Ergovaline, an endophytic alkaloid. 1. Animal physiology and metabolism
J. L. Klotz A C and A. M. Nicol B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A USDA–ARS, Forage–Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
B AMN Consulting, 1248 Old West Coast Road, RD 1, Christchurch 7671, New Zealand.
C Corresponding author. Email: james.klotz@ars.usda.gov
Animal Production Science 56(11) 1761-1774 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14962
Submitted: 26 November 2014 Accepted: 28 June 2016 Published: 19 August 2016
Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2016 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Ergovaline is an ergot alkaloid found in some endophyte-infected ryegrasses and it has been implicated in the expression of ergotism-like symptoms of grazing livestock, as well as in the protection of the plant against invertebrate predation and abiotic stresses. These selection pressures have resulted in a conflict between the needs of the pasture for persistence and the needs of the animal for production. Ergovaline has not been well studied in terms of animal physiology until recently. There are several putative mechanisms that limit the bioavailability of ergovaline, ranging from microbial biotransformation to post-absorptive hepatic detoxification. Although there are mechanisms that protect the animal from ergovaline exposure, tissues are very sensitive to ergovaline, indicating that ergovaline is very potent and that small quantities have the potential to cause noticeable physiological effects. The range of physiological effects, including decreased circulating prolactin, vasoconstriction and increased susceptibility to heat stress are all linked to the interaction of ergovaline with biogenic amine receptors found throughout the body. This review will focus on understanding the variation of ergovaline concentration in terms of bioavailability, the myriad of hurdles a molecule of ergovaline must overcome to cause an effect, what the ergovaline-induced effects are in New Zealand livestock and how this relates to the potency of ergovaline.
Additional keywords: ergot alkaloids, livestock, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue.
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