Implications and development of a net energy system for broilers
Robert A. Swick A D , Shu-Biao Wu A , Jianjun Zuo A B , Nicholas Rodgers A , M. Reza Barekatain A and Mingan Choct C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
B College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
C Poultry Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: rswick@une.edu.au
Animal Production Science 53(11) 1231-1237 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13204
Submitted: 25 July 2013 Accepted: 23 August 2013 Published: 23 September 2013
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the predictability of energy balance and energy efficiency by using dietary chemical composition. Closed-circuit indirect calorimetry was used to determine the apparent metabolisable energy (AME), respiratory quotient, heat increment (HI), net energy (NE) and ratio of NE to AME (NE : AME) of a series of diets with varying levels of chemical constituents. Diets were analysed for DM, gross energy, protein, fat, ash, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, starch, sugars (mono- and disaccharides), and soluble, insoluble and total non-starch polysaccharides. Ross 308 male broilers were acclimatised to chambers and diets for 3 days and 12 days, respectively, before O2 consumption and CO2 expiration were measured gravimetrically. Gross energy of feed consumed and excreta voided were measured and AME was calculated. Heat production was calculated using the Brouwer equation based on O2 and CO2. After taking fasting heat production into account by using a value of 450 kJ/BW0.70, HI was determined. NE was calculated as AME minus HI. The results showed high predictability of AME (R2 = 0.89) and NE (R2 = 0.85) by using chemical components. HI was less predictable (R2 = 0.25). Efficiency of energy utilisation (NE : AME) was predicted (R2 = 0.40). Closed-circuit calorimetry was found to be useful for evaluating the contribution of the chemical components of feed ingredients to the efficiency of energy utilisation in broilers. These results may be used to reduce energy costs in broiler feed formulation.
Additional keywords: feed formulation, heat increment, metabolisable energy.
References
Annison E, White R (1961) Glucose utilization in sheep. Biochemical Journal 80, 162AOAC (2005) ‘Official methods of analysis of the AOAC International.’ 18th edn.(AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD)
Bourdillon A, Carré B, Conan L, Francesch M, Fuentes M, Huyghebaert G, Janssen WM, Leclercq B, Lessire M, McNab J (1990) European reference method of in vivo determination of metabolisable energy in poultry: reproducibility, effect of age, comparison with predicted values. British Poultry Science 31, 567–576.
| European reference method of in vivo determination of metabolisable energy in poultry: reproducibility, effect of age, comparison with predicted values.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FlvFamuw%3D%3D&md5=329c1f889339c50a78f360a673cf944cCAS | 2245351PubMed |
Brouwer E (1965) Report of subcommittee on constants and factors. In ‘Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on energy metabolism’. European Federation of Animal Science Publication 11. (Ed. KL Blaxter) pp. 441–443. (Academic Press: London)
Carré B, Lessire M, Juin H (2002) Development of the net energy system for broilers. In. ‘Proceedings of the 38th eastern nutrition conference’. pp. 140–149 (ANAC: Guelph, Canada)
De Groote G (1974) A comparison of a new net energy system with the metabolisable energy system in broiler diet formulation, performance and profitability 1. British Poultry Science 15, 75–95.
| A comparison of a new net energy system with the metabolisable energy system in broiler diet formulation, performance and profitability 1.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXktFahsL8%3D&md5=0a0909bffb362aafd3400f458ca11a55CAS |
Emmans GC (1994) Effective energy: a concept of energy utilization applied across species. The British Journal of Nutrition 71, 801–821.
| Effective energy: a concept of energy utilization applied across species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2czgsVyjtg%3D%3D&md5=8f6ca73ca89e581bc14c665880e9de21CAS | 8031731PubMed |
Englyst HN, Hudson GJ (1987) Colorimetric method for routine measurement of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides. A comparison with gas–liquid chromatography. Food Chemistry 24, 63–76.
| Colorimetric method for routine measurement of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides. A comparison with gas–liquid chromatography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXksFOmtrw%3D&md5=75fc14b0514707bb6a6242b7fa85153bCAS |
Farrell D (1972) An indirect closed circuit respiration chamber suitable for fowl. Poultry Science 51, 683–688.
| An indirect closed circuit respiration chamber suitable for fowl.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE3s%2Fms1ektQ%3D%3D&md5=b8d7d8c3f323d395b8cbc7a73f4c3921CAS | 4674585PubMed |
Hoffmann L, Schiemann R (1980) Von der Kalorie zum Joule: neue Grosenbeziehungen bei Messungen des Energiemsatzes und bei der Berechnung von Kennzahlen der energetischen Futterbewertung. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 30, 733–742.
| Von der Kalorie zum Joule: neue Grosenbeziehungen bei Messungen des Energiemsatzes und bei der Berechnung von Kennzahlen der energetischen Futterbewertung.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoffmann L, Schiemann R, Klein M (1991) Energy metabolism of growing broilers in relation to the environmental temperature. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 41, 167–181.
Koh K, Macleod MG (1999) Circadian variation in heat production and respiratory quotient in growing broilers maintained at different food intakes and ambient temperatures. British Poultry Science 40, 353–356.
| Circadian variation in heat production and respiratory quotient in growing broilers maintained at different food intakes and ambient temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mvgt1KitQ%3D%3D&md5=aea825a8e96869f788be1ce8a52603ffCAS | 10475632PubMed |
Linares L, Carroll S, Kemp C, Fisher C (2011) Effects of low calcium and available phosphorus diets on performance, skeletal characteristics and welfare parameters of broilers. In ‘Proceedings of the 18th European symposium on poultry nutrition’. pp. 193–195. (European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition: Cesme, Izmir, Turkey)
Lopez G, Leeson S (2008) Assessment of the nitrogen correction factor in evaluating metabolizable energy of corn and soybean meal in diets for broilers. Poultry Science 87, 298–306.
| Assessment of the nitrogen correction factor in evaluating metabolizable energy of corn and soybean meal in diets for broilers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitFWls7o%3D&md5=1bb918d685b7c321615e1bff0258d365CAS | 18212373PubMed |
MacLeod MG, Jewitt TJ, Anderson JEM (1989) Responses of energy expenditure and retention to wide-ranging dietary concentrations and voluntary intakes of energy and protein in growing domestic fowl. In ‘Energy metabolism of farm animals: Proceedings of the 11th symposium, Lunteren, Netherlands’. European Federation of Animal Science Publication 43. (Eds Y van der Honing, WH Close) pp. 295–299. (Pudoc: Wageningen, The Netherlands)
McLean JA (1972) On the calculation of heat production from open-circuit calorimetric measurements. The British Journal of Nutrition 27, 597–600.
| On the calculation of heat production from open-circuit calorimetric measurements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE383gtFSluw%3D%3D&md5=ec732519be5669da50761c8d90a1aa6fCAS | 5031186PubMed |
Noblet J, Dubois S, van Milgen J, Warpechowski MB, Carré B (2007) Heat production in broilers is not affected by dietary crude protein. In ‘Proceeding of the 2nd international symposium on energy and protein metabolism and nutrition, Vichy, France. European Federation of Animal Science Publication 124. (Eds I Ortigues-Marty, N Miraux, W Brand-Williams) pp. 479–480. (Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands)
Noblet J, Dubois S, Labussiere E, Carré B, van Milgen J (2010a) Metabolic utilization of energy in monogastric animals and its implementation in net energy systems. In ‘Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on energy and protein metabolism and nutrition, Parma Italy’. European Federation of Animal Science. (Ed. GM Crovetto) pp. 573–582. (Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands)
Noblet J, van Milgen J, Dubois S (2010b) Utilisation of metabolisable energy of feeds in pigs and poultry: interest of net energy systems? In ‘Proceedings of the 21st annual Australian poultry science symposium’. (Ed. P Selle) pp. 26–35. (Poultry Research Foundation: Sydney)
Pirgozliev V, Rose SP (1999) Net energy systems for poultry feeds: a quantitative review. World’s Poultry Science Journal 55, 23–36.
| Net energy systems for poultry feeds: a quantitative review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ravindran V, Hew LI, Ravindran G, Bryden WL (2005) Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens. Animal Science 81, 85–97.
| Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVWqt7vK&md5=9cccc76b6be5ad2e31c725714893a4d0CAS |
Sarmiento-Franco L, MacLeod MG, McNab JM (2000) True metabolisable energy, heat increment and net energy values of two high fibre foodstuffs in cockerels. British Poultry Science 41, 625–629.
| True metabolisable energy, heat increment and net energy values of two high fibre foodstuffs in cockerels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7pt1ShtA%3D%3D&md5=77e4ee51eec8cc82312fde52b43589b9CAS | 11201444PubMed |
SAS (2010) ‘SAS users guide.’ (SAS Institute: Cary, NC)
Shannon DWF, Brown WO (1969) Calorimetric studies on the effect of dietary energy source and environmental temperature on the metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by mature Light Sussex cockerels. The Journal of Agricultural Science 72, 479–489.
| Calorimetric studies on the effect of dietary energy source and environmental temperature on the metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by mature Light Sussex cockerels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Theander O, Westerlund E (1993) Determination of individual components of dietary fiber. In ‘Dietary fiber in human nutrition’. (Ed. GA Spiller) pp. 57–75. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
van der Klis JD, Kwakernaak C, Jansman A, Blok M (2010) Energy in poultry diets: adjusted AME or net energy? In ‘Proceedings of the 21st annual Australian poultry science symposium’. (Ed. P Selle) pp. 44–49. (Poultry Research Foundation: Sydney)
van Milgen J, Noblet J, Dubois S, Carr B, Juin H (2001) Utilization of metabolizable energy in broilers. Poultry Science 80, 170
Zhou WT, Yamamoto S (1997) Effects of environmental temperature and heat production due to food intake on abdominal temperature, shank skin temperature and respiration rate of broilers. British Poultry Science 38, 107–114.
| Effects of environmental temperature and heat production due to food intake on abdominal temperature, shank skin temperature and respiration rate of broilers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3ktlOrsw%3D%3D&md5=5685b2ca0a78655198e3337148323cf6CAS | 9088622PubMed |
