Energy requirements for maintenance and growth of entire male Bali cattle in East Timor
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
B Present address: Department of Animal Science, National University of East Timor, Dili, East Timor.
C Curtin University (Muresk Institute), Northam, WA 6401, Australia.
D Present address: Desiree Futures, York, WA 6302, Australia.
E Dryden Animal Science, Summerholm, Qld 4341, Australia.
F Corresponding author. Email: gm.dryden@gmail.com
Animal Production Science 54(7) 908-914 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13092
Submitted: 11 March 2013 Accepted: 26 August 2013 Published: 16 December 2013
Abstract
The metabolisable energy (ME) requirements for maintenance and growth of entire male Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) were determined by regressing liveweight change on ME intake. Cattle were fed either a diet (DM basis) of 52.5% urea-treated rice straw plus 47.5% fresh leucaena forage (Expt 1), or fresh leucaena forage alone (Expt 2). In each experiment, liveweight change and feed intake were measured over 4 weeks, after a 1-week introductory period, and feed constituent digestibilities were measured during the final week. In Expt 1, 10 bulls between 1.5 and 3 years of age and weighing 123.7 ± 11.79 kg (mean ± s.d.) were allocated to DM intakes estimated to provide 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, or 2.0 times the estimated ME requirement for maintenance (based on calculations made from published CSIRO equations for tropical cattle species other than B. javanicus), with either one or two bulls per treatment. In Expt 2, the bulls were given treatments estimated to provide 0.85, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, or 2.2 times the ME requirement for maintenance, with two bulls allocated to each treatment. The measured ME requirements for maintenance were 0.42 ± 0.369 and 0.40 ± 0.153 MJ/kg LW0.75.day (coefficient ± standard error, Expts 1 and 2, respectively). The ME requirement for ‘production’ (i.e. positive liveweight change of male Bali cattle under the specific conditions of the experiment) was calculated to be 39.2 MJ/kg liveweight gain in Expt 2. The calculated efficiency of use of dietary ME for production in Expt 2, was 0.34
Additional keywords: Bali cattle, energy requirements, maintenance, productivity.
References
Agricultural Research Council (1980) ‘The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock.’ (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux: Farnham Royal, UK)Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO (2011) East Timor (Timor Leste). In ‘Climate change in the Pacific: Scientific assessment and new research. Vol. 2: Country reports’. Ch. 3. (Australian Bureau of Meteorology/CSIRO: Canberra, ACT) Available at: http://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/East-Timor.pdf [Verified 20 November 2013]
Bainton SJ, Plumb VE, Juliano BO, Perez CM, Roxas DB, Khush GS, de Jesus JC, Gomez KA (1991) Variation in the nutritional value of rice straw. Animal Feed Science and Technology 34, 261–277.
| Variation in the nutritional value of rice straw.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bamualim A (1991) Penampilan produksi ternak sapi dan kerbau sebagai sumber daging di Indonesia. In ‘Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sapi, Bali, 2–3 September 1991’. (Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Hasanuddin: Ujung Pandang, Indonesia)
Bamualim AB, Wirdahayati RB (2003) Nutrition and management strategies to improve Bali cattle productivity in Nusa Tenggara. In ‘Strategies to improve Bali cattle in eastern Indonesia, ACIAR Proceedings No. 110’. (Eds K Entwistle and DR Lindsay) pp. 17–22. (ACIAR: Canberra, ACT)
Chuzaeni S, Soejono M (1987) Pengaruh urea amoniasi terhadap komposisi kimia dan nilai gizi jerami padi untuk ternak sapi peranakan Onggole. In ‘Prosiding Limbah Pertanian sebagai pakan dan Manfaat lainnya’. . (Eds M Soejono, A Musofie, R Utomo, NK Wardhani, JB Schiere) (Grati: Jawa Barat, Indonesia)
CSIRO (2007) ‘Nutrient requirements of domesticated ruminants.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)
Dalzell SA, Burnett DJ, Dowsett JE, Forbes VE, Shelton HM (2012) Prevalence of mimosine and DHP toxicity in cattle grazing Leucaena leucocephala pastures in Queensland, Australia. Animal Production Science 52, 365–372.
| Prevalence of mimosine and DHP toxicity in cattle grazing Leucaena leucocephala pastures in Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Djajanegara A, Rangkuti M (2009) ‘The utilization of agricultural by-products and wastes in Indonesia.’ (Ministry of Agriculture: Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia)
Dryden GMcL (1982) Loss of ammonia-N from ammoniated barley straw. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 7, 166
Fattah S (1998) Produktivitas sapi Bali yang dipelihara di padang penggembalaan alam (kasus Oesu’u, NTT). PhD thesis, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.
Ferrell CL, Koong LJ, Nienaber JA (1986) Effect of previous nutrition on body-composition and maintenance energy costs of growing lambs. The British Journal of Nutrition 56, 595–605.
| Effect of previous nutrition on body-composition and maintenance energy costs of growing lambs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FltVOksg%3D%3D&md5=9489e9fd8973976ad0eee1747b258b23CAS | 3676234PubMed |
Garrett WN (1980) Energy utilization by growing cattle as determined in 72 comparative slaughter experiments. In ‘Energy metabolism: Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Energy Metabolism’. (Ed. LE Mount) pp. 3–7. (Butterworth Publishers Inc.: Cambridge, UK)
Gupta HK, Atreja (1998) Influence of gradual adaptation of cattle to Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal on biodegradation of mimosine and 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone (3,4 DHP) in rumen, their levels in blood, fate and influence of absorbed DHP on thyroid hormones and liver enzymes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 74, 29–43.
| Influence of gradual adaptation of cattle to Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal on biodegradation of mimosine and 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone (3,4 DHP) in rumen, their levels in blood, fate and influence of absorbed DHP on thyroid hormones and liver enzymes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjs1akt74%3D&md5=6c9c8f1e5cceca4fbfe2a0daa5210c35CAS |
Hasan S, Masuda Y, Shimojo M, Natsir A (2005) Performance of male Bali cattle raised in the marginal land with three strata forage system in different seasons. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University 50, 125–128.
Ibrahim MNM, Wijeratne AMU, Costa MJI (1985) Effect of different sources of urease on the treatment time and digestibility of urea-ammonia treated rice straw. Agricultural Wastes 13, 197–205.
| Effect of different sources of urease on the treatment time and digestibility of urea-ammonia treated rice straw.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones R (1994) The role of leucaena in improving the productivity of grazing cattle. In ‘Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture’. (Eds RC Gutteridge, HM Shelton) pp. 232–244. (CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK)
Jones RJ, Lowry JB (1984) Australian goats detoxify the goitrogen 3-hydroxy-4(1H) pyridine (DHP) after rumen infusion from an Indonesian goat. Experientia 40, 1435–1436.
| Australian goats detoxify the goitrogen 3-hydroxy-4(1H) pyridine (DHP) after rumen infusion from an Indonesian goat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXlslektw%3D%3D&md5=1d6db7483ec43a06c1cef0d55f4c45daCAS | 6210212PubMed |
Jones RJ, Galgal KK, Castillo AC, Palmer B, Deocareza A, Bolam M (1998) Animal production from five species of Leucaena. In ‘Leucaena – adaptation, quality and farming systems, ACIAR Proceedings No. 86’. (Eds HM Shelton, RC Gutteridge, BF Mullen and RA Bray) pp. 247–252. (ACIAR: Canberra, ACT)
Kim B (2008) Thyroid hormone as a determinant of energy expenditure and the basal metabolic rate. Thyroid 18, 141–144.
| Thyroid hormone as a determinant of energy expenditure and the basal metabolic rate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitVKnt7g%3D&md5=50ffeeed4fb3fbf6bb117f23b27e9985CAS | 18279014PubMed |
Labussiere E, van Milgen J, de Lange CFM, Noblet J (2011) Maintenance energy requirements of growing pigs and calves are influenced by feeding level. The Journal of Nutrition 141, 1855–1861.
| Maintenance energy requirements of growing pigs and calves are influenced by feeding level.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1Gnsr3L&md5=58c894269d214103df900e1c5570b46cCAS | 21865565PubMed |
Mastika IM (2003) Feeding strategies to improve the production performance and meat quality of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus). In ‘Strategies to improve Bali cattle in eastern Indonesia, ACIAR Proceedings No. 110’. (Eds K Entwistle and DR Lindsay) pp. 10–13. (ACIAR: Canberra, ACT)
Moran JB (1983) The value of the rib joint in predicting carcass chemical-composition in various breeds of cattle and buffalo. The Journal of Agricultural Science 100, 701–707.
| The value of the rib joint in predicting carcass chemical-composition in various breeds of cattle and buffalo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
National Research Council (2000) ‘Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Update 2000.’ 7th revised edn. (National Academies Press: Washington, DC)
Nitis IM, Lana K, Sukanten W, Putra S, Pemayun TGO (1995) Growth and reproductive performances of Bali heifer in the three strata forage system. FAO. Available at http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/VIET95/V95_1.PDF [Verified 20 November 2013]
Phaikaew C, Suksaran W, Ted-Arsen J, Nakamanee G, Saichuer A, Seejundee S, Kotprom N, Shelton HM (2012) Incidence of subclinical toxicity in goats and dairy cows consuming leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) in Thailand. Animal Production Science 52, 283–286.
| Incidence of subclinical toxicity in goats and dairy cows consuming leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) in Thailand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XktFWgs7c%3D&md5=13440a20e5d402d7e87d172b383f6e52CAS |
Soares FS, Dryden GMcL (2011) A body condition scoring system for Bali cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24, 1587–1594.
| A body condition scoring system for Bali cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sukarini IAM, Sastradipradja D, Sutardi T, Mahardika IG, Budiarta IGA (2000) Nutrient utilization, body composition and lactation performance of first lactation Bali cows (Bos sondaicus) on grass-legume based diets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13, 1681–1690.
Talib C, Entwistle K, Siregar A, Budiarti-Turner S, Lindsay D (2003) Survey of population and production dynamics of Bali cattle and existing breeding programs in Indonesia. In ‘Strategies to improve Bali cattle in eastern Indonesia, ACIAR Proceedings No. 110’. (Eds K. Entwistle, DR Lindsay) pp. 3–9. (ACIAR: Canberra, ACT)
Vadiveloo J, Phang OC (1996) Differences in the nutritive value of two rice straw varieties as influenced by season and location. Animal Feed Science and Technology 61, 247–258.
| Differences in the nutritive value of two rice straw varieties as influenced by season and location.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
