Ensiling corn silage with different levels of a multi-species lactic acid bacteria inoculant
H. Mohammadzadeh A C , M. Khorvash B and G. R. Ghorbani B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51666-14766, Tabriz, Iran.
B Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
C Corresponding author. Email: hamidmhz@tabrizu.ac.ir
Animal Production Science 54(2) 165-171 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12092
Submitted: 14 March 2012 Accepted: 4 March 2013 Published: 19 April 2013
Abstract
A multi-species lactic acid bacterial inoculant (Lactisil maize, LM) was applied to whole-crop corn at different maturities in laboratory silos, to evaluate its effects on biochemical characteristics and aerobic stability. The corn crop was harvested at hard dough (HD, 253.1 g/DM kg), one-third milkline (ML, 293.7 g/DM kg) and one-third milkline with a killing frost (MLF, 297.6 g/DM kg). Crops were chopped to a 2.5-cm theoretical cut length, subsampled and treated with two levels of inoculant (LB1 = 1.5 × 105 cfu/g forage, LB2 = 3 × 105 cfu/g forage) or untreated (WO). The chemical composition of MLF crops was very similar to that of ML crops. However, lower (P < 0.01) numbers of lactic acid bacteria and higher numbers of yeast were enumerated in MLF than in ML crops. Higher percentages of DM and neutral detergent fibre and higher pH, but lower (P < 0.01) concentrations of water soluble carbohydrate and crude protein were measured in ML and MLF crops than in HD crops. Application of the inoculant increased (P < 0.01) concentrations of volatile fatty acids, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in silages. Lactic acid concentration increased (P < 0.01) in HD treatments with an increasing level of inoculant. In contrast, the highest (P < 0.01) lactic acid concentration was measured in LB1 treatment compared with WO and LB2 in ML and MLF silages. Silages prepared from ML and MLF crops had higher (P < 0.01) lactic and acetic acid concentrations but lower (P < 0.01) butyric acid concentrations than did those prepared from HD. The pH in LB1 and LB2 silages was higher (P < 0.01) than that measured in WO silages. Aerobic stability was not influenced by inoculant treatment but low-DM silages were more (P < 0.01) resistant to spoilage. Frost-killed corn crops had a good potential to produce well fermented silage. Using LM resulted in silages with slightly higher fermentation products but it failed to improve aerobic stability of silage after 120 days of ensiling. These results indicated that inoculation of corn crops with LM for a short-duration ensilage period cannot enhance aerobic stability of silages due to insufficient acetic acid production from lactic acid conversion.
Additional keywords: aerobic stability, frost-killed corn, heterofermentative fermentation, homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus buchneri, maturity stage.
References
Adesogan A, Salawu M (2004) Effect of applying formic acid, heterolactic bacteria or homolactic and heterolactic bacteria on the fermentation of bi crops of peas and wheat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84, 983–992.| Effect of applying formic acid, heterolactic bacteria or homolactic and heterolactic bacteria on the fermentation of bi crops of peas and wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlsFGrsbs%3D&md5=6d2fee0be2d04107f47002a5668f3548CAS |
Aksu T, Baytok E, Bolat D (2004) Effects of a bacterial silage inoculant on corn silage fermentation and nutrient digestibility. Small Ruminant Research 55, 249–252.
| Effects of a bacterial silage inoculant on corn silage fermentation and nutrient digestibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1990) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 15th edn. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Arlington, VA)
Bal MA, Coors JG, Shaver RD (1997) Impact of the maturity of corn for use as silage in the diets of dairy cows on intake, digestion, and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 2497–2503.
| Impact of the maturity of corn for use as silage in the diets of dairy cows on intake, digestion, and milk production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXntFemsbg%3D&md5=4b1a231b398e3ac9a3e7793c6e13b4c9CAS | 9361221PubMed |
Barker B, Summerson WH (1941) The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 138, 535–554.
Baron VS, Stevenson KR, Buchanan-Smith JG (1986) Proteolysis and fermentation of grain-corn ensiled at several moisture levels and under several simulated storage methods. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, 451–461.
| Proteolysis and fermentation of grain-corn ensiled at several moisture levels and under several simulated storage methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XltFeqs7g%3D&md5=008eed6f5c4badb5e230d45ff7056395CAS |
Bernardes TF, Reis RA, Moreira AL (2005) Fermentative and microbiological profile of marandu-grass ensiled with citrus pulp pellets. Scientia Agricola 62, 214–220.
| Fermentative and microbiological profile of marandu-grass ensiled with citrus pulp pellets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Driehuis F, Van Wikselaar PG, Van Vuuren AM, Spoelstra SF (1997) Effect of a bacterial inoculant on rate of fermentation and chemical composition of high dry matter grass silages. The Journal of Agricultural Science 128, 323–329.
| Effect of a bacterial inoculant on rate of fermentation and chemical composition of high dry matter grass silages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjs1Cksro%3D&md5=6612e0eb201e4c93984ffe72191f9531CAS |
Driehuis F, Elferink SJ, Spoelstra SF (1999) Anaerobic lactic acid degradation during ensilage of whole crop maize inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri inhibits yeast growth and improves aerobic stability. Journal of Applied Microbiology 87, 583–594.
| Anaerobic lactic acid degradation during ensilage of whole crop maize inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri inhibits yeast growth and improves aerobic stability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10583687PubMed |
Driehuis F, Oude Elferink S, Van Wikselaar P (2001) Fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of grass silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without homofermentative lactic acid bacteria. Grass and Forage Science 56, 330–343.
| Fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of grass silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without homofermentative lactic acid bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhvF2qtrw%3D&md5=3d2104aef90841f6981829b6cd41d5adCAS |
DuBois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers A, Smith FF (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry 28, 350–356.
| Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaG28XjvFynsg%3D%3D&md5=e534fe2cb02c7c27744b4a149b2396a7CAS |
Filya I (2001) Aerobic stability of sorghum and maize silages treated with homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. In ‘Turkey–Israeli workshop on silage and agricultural by-products for high lactating cows’. (Ed. ZG Weinberg) pp. 24–26. (Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center: Bet Dagan, Israel)
Filya I (2003a) The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of low dry matter corn and sorghum silages. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 3575–3581.
| The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of low dry matter corn and sorghum silages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptFajurY%3D&md5=1cbee65547322d628da6dbadfbdd7dc3CAS | 14672188PubMed |
Filya I (2003b) The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, on the fermentation, aerobic stability and ruminal degradability of wheat, sorghum and maize silages. Journal of Applied Microbiology 95, 1080–1086.
| The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, on the fermentation, aerobic stability and ruminal degradability of wheat, sorghum and maize silages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3srlsValsg%3D%3D&md5=97e6888f1d86da8b99d6cda156e7afe6CAS | 14633037PubMed |
Filya I, Ashbell G, Hen Y, Weinberg ZG (2000) The effect of bacterial inoculants on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole crop wheat silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 88, 39–46.
| The effect of bacterial inoculants on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole crop wheat silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXot12lurY%3D&md5=2b4cbfddcc2fdce1d6da0307147fc439CAS |
Goodrich RD, Byers FM, Meiske JC (1975) Influence of moisture content, processing and reconstitution on the fermentation of com grain. Journal of Animal Science 41, 876–881.
Harrison JH, Johnson L, Hunt C, Doggett CD, Rotz CA, Shinners K, Sapienza D (1998) Mechanical processing of corn silage: looking back two years. In ‘Western Washington Horticultural Association, Annual convention, Seattle, WA’. pp. 154–170.
Higginbotham G, Mueller S, Bolsen K, DePeters E (1998) Effects of inoculants containing propionic acid bacteria on fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 2185–2192.
| Effects of inoculants containing propionic acid bacteria on fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlvVCmt7g%3D&md5=4dd26c005fc2b7d54a4f8d912d39b42cCAS |
Holzer M, Mayrhuber E, Danner H, Braun R (2003) The role of Lactobacillus buchneri in forage preservation. Trends in Biotechnology 21, 282–287.
| The role of Lactobacillus buchneri in forage preservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkt1aru7w%3D&md5=cea96a425f576c7e34b02cc0c44d51e8CAS | 12788549PubMed |
Johnson L, Harrison J, Davidson D, Mahanna W, Shinners K (2003) Corn silage management: effects of hybrid, maturity, inoculation, and mechanical processing on fermentation characteristics. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 287–308.
| Corn silage management: effects of hybrid, maturity, inoculation, and mechanical processing on fermentation characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtlCktr8%3D&md5=87351c6c919eeac7a9858575919a2a8aCAS | 12613872PubMed |
Khorvash M, Colombatto D, Beauchemin KA, Ghorbani GR, Samei A (2006) Use of absorbants and inoculants to enhance the quality of corn silage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, 97–107.
Kleinschmit DH, Kung L (2006) A meta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 4005–4013.
| A meta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVWgsbzI&md5=e053a8c2b1c31a141ea1da2cf404f639CAS | 16960077PubMed |
Kristensen NB, Sloth KH, Hojberg O, Spliid NH, Jensen C, Thogersen R (2010) Effects of microbial inoculants on corn silage fermentation, microbial contents, aerobic stability, and milk production under field conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 3764–3774.
| Effects of microbial inoculants on corn silage fermentation, microbial contents, aerobic stability, and milk production under field conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1Ggur%2FM&md5=15f1c570a49969b9d3502437dbd53a67CAS | 20655446PubMed |
Krooneman J, Faber F, Alderkamp A, Elferink SO, Driehuis F, Cleenwerck I, Swings J, Gottschal J, Vancanneyt M (2002) Lactobacillus diolivorans sp. nov., a 1,2-propanediol-degrading bacterium isolated from aerobically stable maize silage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52, 639–646.
Kung L, Ranjit N (2001) The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 1149–1155.
| The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjslGju78%3D&md5=93151d5da5472f458d6ee18b26f3b744CAS | 11384041PubMed |
Lindgren S, Pettersson K, Kaspersson A, Jonsson A, Lingvall P (1985) Microbial dynamics during aerobic deterioration of silages. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 36, 765–774.
| Microbial dynamics during aerobic deterioration of silages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mann S, Spoelstra S (2001) Microorganisms and their use in treating animal feed and silage. Google Patents. Available at http://www.google.com/patents/US6326037 [verified 5 April 2013].
Mari LJ, Schmidt RJ, Nussio LG, Hallada CM, Kung L (2009) An evaluation of the effectiveness of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 to alter fermentation and improve the aerobic stability of corn silage in farm silos. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1174–1176.
| An evaluation of the effectiveness of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 to alter fermentation and improve the aerobic stability of corn silage in farm silos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXivVaktbk%3D&md5=9ddbc3329e395dbd5baf7b769a6850cbCAS | 19233810PubMed |
McDonald P, Henderson A, Heron S (1991) ‘The biochemistry of silage.’ 2nd edn. (Chalcombe Publications: Bucks, UK)
Mohammadzadeh H, Khorvash M, Ghorbani G, Yang W (2011) Effects of a dual-purpose bacterial inoculant on the fermentation characteristics of high-moisture maize silage and dairy cattle performance. South African Journal of Animal Science 41, 368–376.
| Effects of a dual-purpose bacterial inoculant on the fermentation characteristics of high-moisture maize silage and dairy cattle performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xlt1Wnsb8%3D&md5=1184e7b29ccb24fab514fa9b1de71603CAS |
Mohammadzadeh H, Khorvash M, Ghorbani G, Yang W (2012) Frosted corn silage with or without bacterial inoculants in dairy cattle ration. Livestock Science 145, 153–159.
| Frosted corn silage with or without bacterial inoculants in dairy cattle ration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moran JP, Weinberg Z, Ashbell Y, Hen Y, Owen T (1996) In ‘Proceedings of the XI International silage conference’. (Eds DIH Jones, R Jones, R Dewhurst, R Merry, PH Haigh) pp. 162–163. (University of Wales: Aberystwyth, UK)
Muck RE, Holmes BJ (1999) Factors affecting bunker silo densities. In ‘Proceedings of the XII international silage conference’. (Ed. T Pauly) pp. 278–278. (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala, Sweden)
Nishino N, Yoshida M, Shiota H, Sakaguchi E (2003) Accumulation of 1,2 propanediol and enhancement of aerobic stability in whole crop maize silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94, 800–807.
| Accumulation of 1,2 propanediol and enhancement of aerobic stability in whole crop maize silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktVSksLk%3D&md5=d1af8feaee36ed0b775b30a5ef2ca546CAS | 12694444PubMed |
Oude Elferink S, Krooneman J, Gottschal J, Spoelstra S, Faber F, Driehuis F (2001) Anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol by Lactobacillus buchneri. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 125–132.
| Anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol by Lactobacillus buchneri.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ls1GmtA%3D%3D&md5=3b96883e8d760402be1c358df4b4db20CAS | 11133436PubMed |
Pennington R, Sutherland T (1956) Ketone-body production from various substrates by sheep-rumen epithelium. Biochemical Journal 63, 353–361.
Porter MG, Murray PG (2001) The volatility of components of grass silage on oven drying and the inter-relationship between drymatter content estimated by different analytical methods. Grass and Forage Science 56, 405–411.
| The volatility of components of grass silage on oven drying and the inter-relationship between drymatter content estimated by different analytical methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhvF2qtro%3D&md5=d859253a384ae3ef62cc3c1a63daa848CAS |
Ranjit NK, Kung L (2000) The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a chemical preservative on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 526–535.
| The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a chemical preservative on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXit1ymsLk%3D&md5=b637f970e2659b702125a260db956cbeCAS | 10750111PubMed |
SAS (2003) ‘SAS/STAT user’s guide. (SAS Institute: Cary, NC)
Sheperd AC, Maslanka M, Quinn D, Kung L (1995) Additives containing bacteria and enzymes for alfalfa silage. Journal of Dairy Science 78, 565–572.
| Additives containing bacteria and enzymes for alfalfa silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkslSmt7Y%3D&md5=92b1a80a963bfc524d6df42c67a72747CAS | 7540187PubMed |
Stryszewska K, Pys J (2006) Effects of different silage additives on the microbial population and aerobic stability of maize silage. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 15, 121–124.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch poly-saccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.
| Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch poly-saccharides in relation to animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FnvVCltA%3D%3D&md5=83605a987aed1cab5024d20cbdabf9b5CAS | 1660498PubMed |
Weinberg ZG, Muck RE (1996) New trends and opportunities in the development and use ofoculants for silage. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 19, 53–68.
| New trends and opportunities in the development and use ofoculants for silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xmtlehsb8%3D&md5=15b09b50bca983937378eeeb22ec5b93CAS |
Weinberg ZG, Ashbell G, Hen Y, Azrieli A (1993) The effect of applying lactic acid bacteria at ensiling on the aerobic stability of silages. Journal of Applied Microbiology 75, 512–518.
| The effect of applying lactic acid bacteria at ensiling on the aerobic stability of silages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weinberg ZG, Ashbell G, Hen Y, Azrieli A, Szakacs G, Filya I (2002) Ensiling whole-crop wheat and corn in large containers with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri. Journal of Industrial Microbiology Biotechnology 28, 7–11.
Weinberg ZG, Khanala P, Yildiz C, Chena Y, Arieli A (2010) Effects of stage of maturity at harvest, wilting and LAB inoculant on aerobic stability of wheat silages. Animal Feed Science and Technology 158, 29–35.
| Effects of stage of maturity at harvest, wilting and LAB inoculant on aerobic stability of wheat silages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilkinson J (1990) ‘Silage.’ (Chalcombe Publications: Marlow, UK)
Woolford MK (1990) The detrimental effects of air in silage. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology 68, 101–116.
| The detrimental effects of air in silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3gt1GmtA%3D%3D&md5=d37f4da5fd6ed5a7d894a0c73f269a0fCAS | 2180886PubMed |
Zahiroddini H, Baah J, Absalom W, McAllister TA (2004) Effect of an inoculant and hydrolytic enzymes on fermentation and nutritive value of whole crop barley silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117, 317–330.
| Effect of an inoculant and hydrolytic enzymes on fermentation and nutritive value of whole crop barley silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsFSjtrY%3D&md5=917a2d3642576e2fd6e265bcb17f2a12CAS |
