The kinetics of starch and nitrogen digestion regulate growth performance and nutrient utilisation of broilers fed coarsely ground, sorghum-based diets
S. Y. Liu A , P. H. Selle A B and A. J. Cowieson A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Poultry Research Foundation within the University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
B Corresponding author. Email: peter.selle@sydney.edu.au
Animal Production Science 53(10) 1033-1040 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12364
Submitted: 17 October 2012 Accepted: 23 January 2013 Published: 9 April 2013
Abstract
A study was conducted to examine the effect of starch and nitrogen digestion kinetics on broiler performance using sorghum-based diets as a model. Three sorghum varieties with red, white and yellow pericarps and three feed forms, mash, intact pellets and reground pellets, constituted a 3 × 3 factorial array of dietary treatments. Starch and nitrogen digestion kinetics were determined using an exponential mathematical model to relate digestion coefficients in the proximal jejunum, proximal ileum and distal ileum with mean retention times in each segment. There were interactions between sorghum variety and feed form for starch and nitrogen digestion kinetics. Steam-pelleting at a conditioning temperature of 90°C (unprocessed mash versus reground pellets) substantially influenced starch digestion rate in red and yellow sorghum-based diets, but not in white sorghum-based diets. Alternatively, with nitrogen digestion rate, there were no significant differences in yellow sorghum-based diets between feed forms but there were in red and white sorghum-based diets. The digestion rate of starch was more rapid than nitrogen, especially in the proximal jejunum. Starch digestion rates were significantly correlated with nitrogen retention but this was not the case with nitrogen digestion rates. The rate of glucose absorption from predicted glycaemic indices was highly correlated with enhanced feed efficiency. Thus this study demonstrates that even under ad libitum feeding regimes, kinetics of starch and protein digestion regulated feed efficiency and nitrogen retention in broiler chickens. The dynamics of starch and protein digestion were more accurate indicators of feed efficiency and nitrogen retention than apparent ileal starch and nitrogen digestibility.
Additional keywords: apparent metabolisable energy, digestion rates, feed efficiency, nitrogen retention, protein, retention times, synchronous absorption.
References
Awika JM, Dykes L, Gu LW, Rooney LW, Prior RL (2003) Processing of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sorghum products alters procyanidin oligomer and polymer distribution and content. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, 5516–5521.| Processing of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sorghum products alters procyanidin oligomer and polymer distribution and content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlslegtL0%3D&md5=41cdce9a48198830dd0126de749dbb46CAS | 12926907PubMed |
Barthel A, Scherbaum WA, Bornstein SR (2003) Novel aspects in the mechanisms of steroid diabetes and the regulation of hepatic glucose production by insulin and steroids. Medizinische Klinik 98, 283–286.
| Novel aspects in the mechanisms of steroid diabetes and the regulation of hepatic glucose production by insulin and steroids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkvVSrtbo%3D&md5=df39e30dc53ec382d863daf1ff1dc072CAS | 12721674PubMed |
Beta T, Corke H (2001) Genetic and environmental variation in sorghum starch properties. Journal of Cereal Science 34, 261–268.
| Genetic and environmental variation in sorghum starch properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXpt12rsbs%3D&md5=337c2eecd4b50903bba1b9b97c1c23aaCAS |
Beta T, Corke H (2004) Effect of ferulic acid and catechin on sorghum and maize starch pasting properties. Cereal Chemistry 81, 418–422.
| Effect of ferulic acid and catechin on sorghum and maize starch pasting properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjvFelt7o%3D&md5=5a496428e4b50fed5e73fbddb92ff685CAS |
Beta T, Corke H, Rooney LW, Taylor JRN (2001) Starch properties as affected by sorghum grain chemistry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81, 245–251.
| Starch properties as affected by sorghum grain chemistry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXns1eitA%3D%3D&md5=4fe67cdd1ac750ad6320c787efe7e03dCAS |
Bird FH (1971) Distribution of trypsin and alpha-amylase activities in duodenum of domestic fowl. British Poultry Science 12, 373–378.
| Distribution of trypsin and alpha-amylase activities in duodenum of domestic fowl.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE38XhvFOk&md5=28dea74379ec53c1e8060398036cf9b7CAS | 5142749PubMed |
Black JL, Hughes RJ, Nielsen SG, Tredrea AM, MacAlpine R, Van Barneveld RJ (2005) The energy value of cereal grains, particularly wheat and sorghum, for poultry. In ‘Proceedings of Australian Poultry Science Symposium. Vol. 17’. (Ed. PH Selle) pp. 21–29. (University of Sydney: Sydney)
Bravo L (1998) Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutrition Reviews 56, 317–333.
| Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2Fls1WktQ%3D%3D&md5=8407033c3203db54d1ebb223bf49083fCAS | 9838798PubMed |
Bryden WL, Selle PH, Cadogan DJ, Liu X, Muller ND, Jordan DR, Gidley MJ, Hamilton WD (2009) A review of the nutritive value of sorghum for broilers. RIRDC Publication No. 09/007, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Barton, ACT.
Cabrera MR (1992) Effects of sorghum genotype and particle size on milling characteristics and performance of finishing pigs, broiler chicks, and laying hens. MSc Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
Cant JP, McBride BW, Croom WJ (1996) The regulation of intestinal metabolism and its impact on whole animal energetics. Journal of Animal Science 74, 2541–2553.
Dlamini NR, Taylor JRN, Rooney LW (2007) The effect of sorghum type and processing on the antioxidant properties of African sorghum-based foods. Food Chemistry 105, 1412–1419.
| The effect of sorghum type and processing on the antioxidant properties of African sorghum-based foods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXot1Cqurg%3D&md5=2e41158b1f9209890d56ef1c28e336a2CAS |
Dykes L, Rooney LW (2007) Phenolic compounds in cereal grains and their health benefits. Cereal Foods World 52, 105–111.
Fujita H (1974) Quantitative studies on the variations in feeding activity of chickens. 3. Effect of pelleting the feed on the eating patterns and the rate of feed passage through the digestive tract in chicks. Japanese Poultry Science 11, 210–216.
| Quantitative studies on the variations in feeding activity of chickens. 3. Effect of pelleting the feed on the eating patterns and the rate of feed passage through the digestive tract in chicks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fuller MF, Reeds PJ (1998) Nitrogen cycling in the gut. Annual Review of Nutrition 18, 385–411.
| Nitrogen cycling in the gut.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkvVWgt7c%3D&md5=a8f04691a0406731e315235482b9bf6aCAS | 9706230PubMed |
Goñi I, Garcia-Alonso A, Saura-Calixto F (1997) A starch hydrolysis procedure to estimate glycemic index. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) 17, 427–437.
| A starch hydrolysis procedure to estimate glycemic index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grizard J, Dardevet D, Balage M, Larbaud D, Sinaud S, Savary I, Grzelkowska K, Rochon C, Tauveron I, Obled C (1999a) Insulin action on skeletal muscle protein metabolism during catabolic states. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 39, 61–74.
| Insulin action on skeletal muscle protein metabolism during catabolic states.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtVGnurg%3D&md5=b04eec333d60443bd2e22c4489afb81fCAS | 10222500PubMed |
Grizard J, Picard B, Dardevet D, Balage M, Rochon C (1999b) Regulation of muscle growth and development. In ‘Protein metabolism and nutrition’. (Ed. GE Lobley) pp. 177–201. (Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen)
Henquin JC (2000) Triggering and amplifying pathways of regulation of insulin secretion by glucose. Diabetes 49, 1751–1760.
| Triggering and amplifying pathways of regulation of insulin secretion by glucose.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvVOmtr8%3D&md5=37f2a8f6315e1687e38e15fcda15bc68CAS | 11078440PubMed |
Jensen LS, McGinnis J, Reddy CV, Merrill LH (1962) Observations on eating patterns and rate of food passage of birds fed pelleted and unpelleted diets. Poultry Science 41, 1414
| Observations on eating patterns and rate of food passage of birds fed pelleted and unpelleted diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kock JLF, Groenewald EG, Kruger GHJ, Eloff JN, Lategan PM (1985) Extraction of polyphenols and hydrolysis of birdproof sorghum starch. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 36, 1140–1144.
| Extraction of polyphenols and hydrolysis of birdproof sorghum starch.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xoslemtg%3D%3D&md5=ef48ed55daa3ca732c05c2e3012cc902CAS |
Ørskov ER, McDonald I (1979) The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. The Journal of Agricultural Science 92, 499–503.
| The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reeds PJ, Burrin DG, Stoll B, van Goudoever JB (1999) Consequences and regulation of gut metabolism. In ‘Protein metabolism and nutrition’. (Ed. GE Lobley) pp. 127–153. (Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen)
Riesenfeld G, Sklan D, Bar A, Eisner U, Hurwitz S (1980) Glucose-absorption and starch digestion in the intestine of the chicken. The Journal of Nutrition 110, 117–121.
Selle PH, Gill RJ, Scott TA (2007) Effects of pre-pelleted wheat and phytase supplementation on broiler growth performance and nutrient utilisation. In ‘Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium’. (Ed. RAE Pym) pp. 182–185. (University of Sydney: Sydney)
Selle PH, Liu SY, Cai J, Cowieson AJ (2012) Steam-pelleting and feed form of broiler diets based on coarsely-ground sorghum influences growth performance, nutrient utilisation and digestibility of starch and crude protein. Animal Production Science
| Steam-pelleting and feed form of broiler diets based on coarsely-ground sorghum influences growth performance, nutrient utilisation and digestibility of starch and crude protein.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sultan A, Gan CY, Li X, Zhang D, Bryden WL (2011) Dietary enzyme combinations improve sorghum ileal protein and starch digestibility during the broiler starter phase. In ‘Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium’. (Ed. J Roberts) p. 82. (University of Sydney: Sydney)
Svihus B, Zimonja O (2011) Chemical alterations with nutritional consequences due to pelleting animal feeds: a review. Animal Production Science 51, 590–596.
| Chemical alterations with nutritional consequences due to pelleting animal feeds: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnvF2hsb8%3D&md5=ef3a1cdb2af7fb985bd29f572b61709bCAS |
Symes KJ (1965) Inheritance of grain hardness in wheat as measured by particle size index. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16, 113–123.
| Inheritance of grain hardness in wheat as measured by particle size index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor JRN (2005) Non-starch polysaccharides, protein and starch: form function and feed – highlight on sorghum. In ‘Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium’. (Ed. PH Selle) pp. 9–16. (University of Sydney: Sydney)
Thompson LU (1988) Anitinutrients and blood-glucose. Food Technology 42, 123–132.
Thompson LU, Yoon JH (1984) Starch digestibility as affected by polyphenols and phytic acid. Journal of Food Science 49, 1228–1229.
| Starch digestibility as affected by polyphenols and phytic acid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXlvFSjsbo%3D&md5=18c935491b9bc79ea3d15aceabbac471CAS |
Tomasik P, Schilling CH (1998) Complexes of starch with inorganic guests. Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry 53, 263–343.
| Complexes of starch with inorganic guests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkvFCh&md5=75284b0dc73c785a1baf7bc19690f399CAS |
Weurding RE, Enting H, Verstegen MWA (2003) The relation between starch digestion rate and amino acid level for broiler chickens. Poultry Science 82, 279–284.
Yaman MA, Kita K, Okumura J (2000) Different responses of protein synthesis to refeeding in various muscles of fasted chicks. British Poultry Science 41, 224–228.
| Different responses of protein synthesis to refeeding in various muscles of fasted chicks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXksVCmtbo%3D&md5=e08ffd42a80ee59ff5d86372f97fd028CAS | 10890221PubMed |
Yoon JH, Thompson LU, Jenkins DJA (1983) The effect of phytic acid on in vitro rate of starch digestibility and blood-glucose response. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38, 835–842.
