Stress, acute phase proteins and immune modulation in calves
Cheol-Heui Yun A B D , Peter Wynn C and Jong K. Ha A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
B Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
C Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: cyun@snu.ac.kr
Animal Production Science 54(10) 1561-1568 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14441
Submitted: 25 March 2014 Accepted: 25 June 2014 Published: 19 August 2014
Abstract
Acute phase and inflammatory responses are triggered by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stressors that come at a cost through suppressing the normal function of tissues and organs of domestic animals. Recently, with growing attention placed on global warming and animal welfare, there has been an increased interest in improving our understanding of the relationships between different classes of stress, the expression of acute phase proteins (APPs), the stress-related endocrine system and immunomodulation. Immune function is compromised by all forms of stress including poor nutrition, weaning, extreme thermal conditions, injury and infection in calves. Proinflammatory cytokines, APPs and hormones of the hypothalamic–pituitary adrenal axis as well as the composition of immune cells can all be characterised in culture supernatants and peripheral blood. APPs have been used as biomarkers for the stress status of ruminants both experimentally and in field studies. Therefore detailed studies of the mechanisms of action of these APPs and their interactions in ameliorating different stress responses are warranted. The focus of this review is on the aetiology of the responses in calves under severe stress and its impact on growth and immune status. Possible strategies to alleviate this condition including the role of specific feed additives are presented.
Additional keywords: animal welfare, cellular immunity, cytokines, hormones.
References
Antonis AF, de Jong MC, van der Poel WH, van der Most RG, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Kimman T, Schrijver RS (2010) Age-dependent differences in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections related to the development of natural immunocompetence. The Journal of General Virology 91, 2497–2506.| Age-dependent differences in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections related to the development of natural immunocompetence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht12qs7rK&md5=20575760f858003937b0ee848b4c0b0fCAS | 20554798PubMed |
Arthington JD, Cooke RF, Maddock TD, Araujo DB, Moriel P, Dilorenzo N, Lamb GC (2013) Effects of vaccination on the acute-phase protein response and measures of performance in growing beef calves. Journal of Animal Science 91, 1831–1837.
| Effects of vaccination on the acute-phase protein response and measures of performance in growing beef calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXntFWru7w%3D&md5=eb13c88b6f7a063947d10636f2e03576CAS | 23345563PubMed |
Babiuk LA, Lawman MJ, Gifford GA (1987) Use of recombinant bovine alpha 1 interferon in reducing respiratory disease induced by bovine herpesvirus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 31, 752–757.
| Use of recombinant bovine alpha 1 interferon in reducing respiratory disease induced by bovine herpesvirus type 1.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXktlOku7g%3D&md5=66a2ad8492db4ea0751c327f212f89b5CAS | 3038008PubMed |
Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Tikoo SK (1996) Immunology of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection. Veterinary Microbiology 53, 31–42.
| Immunology of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnt1Kkuw%3D%3D&md5=70ed9d7909d67f18b727e4d5cd9b12ceCAS | 9010996PubMed |
Baker JC, Ames TR, Werdin RE (1986) Seroepizootiologic study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef herd. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47, 246–253.
Bannerman DD, Paape MJ, Hare WR, Sohn EJ (2003) Increased levels of LPS-binding protein in bovine blood and milk following bacterial lipopolysaccharide challenge. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 3128–3137.
| Increased levels of LPS-binding protein in bovine blood and milk following bacterial lipopolysaccharide challenge.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotFOjsLk%3D&md5=2b22a4cc002830b61196c04ccd96f8c4CAS | 14594231PubMed |
Bernabucci U, Colavecchia L, Danieli PP, Basirico L, Lacetera N, Nardone A, Ronchi B (2011) Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 affect the oxidative status of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicology In Vitro 25, 684–691.
| Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 affect the oxidative status of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjsFahsLg%3D&md5=b98b25b5fadbde1bc9eb992695000ea0CAS | 21256206PubMed |
Bielefeldt Ohmann H, Babiuk LA (1985) Viral-bacterial pneumonia in calves: effect of bovine herpesvirus-1 on immunologic functions. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 151, 937–947.
| Viral-bacterial pneumonia in calves: effect of bovine herpesvirus-1 on immunologic functions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7osVWjtQ%3D%3D&md5=a51725330fce1538e054d481d8f6bfecCAS | 2580916PubMed |
Bielefeldt Ohmann H, Babiuk LA, Harland R (1991) Cytokine synergy with viral cytopathic effects and bacterial products during the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infection. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 60, 153–170.
| Cytokine synergy with viral cytopathic effects and bacterial products during the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzgtVOlsw%3D%3D&md5=5c75d3f454de787d3a39004724e92652CAS | 1649026PubMed |
Burton JL, Madsen SA, Chang LC, Weber PS, Buckham KR, van Dorp R, Hickey MC, Earley B (2005) Gene expression signatures in neutrophils exposed to glucocorticoids: a new paradigm to help explain ‘neutrophil dysfunction’ in parturient dairy cows. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 105, 197–219.
| Gene expression signatures in neutrophils exposed to glucocorticoids: a new paradigm to help explain ‘neutrophil dysfunction’ in parturient dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXivV2htLw%3D&md5=11347e24102a5692a8ba14ac54357597CAS | 15808301PubMed |
Ceciliani F, Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Sauerwein H (2012) Acute phase proteins in ruminants. Journal of Proteomics 75, 4207–4231.
| Acute phase proteins in ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmvFChtLs%3D&md5=b03a082d36135cb15116830ca4d7604cCAS | 22521269PubMed |
Chirase NK, Greene LW, Purdy CW, Loan RW, Auvermann BW, Parker DB, Walborg EF, Stevenson DE, Xu Y, Klaunig JE (2004) Effect of transport stress on respiratory disease serum antioxidant status, and serum concentrations of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in beef cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65, 860–864.
| Effect of transport stress on respiratory disease serum antioxidant status, and serum concentrations of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltlGju7k%3D&md5=62bd9e09c388d8a54db2382ad1abb353CAS | 15198229PubMed |
Collier RJ, Beede DK, Thatcher WW, Israel LA, Wilcox CJ (1982) Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. Journal of Dairy Science 65, 2213–2227.
| Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7gvFOktg%3D%3D&md5=f336bc4528dcc75affbe293c497eab20CAS | 6759540PubMed |
Conner JG, Eckersall PD, Wiseman A, Aitchison TC, Douglas TA (1988) Bovine acute phase response following turpentine injection. Research in Veterinary Science 44, 82–88.
Dang AK, Mukherjee J, Kapila S, Mohanty AK, Kapila R, Prasad S (2010) In vitro phagocytic activity of milk neutrophils during lactation cycle in Murrah buffaloes of different parity. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 94, 706–711.
| In vitro phagocytic activity of milk neutrophils during lactation cycle in Murrah buffaloes of different parity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cbms1Ojsw%3D%3D&md5=01a7bc5582643ffebdcfdfcfabd114c6CAS | 20626502PubMed |
Dong G, Liu S, Wu Y, Lei C, Zhou J, Zhang S (2011) Diet-induced bacterial immunogens in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows: impacts on immunity and metabolism. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 53, 48
| Diet-induced bacterial immunogens in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows: impacts on immunity and metabolism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtF2ns7jE&md5=c24bdb7968e1af2190471a158a0cb937CAS | 21824438PubMed |
Earley B, Murray M, Prendiville DJ (2010) Effect of road transport for up to 24 hours followed by twenty-four hour recovery on live weight and physiological responses of bulls. BMC Veterinary Research 6, 38
| Effect of road transport for up to 24 hours followed by twenty-four hour recovery on live weight and physiological responses of bulls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20646269PubMed |
Enríquez D, Hotzel MJ, Ungerfeld R (2011) Minimising the stress of weaning of beef calves: a review. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 53, 28
| Minimising the stress of weaning of beef calves: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21569479PubMed |
González-Cano P, Arsic N, Popowych YI, Griebel PJ (2014) Two functionally distinct myeloid dendritic cell subpopulations are present in bovine blood. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 44, 378–388.
| Two functionally distinct myeloid dendritic cell subpopulations are present in bovine blood.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24502939PubMed |
Graham SP, Saya R, Awino E, Ngugi D, Nyanjui JK, Hecker R, Taracha EL, Nene V (2007) Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides enhance the induction of bovine CD4+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against the polymorphic immunodominant molecule of the protozoan parasite Theileria parva. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 115, 383–389.
| Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides enhance the induction of bovine CD4+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against the polymorphic immunodominant molecule of the protozoan parasite Theileria parva.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnslGruw%3D%3D&md5=9b815856914d6ae3cc08893dcd2a051cCAS | 17197038PubMed |
Grell SN, Tjornehoj K, Larsen LE, Heegaard PM (2005) Marked induction of IL-6, haptoglobin and IFNγfollowing experimental BRSV infection in young calves. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 103, 235–245.
| Marked induction of IL-6, haptoglobin and IFNγfollowing experimental BRSV infection in young calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFGhsL7M&md5=86d510f4eb23961fa7cf77e4a544b98cCAS | 15690587PubMed |
Grönlund U, Hulten C, Eckersall PD, Hogarth C, Persson Waller K (2003) Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and serum during acute and chronic experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. The Journal of Dairy Research 70, 379–386.
| Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and serum during acute and chronic experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14649408PubMed |
Gupta S, Earley B, Crowe MA (2007) Effect of 12-hour road transportation on physiological immunological and haematological parameters in bulls housed at different space allowances. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 173, 605–616.
| Effect of 12-hour road transportation on physiological immunological and haematological parameters in bulls housed at different space allowances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlt1Sis7g%3D&md5=fbb5c73a8725e17199b156b082d2c24dCAS |
Hodgson PD, Aich P, Stookey J, Popowych Y, Potter A, Babiuk L, Griebel PJ (2012) Stress significantly increases mortality following a secondary bacterial respiratory infection. Veterinary Research 43, 21
| Stress significantly increases mortality following a secondary bacterial respiratory infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XnslOktbs%3D&md5=ffd0a0cfa95653c28d3b8eb0c939cf23CAS | 22435642PubMed |
Hulbert LE, Cobb CJ, Carroll JA, Ballou MA (2011a) Effects of changing milk replacer feedings from twice to once daily on Holstein calf innate immune responses before and after weaning. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 2557–2565.
| Effects of changing milk replacer feedings from twice to once daily on Holstein calf innate immune responses before and after weaning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnvFCgtrw%3D&md5=c615982b35d6c0c9831752ee143d3058CAS | 21524547PubMed |
Hulbert LE, Cobb CJ, Carroll JA, Ballou MA (2011b) The effects of early weaning on innate immune responses of Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 2545–2556.
| The effects of early weaning on innate immune responses of Holstein calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnvFCgtr8%3D&md5=bb9d180d407dae1571d1de61582eeba1CAS | 21524546PubMed |
Ishizaki H, Hanafusa Y, Kariya Y (2005) Influence of truck-transportation on the function of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells in cattle. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 105, 67–74.
| Influence of truck-transportation on the function of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXis1Khsrw%3D&md5=0c3c50448b07fcfe621996099b601e9fCAS | 15797476PubMed |
Kim MH, Yun CH, Ko JY, Kang JS, Kim HS, Kang SJ, Lee WS, Kim JH, Ha JK (2009) Changes of immunophysiological characteristics in neonatal calves experimentally challenged with mixture of live bacteria and virus. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 5534–5543.
| Changes of immunophysiological characteristics in neonatal calves experimentally challenged with mixture of live bacteria and virus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlKnsrfJ&md5=4670a36fc74c012748118833091471d4CAS | 19841216PubMed |
Kim MH, Yun CH, Kim HS, Kim JH, Kang SJ, Lee CH, Ko JY, Ha JK (2010) Effects of fermented soybean meal on growth performance diarrheal incidence and immune-response of neonatal calves. Animal Science Journal 81, 475–481.
| Effects of fermented soybean meal on growth performance diarrheal incidence and immune-response of neonatal calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFajt7%2FL&md5=bc11ca2a7fdf26bda4ad35fe33fcf1abCAS | 20662817PubMed |
Kim MH, Yang JY, Upadhaya SD, Lee HJ, Yun CH, Ha JK (2011a) The stress of weaning influences serum levels of acute-phase proteins, iron-binding proteins, inflammatory cytokines, cortisol and leukocyte subsets in Holstein calves. Journal of Veterinary Science (Suwon-si, Korea) 12, 151–157.
| The stress of weaning influences serum levels of acute-phase proteins, iron-binding proteins, inflammatory cytokines, cortisol and leukocyte subsets in Holstein calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kim MH, Yun CH, Kim GR, Kol JY, Lee JJ, Ha JK (2011b) Changes of immunoglobulins and lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood from Holstein calves challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24, 696–706.
| Changes of immunoglobulins and lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood from Holstein calves challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXoslOku70%3D&md5=ed7e7b9d253dc95cc6c47f76da9c8e15CAS |
Kim MH, Yun CH, Lee CH, Ha JK (2012) The effects of fermented soybean meal on immunophysiological and stress-related parameters in Holstein calves after weaning. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 5203–5212.
| The effects of fermented soybean meal on immunophysiological and stress-related parameters in Holstein calves after weaning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht1emsL7L&md5=e55a751f42bc4df3921dc2db23e6284fCAS | 22916926PubMed |
Kolli V, Upadhyay RC, Singh D (2014) Peripheral blood leukocytes transcriptomic signature highlights the altered metabolic pathways by heat stress in zebu cattle. Research in Veterinary Science 96, 102–110.
| Peripheral blood leukocytes transcriptomic signature highlights the altered metabolic pathways by heat stress in zebu cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmtFem&md5=ff6413ad74f06741092900e702b8d1b1CAS | 24367940PubMed |
Kothari S, Kim JA, Carbis R (2011) Process development of an affordable bivalent conjugate vaccine against the two major causes of enteric fever Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 15, S40
| Process development of an affordable bivalent conjugate vaccine against the two major causes of enteric fever Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McGill JL, Sacco RE, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC, Palmer MV, Waters WR (2014) Specific recognition of mycobacterial protein and peptide antigens by γδ T cell subsets following infection with virulent Mycobacterium bovis. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, MD.: 1950)
| Specific recognition of mycobacterial protein and peptide antigens by γδ T cell subsets following infection with virulent Mycobacterium bovis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Molenaar AJ, Harris DP, Rajan GH, Pearson ML, Callaghan MR, Sommer L, Farr VC, Oden KE, Miles MC, Petrova RS, Good LL, Singh K, McLaren RD, Prosser CG, Kim KS, Wieliczko RJ, Dines MH, Johannessen KM, Grigor MR, Davis SR, Stelwagen K (2009) The acute-phase protein serum amyloid A3 is expressed in the bovine mammary gland and plays a role in host defence. Biomarkers 14, 26–37.
| The acute-phase protein serum amyloid A3 is expressed in the bovine mammary gland and plays a role in host defence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXktlaqsrw%3D&md5=883d453750de57c0fd3631a7b97197f0CAS | 19283521PubMed |
O’Loughlin A, McGee M, Waters SM, Doyle S, Earley B (2011) Examination of the bovine leukocyte environment using immunogenetic biomarkers to assess immunocompetence following exposure to weaning stress. BMC Veterinary Research 7, 45
| Examination of the bovine leukocyte environment using immunogenetic biomarkers to assess immunocompetence following exposure to weaning stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFKms7jJ&md5=6e6383583be5df6bb594ed6bd4eb225dCAS | 21834971PubMed |
Olson DP, Papasian CJ, Ritter RC (1980) The effects of cold stress on neonatal calves. II. Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 44, 19–23.
Orro T, Pohjanvirta T, Rikula U, Huovilainen A, Alasuutari S, Sihvonen L, Pelkonen S, Soveri T (2011) Acute phase protein changes in calves during an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 34, 23–29.
| Acute phase protein changes in calves during an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19897247PubMed |
Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Heegaard PM (2004) Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Veterinary Research 35, 163–187.
| Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltlGjur8%3D&md5=59f00c17ade82399bb800a4832306fdfCAS | 15099494PubMed |
Piccione G, Casella S, Giannetto C, Bazzano M, Giudice E, Fazio F (2013) Oxidative stress associated with road transportation in ewes. Small Ruminant Research 112, 235–238.
| Oxidative stress associated with road transportation in ewes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Qiu X, Arthington JD, Riley DG, Chase CC, Jr Phillips WA, Coleman SW, Olson TA (2007) Genetic effects on acute phase protein response to the stresses of weaning and transportation in beef calves. Journal of Animal Science 85, 2367–2374.
| Genetic effects on acute phase protein response to the stresses of weaning and transportation in beef calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFSjtrrN&md5=ba0e0062576230c0e253f3ed74f729a4CAS | 17565067PubMed |
Riondato F, D’Angelo A, Miniscalco B, Bellino C, Guglielmino R (2008) Effects of road transportation on lymphocyte subsets in calves. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 175, 364–368.
| Effects of road transportation on lymphocyte subsets in calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjtlOqu78%3D&md5=af17a5c1f25adba7b7f86e3152e77253CAS |
Risalde MA, Molina V, Sanchez-Cordon PJ, Pedrera M, Panadero R, Romero-Palomo F, Gomez-Villamandos JC (2011) Response of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in calves with subclinical bovine viral diarrhea challenged with bovine herpesvirus-1. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 144, 135–143.
| Response of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in calves with subclinical bovine viral diarrhea challenged with bovine herpesvirus-1.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlOnsb3N&md5=d2fbf6e7293d39e0206e133e4ff56fbaCAS | 21856021PubMed |
Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Faucitano L, Dadgar S, Shand P, Gonzalez LA, Crowe TG (2012) Road transport of cattle swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare carcass and meat quality: a review. Meat Science 92, 227–243.
| Road transport of cattle swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare carcass and meat quality: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38nksFyiug%3D%3D&md5=151706f40674a6113ef89cd2c5ca891cCAS | 22608833PubMed |
Silanikove N, Rauch-Cohen A, Shapiro F, Blum S, Arieli A, Leitner G (2011) Lipopolysaccharide challenge of the mammary gland in bovine induced a transient glandular shift to anaerobic metabolism. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 4468–4475.
| Lipopolysaccharide challenge of the mammary gland in bovine induced a transient glandular shift to anaerobic metabolism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtV2gsLbN&md5=11bdc3ac7e71e3a38b6ab0c14b83892aCAS | 21854919PubMed |
Simojoki H, Salomaki T, Taponen S, Iivanainen A, Pyorala S (2011) Innate immune response in experimentally induced bovine intramammary infection with Staphylococcus simulans and S epidermidis. Veterinary Research 42, 49
| Innate immune response in experimentally induced bovine intramammary infection with Staphylococcus simulans and S epidermidis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXkslWrsL4%3D&md5=8790e3ac431fbbc3c7ff3c07c661254fCAS | 21414189PubMed |
Slocombe RF, Malark J, Ingersoll R, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE (1985) Importance of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of acute pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 46, 2253–2258.
Stenfeldt C, Heegaard PM, Stockmarr A, Tjornehoj K, Belsham GJ (2011) Analysis of the acute phase responses of serum amyloid A, haptoglobin and Type 1 Interferon in cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. Veterinary Research 42, 66
| Analysis of the acute phase responses of serum amyloid A, haptoglobin and Type 1 Interferon in cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXms1SqtLk%3D&md5=38af03e2083d819177bb83bb755ef18cCAS | 21592356PubMed |
Stott GH, Wiersma F, Menefee BE, Radwanski FR (1976) Influence of environment on passive immunity in calves. Journal of Dairy Science 59, 1306–1311.
| Influence of environment on passive immunity in calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE283jsl2lsQ%3D%3D&md5=47fff65404c2c4cc848a98a2a9f63291CAS | 950400PubMed |
Theurer ME, Anderson DE, White BJ, Miesner MD, Mosier DA, Coetzee JF, Lakritz J, Amrine DE (2013) Effect of Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia on behavior and physiologic responses of calves during high ambient environmental temperatures. Journal of Animal Science 91, 3917–3929.
| Effect of Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia on behavior and physiologic responses of calves during high ambient environmental temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtlOjtr7M&md5=562e3fa618b6f645290edac82ac52679CAS | 23658357PubMed |
Timmerman HM, Mulder L, Everts H, van Espen DC, van der Wal E, Klaassen G, Rouwers SM, Hartemink R, Rombouts FM, Beynen AC (2005) Health and growth of veal calves fed milk replacers with or without probiotics. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 2154–2165.
| Health and growth of veal calves fed milk replacers with or without probiotics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksFyrurk%3D&md5=f454214dc78af39ca6c7a50346d3a232CAS | 15905445PubMed |
Van Engen NK, Stock ML, Engelken T, Vann RC, Wulf LW, Karriker LA, Busby WD, Lakritz J, Carpenter AJ, Bradford BJ, Hsu WH, Wang C, Coetzee JF (2014) Impact of oral meloxicam on circulating physiological biomarkers of stress and inflammation in beef steers after long-distance transportation. Journal of Animal Science 92, 498–510.
| Impact of oral meloxicam on circulating physiological biomarkers of stress and inflammation in beef steers after long-distance transportation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjs1Knu78%3D&md5=84ae061a123fe0c2b75b048f2f9c5e9aCAS | 24664558PubMed |
Yates DT, Green AS, Limesand SW (2011) Catecholamines mediate multiple fetal adaptations during placental insufficiency that contribute to intrauterine growth restriction: lessons from hyperthermic sheep. Journal of Pregnancy 2011, 740 408
| Catecholamines mediate multiple fetal adaptations during placental insufficiency that contribute to intrauterine growth restriction: lessons from hyperthermic sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3Mnps1Sluw%3D%3D&md5=8ea9c2b5e30247b7342f97267e06ff0aCAS |
