Effects of pistachio by-product in replacement of lucerne hay on microbial protein synthesis and fermentative parameters in the rumen of sheep
S. Ghasemi A C , A. A. Naserian A , R. Valizadeh A , A. M. Tahmasebi A , A. R. Vakili A and M. Behgar B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Faculty of Agriculture, Excellence Center in Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
B Agricultural, Medical and Industrial Research School, PO Box 31485-498, Karaj, Iran.
C Corresponding author. Email: samaneh_gh_59@yahoo.com
Animal Production Science 52(11) 1052-1057 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN11287
Submitted: 2 August 2011 Accepted: 31 May 2012 Published: 22 August 2012
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial and total substitution of lucerne hay with pistachio by-product on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, digesta kinetics, blood metabolites, nitrogen retention and microbial protein synthesis in Baloochi sheep. Six sheep with a bodyweight of 40.1 ± 1.77 kg fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulae were assigned at random to three diets in a double 3 × 3 Latin-square design. The dietary treatments included a control (basal diet), low pistachio by-product diet (50% of the lucerne hay in the basal diet was replaced by pistachio by-product), and high pistachio by-product diet (all of the lucerne hay in the basal diet was replaced by pistachio by-product). The daily basal diet was 500 g/kg DM lucerne hay, 250 g/kg DM wheat straw, 210 g/kg DM barley grain, 30 g/kg DM cotton seed meal, 8 g/kg DM vitamin–mineral supplement and 2 g/kg DM salt. Faeces and urine were collected for 8 days and used to estimate digestibility, nitrogen retention and microbial protein synthesis. Sheep were dosed ruminally with Cr-EDTA (2.27 g/L) and rumen samples were evaluated for pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen concentrations and digesta kinetics. The intake of neutral detergent fibre, purine derivatives excretion, volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen and ammonia nitrogen in the abomasum decreased (P < 0.05). Ether extract intake and ruminal pH was increased at 5 h after feeding (P < 0.05) as the level of pistachio by-product in the diet increased. Total pistachio by-product replacement for lucerne hay increased (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility of nitrogen, ether extract, organic matter and nitrogen retention and decreased (P < 0.05) microbial protein synthesis, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and ammonia nitrogen in the rumen. The inclusion of pistachio by-product had no effect on blood metabolites and digesta kinetics. Based on these results it was concluded that pistachio by-product can be considered as a useful replacement for lucerne hay in the diet of Baloochi sheep without any negative impacts on their responses. Moreover, pistachio by-product inclusion in diet improved nitrogen metabolism in Baloochi sheep.
References
AFRC (1993) ‘Energy and protein requirements of ruminants. An advisory manual prepared by the AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1995) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 17th edn. (AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD)
Bagheripour E, Rouzbehan Y, Alipour D (2008) Effect of ensiling, air-drying and addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production of pistachio by products. Animal Feed Science and Technology 146, 327–336.
| Effect of ensiling, air-drying and addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production of pistachio by products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFCrsr7O&md5=f0900fc80f6e71504f565ba3c2ec6772CAS |
Behgar M, Valizadeh R, Mirzaee M, Naserian AA, Nasiri MR (2009) Correlation between the physical and chemical properties of some forages and non forage fiber source. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8, 2280–2285.
Ben Salem H, Nefzaoui A, Makkar HPS, Hochlef H, Ben Salem I, Ben Salem L (2005) Effect of early experience and adaptation period on voluntary intake, digestion, and growth in Barbarine lambs given tannin-containing (Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage) or tannin-free (oaten hay) diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 122, 59–77.
| Effect of early experience and adaptation period on voluntary intake, digestion, and growth in Barbarine lambs given tannin-containing (Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage) or tannin-free (oaten hay) diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmsVCks7s%3D&md5=2c9af436dc5f47fdb91b8690435038dcCAS |
Bhatta R, Uyeno Y, Tajima K, Takenaka A, Yabumoto Y, Nonaka I, Enishi O, Kurihara M (2009) Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea and protozoal populations. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 5512–5522.
Bohluli A, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Shahroodi FE (2007) The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of pistachio by-product. ‘In Proceedings of British Society of Animal Science’. p. 224. (BSAS: Scarborough, UK)
Chen XB, Gomes MJ (1995) ‘Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives: an overview of the technical details.’ (Rowett Research Institute: Bucksburne, Aberdeen)
Driedger A, Hatfield E (1972) Influence of tannins on the nutritive value of soybean meal for ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 34, 465–468.
FAO (2005) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at http://www.faostat.fao.org [Verified 12 December 2010]
Frutos P, Hervas G, Giraldez FJ, Mantecon AR (2004) Review. Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2, 191–202.
Getachew G, Pittroff W, DePeters EJ, Putnam DH, Dandekar A, Goyal S (2008a) Influence of tannic acid application on alfalfa hay: in vitro rumen fermentation, serum metabolites and nitrogen balance in sheep. Animal 2, 381–390.
| Influence of tannic acid application on alfalfa hay: in vitro rumen fermentation, serum metabolites and nitrogen balance in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhvVKntrw%3D&md5=afa8fef55b1520d082853cd3e13a0e90CAS |
Getachew G, Pittroff W, Putnam DH, Dandekar A, Goyal S, DePeters EJ (2008b) The influence of addition of Gallic acid, Tannic acid, or Quebracho tannins to alfalfa hay on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Animal Feed Science and Technology 140, 444–461.
| The influence of addition of Gallic acid, Tannic acid, or Quebracho tannins to alfalfa hay on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlvV2lug%3D%3D&md5=5ecb4b6edc11488f55661fbfcd687c93CAS |
Gholizadeh H, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Tahmasebi A (2009) Effects of feeding pistachio hull and interaruminal infusion of urea on feed intake, ruminal and abomasum N-NH3 and blood metabolites in Iranian Balochi sheep. In ‘Proceedings of British Society of Animal Science’. p.163. (BSAS: Scarborough, UK)
Gholizadeh H, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Tahmasebi A (2010) Effect of feeding pistachio byproduct on performance and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy cows. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 12, 867–870.
Grenet E, Barry P (1990) In vivo and in sacco digestibility and rumen microbial degradation of cell walls of soyabean and rape integuments and of dehydrated beet pulp in sheep, observed by scanning electron microscopy. The Journal of Agricultural Science 115, 429–435.
| In vivo and in sacco digestibility and rumen microbial degradation of cell walls of soyabean and rape integuments and of dehydrated beet pulp in sheep, observed by scanning electron microscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hashami O, Naserian A, Tahmasbi AM, Valizadeh R, Mohammadabadi T (2008) Degradability of pistachio by-products at different harvesting times. In ‘Proceedings of British Society of Animal Science’. p. 251. (BSAS: Scarborough, UK)
Hervás G, Frutos P, Serano E, Mantecon AR, Giraldez JF (2000) Effect of tannic acid on rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of treated soyabean meals in sheep. The Journal of Agricultural Science 135, 305–310.
| Effect of tannic acid on rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of treated soyabean meals in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jenkins TC (1993) Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 3851–3863.
| Lipid metabolism in the rumen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtlShtb4%3D&md5=a33b116569923170bcb06c1796be3c3aCAS |
Komolong MK, Barber DG, McNeil DM (2001) Post ruminal protein supply and N retention of weaner sheep fed on a basal diet of Lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) with increasing levels of quebracho tannins. Animal Feed Science and Technology 92, 59–72.
| Post ruminal protein supply and N retention of weaner sheep fed on a basal diet of Lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) with increasing levels of quebracho tannins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mackie RI, White BA (1990) Recent advances in rumen microbial ecology and metabolism: potential impact on nutrient out put. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 2971–2995.
| Recent advances in rumen microbial ecology and metabolism: potential impact on nutrient out put.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3M7jtFymsQ%3D%3D&md5=c6568bf0afea91272ad89c18f7ea1b2eCAS |
Mahdavi A, Zagharu M, Zahedifar M, Nikkhah A, Aghashahi AR (2008) The effect of different feeding levels of dried pistachio epicarp on fattening performance of Afshari lamb breed of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 15, 139–148.
Mahdavi M, Zaghari M, Zahedifar M, Nikkhah A, Alemi F, Hosseini A, Mirabdolbaghi Z, Lotfolahiyan H (2010) The effects of dried pistachio epicarp on lambs’ performance. Advances in Animal Biosciences 1, 236
| The effects of dried pistachio epicarp on lambs’ performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Makkar HPS (2003a) Quantification of tannins in tree and shrub foliage. In ‘A laboratory manual’. (Ed. HPS Makkar) p. 102. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Vienna)
Mathieu F, Jouany JP (1993) Effect of chestnut tannin on the fermentability of soyabean meal nitrogen in the rumen. Animal Research 42, 127
| Effect of chestnut tannin on the fermentability of soyabean meal nitrogen in the rumen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McSweeney CS, Palmer B, Bunch R, Krause DO (2001a) Effect of the tropical forage calliandra on microbial protein synthesis and ecology in the rumen. Journal of Applied Microbiology 90, 78–88.
| Effect of the tropical forage calliandra on microbial protein synthesis and ecology in the rumen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7jtlKksw%3D%3D&md5=ad47e9ed478b47b7c5bed63eed2bc094CAS |
McSweeney CS, Palmer B, Mc Neill DM, Krause DO (2001b) Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 91, 83–93.
| Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjslSms7Y%3D&md5=48d60694ae1355eb6b81d74cfee52559CAS |
Nastis AS, Malechek JC (1981) Digestion and utilization of nutrients in oak browse by goats. Journal of Animal Science 53, 283–290.
NRC (2001) ‘Nutrient requirement of dairy cattle.’ 7th edn. (National Academic Press: Washington, DC)
Palmquist DL (1991) Influence of source and amount of dietary fat on digestibility in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 1354–1360.
| Influence of source and amount of dietary fat on digestibility in lactating cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzhvVShtA%3D%3D&md5=c05dbd5df4b321d646804eabc07d184eCAS |
Poncet C, Remond D (2002) Rumen digestion and intestinal nutrient flows in sheep consuming pea seeds: the effect of extrusion or chestnut tannin addition. Animal Research 51, 201–216.
| Rumen digestion and intestinal nutrient flows in sheep consuming pea seeds: the effect of extrusion or chestnut tannin addition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsVGgurk%3D&md5=3bafba21d59f714f0dc2088b31ce962fCAS |
SAS (2001) ‘SAS/STAT user’s guide.Version 9.’ (SAS Institute: Cary, NC)
Silanikove N, Gilboa N, Nir I, Perevolotsky A, Nitsan Z (1996) Effect of a daily supplementation of polyethylene glycol on intake and digestion of tannin-containing leaves (Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia lentiscus, and Ceratonia siliqua) by goats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44, 199–205.
| Effect of a daily supplementation of polyethylene glycol on intake and digestion of tannin-containing leaves (Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia lentiscus, and Ceratonia siliqua) by goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XivVE%3D&md5=86e01bf5c3bb4cd7861ea1666838baa6CAS |
Singh B, Bhat TK, Sharma OP (2001) Biodegradation of tannic acid in an in vitro ruminal system. Livestock Production Science 68, 259–262.
| Biodegradation of tannic acid in an in vitro ruminal system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stell RE, Galyean ML (1985) Relationship of rumen fluid dilution rate to rumen fermentation and dietary characteristics of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 60, 1061
Vahmani P, Naserian AA (2006) Pistachio hulls as a feed ingredients for lactating dairy goats. ‘In Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science’. p. 145. (BSAS: Scarborough, UK)
Valizadeh R, Naserian AA, Vahmani P (2009) Influence of drying and ensiling pistachio by-products with urea and molasses on their chemical composition, tannin content and rumen degradability parameters. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8, 2363–2368.
Van Keulen J, Young BA (1977) Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as natural marker in ruminant digestibility. Journal of Animal Science 44, 282–287.
Van Soest PJ (1982) ‘Nutritional ecology of the ruminant.’ (O & B Books: Corvallis, OR)
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in ration to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.
| Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in ration to animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FnvVCltA%3D%3D&md5=2648256a724beb4754b35e474c24f1b0CAS |
Vanzant ES, Cochran RC (1994) Performance and forage utilization by beef cattle receiving increasing amounts of alfalfa hay as a supplement to low-quality forage. Journal of Animal Science 72, 1059–1067.
Warner ACI, Stacy BD (1968) The fate of water in the rumen. I. A critical appraisal of the use of soluble markers. The British Journal of Nutrition 22, 369–387.
| The fate of water in the rumen. I. A critical appraisal of the use of soluble markers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weimer PJ, Waghorn GC, Odt CL, Mertens DR (1999) Effect of diet on populations of three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 122–134.
| Effect of diet on populations of three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXpsVOktQ%3D%3D&md5=210987ebb4267aa9b8a6fd7471056eddCAS |
Yildiz S, Kaya I, Unal Y, Aksu Elmali D, Kaya S, Cenesiz M, Kaya M, Oncuer A (2005) Digestion and body weight change in Tuj lambs receiving oak (Quercus hartwissiana) leaves with and without PEG. Animal Feed Science and Technology 122, 159–172.
| Digestion and body weight change in Tuj lambs receiving oak (Quercus hartwissiana) leaves with and without PEG.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmsVCksrw%3D&md5=471e464bfbd3f6c0b96219044d31995bCAS |
Zimmer N, Cordesse R (1996) Digestibility and ruminal digestion of nonnitrogenous compounds in adult sheep and goats: effects of chestnut tannins. Animal Feed Science and Technology 61, 259–273.
| Digestibility and ruminal digestion of nonnitrogenous compounds in adult sheep and goats: effects of chestnut tannins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XntlegsLk%3D&md5=3ca5531b23096710539268859fb56e4cCAS |
