Animal welfare: towards transdisciplinarity – the European experience
Isabelle Veissier A B D and Mara Miele C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
B Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
C Cardiff School of Planning and Geography, Cardiff University, Glamorgan Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3WA, United Kingdom.
D Corresponding author. Email: isabelle.veissier@clermont.inra.fr
Animal Production Science 54(9) 1119-1129 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14330
Submitted: 13 March 2014 Accepted: 18 May 2014 Published: 10 July 2014
Abstract
The premises of animal welfare science can be found in the debate about the moral status of animals in philosophy, the introduction of the concept of stress in physiology, and the description of the behaviour of animals by ethologists. In the 1970s animal welfare became an object of study for applied research with the aim of improving the life of domesticated animals. It was first studied within disciplines, e.g. applied ethologists compared the behaviour of domesticated animals to that of their wild counterparts and identified behavioural needs. Then it became clear that stress is more a psychological concept than a physiological one. The links between stress and behavioural needs and preferences were also established. Similarly the links between animal welfare and health were investigated by looking at malaise behaviour and at stress-immunity relations. More recently, frameworks developed in human psychology were applied to animals to identify the emotions they can experience. This typically requires that researchers from one discipline engage with other disciplines for a cross fertilisation of concepts and frameworks. Animal welfare scientists now use many indicators, covering a wide range of possible disorders from abnormal behaviour, diseases, production failure, and poor emotional states. Animal scientists started to work with social scientists to relate their own perception of animal welfare and that of society at large. This interdisciplinary approach is illustrated by the Welfare Quality project where an overall assessment of animal welfare was built according to scientific evidence of what matters to animals as seen by animal scientists and of what society value as good care to these animals. We feel that animal welfare requires breaking frontiers between disciplines to create a holistic approach. We discuss whether we need to move from an interdisciplinary to a transdisciplinary approach, across and beyond disciplines, whereby not only scientists but also stakeholders and society at large can contribute to the definition of this particular research object: animal welfare.
Additional keywords: behaviour, multidisciplinrity, science–society dialogue, social concerns, stress.
References
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Hughes BO (1976) ‘Behaviour as an index of welfare, Proceedings of the 5th European Poultry Conference, Malta, 5–11 September 1976.’ (World Poultry Science Association: Malta)
Hughes BO, Black AJ (1973) The preference of domestic hens for different types of battery cage floor. British Poultry Science 14, 615–619.
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References
Aubert A (1999) Sickness and behaviour in animals: a motivational perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23, 1029–1036.| Sickness and behaviour in animals: a motivational perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fks1alsg%3D%3D&md5=b19e6901e58b3b3b6f0f6561d541aff2CAS | 10580315PubMed |
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Benard M, de Cock-Buning T (2014) Moving from monodisciplinarity towards transdisciplinarity: insights into the barriers and facilitators that scientists faced. Science & Public Policy 1–14.
Bennett RM (1996) People’s willingness to pay for farm animal welfare. Animal Welfare 5, 3–11.
Bentham J (1781 (Re-edited 2000) ‘Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.’ (Batoche Books: Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)
Blokhuis HJ, Jones RB, Geers R, Miele M, Veissier I (2003) Measuring and monitoring animal welfare: transparency in the food product quality chain. Animal Welfare 12, 445–455.
Boissy A, Le Neindre P (1997) Behavioral, cardiac and cortisol responses to brief peer separation and reunion in cattle. Physiology & Behavior 61, 693–699.
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Choi B, Pak A (2006) Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy: 1. Definitions, objectives, and evidence of effectiveness. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique et Experimentale 29, 351–364.
Cook AJC (2013) Implementing biosecurity on dairy farms: rewriting the ‘cultural script’. Veterinary Journal 197, 118–119.
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Cooper JJ, Appleby MC (2003) The value of environmental resources to domestic hens: a comparison of the work-rate for food and for nests as a function of time. Animal Welfare 12, 39–52.
Dantzer R, Mormède P (1979) ‘Le stress en elevage intensif.’ (Masson: Paris)
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| From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVGjsbfJ&md5=354d82a96cd765c8f1ca7d18e6e88042CAS | 18073775PubMed |
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| Battery hens name their price: consumer demand theory and the measurement of ethological ‘needs’.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
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| A user’s guide to animal welfare science.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
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de Passillé AM (2001) Sucking motivation and related problems in calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72, 175–187.
| Sucking motivation and related problems in calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11311412PubMed |
Desire L, Boissy A, Veissier I (2002) Emotions in farm animals: a new approach to animal welfare in applied ethology. Behavioural Processes 60, 165–180.
Désiré L, Veissier I, Després G, Boissy A (2004) On the way to assess emotions in animals: do lambs evaluate an event through its suddenness, novelty or unpredictability? Journal of Comparative Psychology 118, 363–374.
| On the way to assess emotions in animals: do lambs evaluate an event through its suddenness, novelty or unpredictability?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15584773PubMed |
Duncan IJH (1993) Welfare is to do with what animals feel. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics 6, 8–14.
Elias N (2000) ‘The civilizing process, sociogenetic and psychogenetic investigations.’ (Basil Blackwell: Oxford, UK)
Evans A, Miele M (2012) Between food and flesh, how animals are made to matter or not to matter in food consumption practices. Environment and Planning. D, Society & Space 30, 298–314.
| Between food and flesh, how animals are made to matter or not to matter in food consumption practices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Farm Animal Welfare Council (1992) FAWC updates the five freedoms. The Veterinary Record 17, 357
Flinterman JJ, Teclemariam-Mesbah R, Broerse JEW (2001) Transdisciplinarity: the new challenge for biomedical research. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 21, 253–266.
Fraser D (1993) ‘Assessing animal well-being: common sense, uncommon science, food animal well-being.’ (Purdue University Office of Agricultural Research Programs: West Lafayette, IN)
Fraser D (2008) Understanding animal welfare. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2008:S1 50, 1–7.
| Understanding animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greiveldinger L, Veissier I, Boissy A (2009) Behavioural and physiological responses of lambs to controllable vs. uncontrollable aversive events. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, 805–814.
| Behavioural and physiological responses of lambs to controllable vs. uncontrollable aversive events.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MzhtFaqtA%3D%3D&md5=41ee87ad84b2dc6042f05517e21a3d54CAS | 19084342PubMed |
Greiveldinger L, Veissier I, Boissy A (2011) The ability of lambs to form expectations and the emotional consequences of a discrepancy from their expectations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36, 806–815.
| The ability of lambs to form expectations and the emotional consequences of a discrepancy from their expectations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MrlsF2gtQ%3D%3D&md5=c09e4f9b4ee6fc381384362f45ec1590CAS | 21232873PubMed |
Hafez ESE (1969) ‘The behaviour of domestic animals.’ (Baillière Tindall and Cassell: London)
Herzog HA, Dorr LB (2000) Electronically available surveys of attitudes toward animals. Society & Animals 8, 183–190.
| Electronically available surveys of attitudes toward animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hughes BO (1976) ‘Behaviour as an index of welfare, Proceedings of the 5th European Poultry Conference, Malta, 5–11 September 1976.’ (World Poultry Science Association: Malta)
Hughes BO, Black AJ (1973) The preference of domestic hens for different types of battery cage floor. British Poultry Science 14, 615–619.
| The preference of domestic hens for different types of battery cage floor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hughes BO, Duncan IJH (1988) The notion of ethological ‘need’, models of motivation and animal welfare. Animal Behaviour 36, 1696–1707.
| The notion of ethological ‘need’, models of motivation and animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ingenbleek PTM, Immink VM (2011) Consumer decision-making for animal-friendly products: synthesis and implications. Animal Welfare 20, 11–19.
Korte SM, Olivier B, Koolhaas JM (2007) A new animal welfare concept based on allostasis. Physiology & Behavior 92, 422–428.
| A new animal welfare concept based on allostasis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtF2htr%2FN&md5=c674dc83348acc12ddda32211cf5c440CAS |
Lagadic H, Faure JM (1987) Preferences of domestic hens for cage size and floor types as measured by operant conditioning. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 19, 147–155.
| Preferences of domestic hens for cage size and floor types as measured by operant conditioning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leventhal H, Scherer K (1987) The relationship of emotion to cognition: a functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion 1, 3–28.
| The relationship of emotion to cognition: a functional approach to a semantic controversy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lidfors LM (1993) Cross-sucking in group-housed dairy calves before and after weaning off milk. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 38, 15–24.
| Cross-sucking in group-housed dairy calves before and after weaning off milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lorenz K (1950) The comparative method of studying innate behavioural patterns. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 4, 221–268.
Mason JW (1971) A re-evaluation of the concept of ‘non-specificity’ in stress theory. Journal of Psychiatric Research 8, 323–333.
| A re-evaluation of the concept of ‘non-specificity’ in stress theory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE38%2Fms1ymsA%3D%3D&md5=2058a76606f1f8d5c0190ef6342d0636CAS | 4331538PubMed |
Mason GJ, Cooper J, Clarebrough C (2001) Frustrations of fur-farmed mink. Nature 410, 35–36.
| Frustrations of fur-farmed mink.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhvVSgs7o%3D&md5=ee4a9bb4a0655a5025edb6ac9931a005CAS | 11242031PubMed |
Miele M, Evans A (2010) When foods become animals, ruminations on ethics and responsibility in care-full spaces of consumption. Ethics Place and Environment 13, 171–190.
| When foods become animals, ruminations on ethics and responsibility in care-full spaces of consumption.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miele M, Lever J (2013) Civilizing the market for welfare friendly products? The techno-ethics of the welfare quality assessment. Geoforum 48, 63–72.
| Civilizing the market for welfare friendly products? The techno-ethics of the welfare quality assessment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miele M, Lever J (2014) Improving animal welfare in Europe: cases of comparative bio-sustainabilities. In ‘Sustainable food systems: building a new paradigm’. (Eds T Marsden, A Morely) pp. 143–165. (Earthscan: London)
Miele M, Veissier I, Evans A, Botreau R (2011) Animal welfare: establishing a dialogue between science and society. Animal Welfare 20, 103–117.
Mormède P, Andanson S, Auperin B, Beerda B, Guemene D, Malmkvist J, Manteca X, Manteuffel G, Prunet P, van Reenen CG, Richard S, Veissier I (2007) Exploration of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare. Physiology & Behavior 92, 317–339.
| Exploration of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nicol CJ, Caplen G, Edgar J, Browne WJ (2009) Associations between welfare indicators and environmental choice in laying hens. Animal Behaviour 78, 413–424.
| Associations between welfare indicators and environmental choice in laying hens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nussbaum MC (2006) The moral status of animals. The Chronicle of Higher Education 52, B6–B8.
Rousseau J-J (Ed. J-M Tremblay) (1754) ‘Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes. Discours sur les sciences et les arts.’ (Bibliothèque Paul-Émile-Boulet de l’Université du Québec: Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada)
Scheff T (2013) Getting unstuck: interdisciplinarity as a new discipline. Sociological Forum 28, 179–185.
| Getting unstuck: interdisciplinarity as a new discipline.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scherer KR (2001) Appraisal considered as a process of multi-level sequential checking. In ‘Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research’. (Eds KR Scherer, A Schorr, T Johnstone) pp. 92–120. (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK)
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