Electro-analgesia for sheep husbandry practices: a review
P. I. Hynd
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia. Email: philip.hynd@adelaide.edu.au
Animal Production Science 57(5) 801-810 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15195
Submitted: 17 April 2015 Accepted: 16 May 2016 Published: 8 September 2016
Abstract
Several sheep-husbandry practices such as mulesing, castration, ear-tagging and tail-docking are currently performed with no, or little, anaesthesia or analgesia. The potential for using electrotherapies to provide analgesia during and after these operations is examined in this review. The most common electrotherapy is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). TENS is the application of an electrical current from electrodes placed on the skin. Analysis of a large number of trials in humans and in animal models indicates that TENS provides effective relief from acute and chronic pain, including pain associated with surgery. There is strong evidence now that TENS analgesia operates at the levels of the periphery, the spinal cord and in the brain. The mechanisms involve the autonomic nervous system, the opioid pathways and neurotransmitters involved in descending inhibitory pathways from the brain. Centrally operating pathways mean the current does not have to be applied near the injured site and there is evidence of sustained pain relief lasting hours, days or even weeks post-treatment, particularly after very high-frequency, randomly variable current applications. Treatment of sheep during painful operations with such a current has the potential to provide immediate and possibly sustained pain relief. Combining such a treatment with electro-immobilisation of the animal would be advantageous for sheep-husbandry operations, but there is considerable evidence that high-intensity currents producing tetanic contractions are aversive and probably painful for sheep. Investigations of the application and efficacy of electrotherapies for painful sheep operations should be undertaken.
Additional keywords: castration, lamb marking, mulesing, pain relief, tail-docking.
References
Ainsworth L, Budelier K, Clinesmith M, Fiedler A, Landstrom R, Leeper BJ, Moeller L, Mutch S, O’Dell K, Ross J, Radhakrishnan R, Sluka KA (2006) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces chronic hyperalgesia induced by muscle inflammation. Pain 120, 182–187.| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces chronic hyperalgesia induced by muscle inflammation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16360266PubMed |
Basbaum AI, Jessel T (2000) The perception of pain. In ‘Principles of neuroscience’. (Eds ER Kandel, J Schwartz, T Jessel) pp. 472–491. (Appleton and Lange: New York)
Basbaum AI, Baustia DM, Scherrer G, Julius D (2009) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell 139, 267–284.
| Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFWht7zI&md5=e00d1f6e2211899a6674c9624b4c500dCAS | 19837031PubMed |
Baxter JR (1987) Response of sheep to short term restraint by electro-immobilisation. Australian Veterinary Journal 64, 195
| Response of sheep to short term restraint by electro-immobilisation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2szis1SmtQ%3D%3D&md5=6699964d7ab25d47daf50ba70389359fCAS | 3632505PubMed |
Bustamante HA, Rodriguez AR, Herzberg DE, Werner MP (2015) Stress and pain response after oligofructose induced lameness in dairy heifers. Journal of Veterinary Science 16, 405–411.
| Stress and pain response after oligofructose induced lameness in dairy heifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26243595PubMed |
Campbell JN, Taub A (1973) Local analgesia from percutaneous electrical stimulation. A peripheral mechanism. Archives of Neurology 28, 347–350.
| Local analgesia from percutaneous electrical stimulation. A peripheral mechanism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE3s7lt12jsA%3D%3D&md5=276060e39cfdefd82660f24f4257223eCAS | 4696017PubMed |
Carter PD, Johnston NE, Corner LA, Jarrett RG (1983) Observations on the effect of electro-immobilisation on the dehorning of cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal 60, 17–19.
| Observations on the effect of electro-immobilisation on the dehorning of cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7lt1Okuw%3D%3D&md5=7c0394f34abd9612b72e32776e3c30bcCAS | 6830544PubMed |
Cassu RN, da Silva DA, Filho TG, Stevanin H (2012) Electroanalgesia for the postoperative control pain in dogs. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 27, 43–48.
| Electroanalgesia for the postoperative control pain in dogs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22159438PubMed |
Chandran P, Sluka KA (2003) Development of opioid tolerance with repeated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation administration. Pain 102, 195–201.
| Development of opioid tolerance with repeated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation administration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhs1KksLg%3D&md5=6babd5e262d9f9024e693cb54f34b826CAS | 12620611PubMed |
Chen C-C, Johnson MI (2011) Differential frequency effects of strong nonpainful transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on experimentally induced ischemic pain in healthy human participants. The Clinical Journal of Pain 27, 434–441.
| Differential frequency effects of strong nonpainful transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on experimentally induced ischemic pain in healthy human participants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21415722PubMed |
Chen C-C, Tabasam G, Johnson MI (2008) Does the pulse frequency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) influence hypoalgesia? A systematic review of studies using experimental pain and healthy human participants. Physiotherapy 94, 11–20.
| Does the pulse frequency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) influence hypoalgesia? A systematic review of studies using experimental pain and healthy human participants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clancy J, McVicar A (1998) Perioperative pain management: a gate control perspective. The British Journal of Theatre Nursing 7, 18–24.
Claydon LS, Chesterton LS, Barlas P, Sim J (2011) Dose-specific effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on experimental pain. A systematic review. The Clinical Journal of Pain 27, 635–647.
| Dose-specific effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on experimental pain. A systematic review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21562411PubMed |
Colditz IG, Paull DR, Lee C, Fisher AD (2010) Physiological and behavioural effects of intradermal injection of sodium lauryl sulphate as an alternative to mulesing in lambs. Australian Veterinary Journal 88, 483–489.
| Physiological and behavioural effects of intradermal injection of sodium lauryl sulphate as an alternative to mulesing in lambs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1WrsA%3D%3D&md5=870c9c054bb8dfd24cd63ff7aad3063eCAS | 21091460PubMed |
Cowan S, McKenna J, McCrum-Gardner E, Johnson MI, Sluka KA, Walsh DM (2009) An investigation of the hypoalgesic effects of TENS delivered by a glove electrode. The Journal of Pain 10, 694–701.
| An investigation of the hypoalgesic effects of TENS delivered by a glove electrode.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19398378PubMed |
Cross SA (1994) Pathophysiology of pain. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 69, 375–383.
| Pathophysiology of pain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3itl2gsw%3D%3D&md5=852bba84f74ef48a6d66105627cf4592CAS | 8170183PubMed |
DeSantana JM, Sluka KA, Lauretti GR (2009) High and low frequency TENS reduce postoperative pain intensity after laparoscopic tubal ligation; a randomised controlled trial. The Clinical Journal of Pain 25, 12–19.
| High and low frequency TENS reduce postoperative pain intensity after laparoscopic tubal ligation; a randomised controlled trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19158541PubMed |
Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J (2010) Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review). Neurology 74, 173–176.
| Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20042705PubMed |
Dykes RW (1975) Nociception. Brain Research 99, 229–245.
| Nociception.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE28%2FktFWitw%3D%3D&md5=e36b3ebbb12ded61604ff051aea5d035CAS | 810224PubMed |
Freynet A, Falcoz P-E (2010) Is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation effective in relieving postoperative pain after thoracotomy? Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 10, 283–288.
| Is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation effective in relieving postoperative pain after thoracotomy?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19910359PubMed |
Gao Y-H, Chen S-P, Wang J-Y, Qiao L-N, Meng F-Y, Xu Q-L, Liu J-L (2012) Differential proteomics analysis of the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture intervention in the hippocampus following neuropathic pain in rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12, 241
| Differential proteomics analysis of the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture intervention in the hippocampus following neuropathic pain in rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23198761PubMed |
Gao Y, Chen S, Xu Q, Yu K, Wang J, Qiao L, Meng F, Liu J (2013) Proteomic analysis of differential proteins related to anti-nociceptive effect of electroacupuncture in the hypothalamus following neuropathic pain in rats. Neurochemical Research 38, 1467–1478.
| Proteomic analysis of differential proteins related to anti-nociceptive effect of electroacupuncture in the hypothalamus following neuropathic pain in rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXmtlarsbc%3D&md5=d4ad855f2fb77224d48e45af456dc688CAS | 23609498PubMed |
Garrison DW, Foreman RD (1994) Decreased activity of spontaneous and noxiously evoked dorsal horn cells during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Pain 58, 309–315.
| Decreased activity of spontaneous and noxiously evoked dorsal horn cells during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7ktVCktA%3D%3D&md5=94f770701420ae832caa2ab71bb6df81CAS | 7838579PubMed |
Godfrey H (2005) Understanding pain, part 1: physiology of pain. British Journal of Nursing 14, 846–852.
| Understanding pain, part 1: physiology of pain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16215504PubMed |
Gopalkrishnan P, Sluka KA (2000) Effect of varying frequency, intensity and pulse duration of TENS on primary hyperalgesia in inflamed rats. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81, 984–990.
| Effect of varying frequency, intensity and pulse duration of TENS on primary hyperalgesia in inflamed rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czlt12isQ%3D%3D&md5=9efae149b59cb471fa01f9876bf6c17bCAS | 10896017PubMed |
Grandin T, Curtis SE, Widowski TM, Thurmon JC (1986) Electro-immobilization versus mechanical restraint in an avoid–avoid choice test for ewes. Journal of Animal Science 62, 1469–1480.
Groppetti D, Pecile AM, Sacerdote P, Bronzo V, Ravasio G (2011) Effectiveness of electroacupuncture analgesia compared with opioid administration in a dog model: a pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 107, 612–618.
| Effectiveness of electroacupuncture analgesia compared with opioid administration in a dog model: a pilot study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFKiurfK&md5=935f3348cd94b39a70b8997e75efd463CAS | 21749999PubMed |
Han JS, Chen XH, Sun SL, Yuan Y, Yan SC, Hao JX, Terenius L (1991) Effect of low- and high-frequency TENS on Met-enkephalin–Arg–Phe and dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human lumbar CSF. Pain 47, 295–298.
| Effect of low- and high-frequency TENS on Met-enkephalin–Arg–Phe and dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human lumbar CSF.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhslWntbs%3D&md5=a9e0784b9078c8926888d8cb213d6c1cCAS | 1686080PubMed |
Heidland A, Fazeli G, Klassen A, Sebekova K, Hennemann H, Bahner U, Dilorio B (2013) Neuromuscular electrostimulation techniques: historical aspects and current possibilities in treatment of pain and muscle wasting. Clinical Nephrology 79, S12–S23.
| Neuromuscular electrostimulation techniques: historical aspects and current possibilities in treatment of pain and muscle wasting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23249528PubMed |
Hemsworth PH, Cronin GM, Barnett JL, Butler KL, Jongman EC, Karlen GA, Coffey A, Arnold NA (2012) Behavioural responses of lambs to plastic clips as an alternative procedure to mulesing. Australian Veterinary Journal 90, 373–380.
| Behavioural responses of lambs to plastic clips as an alternative procedure to mulesing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38bpsFakuw%3D%3D&md5=662e12b483fcc72c72c2e9f29f235c2fCAS | 23004227PubMed |
Janko M, Trontjelj JV (1980) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: a microneurographic and perceptual study. Pain 9, 219–230.
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: a microneurographic and perceptual study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7gtVWlsQ%3D%3D&md5=65190e006aafeda55931aa6d8fadee44CAS | 6969878PubMed |
Jensen JE, Conn RR, Hazelrigg G, Hewett JE (1985) The use of transcutaneous neural stimulation and isokinetic testing in arthroscopic knee surgery. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 13, 27–33.
| The use of transcutaneous neural stimulation and isokinetic testing in arthroscopic knee surgery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7ks1Cgsw%3D%3D&md5=0afddee785b3f23332a35c2f0afcc2bfCAS | 3872082PubMed |
Jephcott EH, McMillen IC, Rushen J, Hargreaves A, Thorburn GD (1986) Effect of electroimmobilisation on ovine plasma concentration sof beta-endorphin/beta-lipotrophin, cortisol and prolactin. Research in Veterinary Science 41, 371–377.
Jephcott EH, McMillen IC, Congdon P, Thorburn GD (1988) Electroimmobilisation and ovine plasma cortisol concentrations: effect of current intensity, current duration and diazepam. Research in Veterinary Science 44, 21–24.
Johnson MI (2001) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and TENS-like devices: do they provide pain relief? Pain Reviews 8, 121–158.
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and TENS-like devices: do they provide pain relief?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones I, Johnson MI (2009) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia. Critical Care & Pain 9, 130–135.
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Julius D, Basbaum AL (2001) Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature 413, 203–210.
| Molecular mechanisms of nociception.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntVyjsr0%3D&md5=e719dfc7511722cfb26e6b507ae38a11CAS | 11557989PubMed |
Khadilkar A, Milne S, Brosseau L, Wells G, Tugwell P, Robinson V, Shea B, Sanginur M (2005) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic lower back pain: a systematic review. Spine 30, 2657–2666.
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic lower back pain: a systematic review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16319752PubMed |
Kilgour R, De Langen H (1970) Stress in sheep resulting from management practices. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 30, 65–76.
Kocyigit F, Akalin E, Gezer NS, Orbay O, Kocyigit A, Ada E (2012) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the effects of low-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation on central pain modulation. The Clinical Journal of Pain 28, 581–588.
| Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the effects of low-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation on central pain modulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22699130PubMed |
Lambooy E (1985) Elecroanaesthesia or electroimmobilisation of calves, sheep and pigs by the Feenix Stockstill. The Veterinary Quarterly 7, 120–126.
| Elecroanaesthesia or electroimmobilisation of calves, sheep and pigs by the Feenix Stockstill.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3ks1Wguw%3D%3D&md5=533de995833518ee13c11e38c37e0175CAS | 4013052PubMed |
Lazarou L, Kitsios A, Lazarou I, Sikaras E, Trampas A (2009) Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on pressure pain threshold and blood pressure in healthy humans. The Clinical Journal of Pain 25, 773–780.
| Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on pressure pain threshold and blood pressure in healthy humans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19851157PubMed |
Lee KH, Chung JM, Willis WD (1985) Inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract cells by TENS. Journal of Neurosurgery 62, 276–287.
| Inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract cells by TENS.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7gslaltQ%3D%3D&md5=da4347b334f06894242f6700ceeea60eCAS | 3871474PubMed |
May HU (2002) Simultaneous modulation of frequency and amplitude modulated electric signals. European Journal of Phycology 443–453.
May HU (2004) Transcutaneous stimulation of nerves and muscles with FM and AM electric signals. European Journal of Phycology 447–452.
McHugh JM, McHugh WB (2000) Pain: neuroanatomy, chemical mediators, and clinical implications. AACN Clinical Issues 11, 168–178.
| Pain: neuroanatomy, chemical mediators, and clinical implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7nsVehuw%3D%3D&md5=6718ae72524a6ea7a7889a687d899d57CAS | 11235429PubMed |
Mello LFD, Nobrega LF, Lemos A (2011) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief during labour: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Revista Brasileira De Fisioterapia 15, 175–184.
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief during labour: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Melzack R, Wall PD (1965) Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 150, 971–979.
| Pain mechanisms: a new theory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaF28%2FktFKjtg%3D%3D&md5=426c60a13852844c8849265488efaf1bCAS | 5320816PubMed |
Meyer JS, Novak MA (2012) Minireview: hair cortisol: a novel biomarker of hypothalamic–pituiray–adrenocorical activity. Endocrinology 153, 4120–4127.
| Minireview: hair cortisol: a novel biomarker of hypothalamic–pituiray–adrenocorical activity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhtlagt7fN&md5=3fe05f577ff88f848856e42fce048847CAS | 22778226PubMed |
Meyer RA, Ringkamp M, Campbell JN, Raja SN (2008) Peripheral mechanisms of cutaneous nociception. In ‘Wall and Melzack’s textbook of pain’. (Eds SB McMahon, M Koltzenburg) pp. 3–34. (Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA)
Moran F, Leonard T, Hawthorne S, Hughes CM, McCrum-Gardner E, Johnson MI, Rakel BA, Sluka KA, Walsh DM (2011) Hupoalgesia in response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) depends on stimulation intensity. The Journal of Pain 12, 929–935.
| Hupoalgesia in response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) depends on stimulation intensity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21481649PubMed |
Murakami T, Taskino R, Ozaki I, Kimura T, Iguchi Y, Hashimoto I (2010) High-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) differentially modulates sensorimotor cortices: and MEG study. Clinical Neurophysiology 121, 939–944.
| High-frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) differentially modulates sensorimotor cortices: and MEG study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20149725PubMed |
Nam TS, Choi Y, Yeon DS, Leem JW, Paik KS (2001) Differential antinociceptive effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation on pain behavior sensitive or insensitive to phentolamine in neuropathic rats. Neuroscience Letters 301, 17–20.
| Differential antinociceptive effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation on pain behavior sensitive or insensitive to phentolamine in neuropathic rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhs1eitbo%3D&md5=2630c9f8e51bd012110cc2257b8b91a6CAS | 11239706PubMed |
Ngo U (2002) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (McGill lecture notes 22 January 2002). pp. 1–20. Available at https://www.google.com.au/search?q=Transcutaneous+Electrical+Nerve+Stimulation+McGill+Lecture+Notes+%E2%80%93+January+22nd,+2002+Uyen+Ngo,+Pht.+BSc.&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&gws_rd=cr&ei=Vqy6V-PLCZjYjwPa4JewBg [Verified 23 August 2016]
Nnoaham KE, Kumbang J (2008) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain. Cochrane Review Library 2008, CD003222
O’Dell RH, Sorgnard R, Ulrich HU (2006) Electroanalgesic nerve block. Practical Pain Management 2006(Apr.) Available at http://www.nvpainrelief.com/pdf/Paper-ElectroAnalgesic-NerveBlock.pdf [Verified 23 August 2016]
Osiri M, Welch V, Brosseau L, Shea B, McGowan J, Tugwell P, Wells G (2000) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CD002823
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvhslCgtA%3D%3D&md5=45e701301b1e54194ef5cda7bad3bb0aCAS | 11034768PubMed |
Pascoe PJ, McDonell WN (1986) The noxious effects of electroimmobilisation in adult Holstein cows: a pilot study. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 50, 275–279.
Paull DR, Lee C, Atkinson SJ, Fisher AD (2008) Effects of meloxicam or tolfenamic acid administration on the pain and stress responses of Merino lambs to mulesing. Australian Veterinary Journal 86, 303–311.
| Effects of meloxicam or tolfenamic acid administration on the pain and stress responses of Merino lambs to mulesing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVCjur%2FL&md5=3567bc52117c1a16b023ac587b29d102CAS | 18673471PubMed |
Perl ER (2007) Ideas about pain, a historical view. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 8, 71–80.
| Ideas about pain, a historical view.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlemtL7P&md5=60267d1c8be8f0b23bee18a61ec8c3b2CAS | 17180164PubMed |
Proctor M, Farquhar C, Stones W, He L, Zhu X, Brown J (2002) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for primary dysmenorrhea (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CD002123
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for primary dysmenorrhea (review).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387jsVCqsA%3D%3D&md5=70912394ea55ede8c3777f54a869f2f0CAS | 11869624PubMed |
Reeve J, Menon D, Corabian P (1996) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): a technology assessment. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 12, 299–324.
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): a technology assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK283ptlSjtQ%3D%3D&md5=6bec9033c8f201d0f0f6dd54da6347bfCAS | 8707503PubMed |
Rushen J (1986) Observations on the aversion of sheep to electro-immobilisation and physical restraint. Australian Veterinary Journal 63, 63–64.
| Observations on the aversion of sheep to electro-immobilisation and physical restraint.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL287os1Gitw%3D%3D&md5=11ec93bea40497e55392370f9c172c8bCAS | 3964148PubMed |
Rushen J (1987) Response of sheep to short term restraint by electro-immobilisation. Australian Veterinary Journal 64, 195
| Response of sheep to short term restraint by electro-immobilisation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rushen J, Congdon P (1986) Sheep may be more averse to electro-immobilisation than to shearing. Australian Veterinary Journal 63, 373–374.
| Sheep may be more averse to electro-immobilisation than to shearing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ls1eqtQ%3D%3D&md5=1b2303053524fa6af7de7be8c69e1268CAS | 3827775PubMed |
Santuzzi CH, Neto HAF, Pires JGP, Goncalves WLS, Gouvea SA, Abreu GR (2013) High-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain and cardio-respiratory parameters in an animal model of acute pain: participation of peripheral serotonin. Physical Theory and Practice 29, 630–638.
| High-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain and cardio-respiratory parameters in an animal model of acute pain: participation of peripheral serotonin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sbruzzi G, Silveira SA, Silva DV, Coronel CC, Plentz RDM (2012) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular; Orgao Oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular 27, 75–87.
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22729304PubMed |
Schwartz RG (1998) Electric sympathetic block: current theoretical concepts and clinical results. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 10, 31–46.
| Electric sympathetic block: current theoretical concepts and clinical results.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Seenan C, Roche PA, Tan C-W, Mercer T (2012) Modification of experimental, lower limb ischaemic pain with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. The Clinical Journal of Pain 28, 693–699.
| Modification of experimental, lower limb ischaemic pain with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22209796PubMed |
Simpson PM, Fouche PF, Thomas RE, Bendall JC (2014) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for relieving acute pain in the prehospital setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 21, 10–17.
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for relieving acute pain in the prehospital setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23839103PubMed | –
Sluka KA, Walsh D (2003) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness. The Journal of Pain 4, 109–121.
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14622708PubMed |
Sluka KA, Deacon M, Stibal A, Strissel S, Terpstra A (1999) Spinal blockade of opioid receptors prevents the analgesia produced by TENS in arthritic rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 289, 840–846.
Somers DL, Clemente R (2009) Contralateral high or a combination of high-and low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces mechanical allodynia and alters dorsal horn neurotransmitter content in neuropathic rats. The Journal of Pain 10, 221–229.
| Contralateral high or a combination of high-and low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces mechanical allodynia and alters dorsal horn neurotransmitter content in neuropathic rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19010735PubMed |
Song JG, Li HH, Cao YF, Lv X, Zhang P, Li YS, Li Q, Yin PH, Song SL, Wang HY, Wang XR (2012) Electroacupuncture improves survival in rats with lethal endotoxaemia via the autonomic nervous system. Anesthesiology 116, 406–414.
| Electroacupuncture improves survival in rats with lethal endotoxaemia via the autonomic nervous system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22222470PubMed |
Steeds CE (2009) The anatomy and physiology of pain. Surgery 27, 507–511.
| The anatomy and physiology of pain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tabasam G, Johnson MI (1999) Electrotherapy for pain relief: does it work? A laboratory-based study to examine the analgesic effects of electrotherapy on cold-induced pain in healthy individuals. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing 3, 14–24.
| Electrotherapy for pain relief: does it work? A laboratory-based study to examine the analgesic effects of electrotherapy on cold-induced pain in healthy individuals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ulett GA, Han S, Han J-S (1998) Electroacupuncture: mechanisms and clinical application. Biological Psychiatry 44, 129–138.
| Electroacupuncture: mechanisms and clinical application.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1czhtVyksA%3D%3D&md5=e6cff96107f1ee03844b1793adf476a5CAS | 9646895PubMed |
Vassal F, Creac’h C, Convers Ph, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L, Peyron R (2013) Modulation of laser-evoked potentials and pain perception by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): a placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers. Clinical Neurophysiology 124, 1861–1867.
| Modulation of laser-evoked potentials and pain perception by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): a placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23639375PubMed |
von Borell E, Langbein J, Despres G, Hansen S, Leterrier C, Marchant-Forde J, Marchant-Forde R, Minero M, Mohr E, Prunier A, Valance D, Veissier I (2007) Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity for assessing stress and welfare in farm animals- a review. Physiology & Behavior 92, 293–316.
| Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity for assessing stress and welfare in farm animals- a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtF2hsbfF&md5=50a22e18648d99438b55d3ecd5970c77CAS |
Woolf CJ, Mitchell D, Barrett GD (1980) Antinociceptive effect of peripheral segmental electrical stimulation in the rat. Pain 8, 237
| Antinociceptive effect of peripheral segmental electrical stimulation in the rat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL3c3lsFGktA%3D%3D&md5=d7bfd0e1f56fbe02ef75f5cb5ae8438eCAS | 7402687PubMed |
Zhang R, Lao L, Ren K, Berman BM (2014) Mechanisms of acupuncture–electropuncture on persistent pain. Anesthesiology 120, 482–503.
| Mechanisms of acupuncture–electropuncture on persistent pain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24322588PubMed |
