler chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlGht7%2FF&md5=6ca293ea0133e94aed691c2c8614d30dCAS | 22912460PubMed |
Walk CL, Bedford MR, Santos TT, Paiva D, Bradley JR, Wladecki H, Honaker C, McElroy AP (2013a) Extra-phosphoric effects of superdoses of a novel microbial phytase. Poultry Science 92, 719–725.
| Extra-phosphoric effects of superdoses of a novel microbial phytase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXktFSisr8%3D&md5=ff9a3666742fb790b1fff6ffd25a9f5dCAS | 23436522PubMed |
Walk CL, Srinongkote S, Wilcock P (2013b) Influence of a microbial phytase and zinc oxide on young pig growth performance and serum minerals. Journal of Animal Science 91, 286–291.
| Influence of a microbial phytase and zinc oxide on young pig growth performance and serum minerals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjsFKiurY%3D&md5=9063959b077e276b94af578b9cd11132CAS | 23100571PubMed |
