Register      Login
Animal Production Science Animal Production Science Society
Food, fibre and pharmaceuticals from animals
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > AN > AN09193
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 50(7)

Effect of treatment of cocoa-pods with Aspergillus niger on liveweight gain and cocoa-pod intake of Bali (Bos sondaicus) cattle in South-East Sulawesi

T. Saili A , Marsetyo B , D. P. Poppi C , P. Isherwood C , L. Nafiu A and S. P. Quigley C D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Animal Science, University of Haluoleo, Kendari, South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia.

B Department of Animal Science, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.

C Schools of Animal Studies and Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.

D Corresponding author. Email: s.quigley@uq.edu.au

Animal Production Science 50(7) 693-698 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN09193
Submitted: 10 December 2009  Accepted: 6 May 2010   Published: 30 July 2010

Abstract

Cocoa-pods, a by-product of the cocoa industry, could potentially be used as a feed resource for ruminants in eastern Indonesia. However, little is known regarding the optimal amount to be included in the diet or the effect of treatment with Aspergillus niger on cocoa-pod quality. In this experiment the effect of rate of inclusion (0 or 10 g DM/kg liveweight.day or ad libitum) of A. niger-treated or untreated cocoa-pods in the diet on intake and liveweight gain of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) was investigated. Ad libitum intake of cocoa-pods was greater when they were treated with A. niger (17.1 ± 0.07 g DM/kg liveweight.day; mean ± s.e.m.) compared with untreated cocoa-pods (13.9 ± 0.19 g DM/kg liveweight.day) when offered as the sole component of the diet. The digestibility of A. niger-treated cocoa-pods (448.9 ± 23.7 g/kg) was not different to untreated cocoa-pods (422.9 ± 13.9 g/kg) when fed ad libitum, which was lower than native grass (527.2 ± 10.7 g/kg). Animals offered A. niger-treated cocoa-pods lost less liveweight than animals offered untreated cocoa-pods when offered ad libitum (–0.104 ± 0.02 and –0.280 ± 0.02 kg/day, respectively), and grew faster when included in the diet at 10 g DM/kg liveweight.day (0.233 ± 0.02 and 0.129 ± 0.02 kg/day, respectively). In conclusion, in areas where cocoa plantations exist, cocoa-pods may be a useful feed resource for ruminants when fed at low levels of inclusion in the diet. The treatment of cocoa-pods with A. niger will result in increased liveweight gain. However, it is unlikely such treatments will be adopted by small-holder farmers due to the increased requirements for inputs, such as time, labour, funds, equipment, and technical skills.


Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the valuable technical assistance of Ms Sitti Marwiah from the Laboratory of Feed and Nutrition, Tadulako University, and Mr Rusli Badaruddin and undergraduate students from the University of Haluoleo, Department of Animal Science. This work was funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.


References


Aderemi FA, Nworgu FC (2007) Nutritional status of cassava peels and root sieviate biodegraded with Aspergillus niger. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science 2, 308–311. open url image1

Ashun PK (1975) Cocoa by-products for livestock feeding. Cucispectus Agriculturae Scienticus 35, 119–129.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (2000) ‘Official methods of analysis of the association of official agricultural chemists.’ 17th edn. (AOAC: Arlington, VA)

Bateman JV, Fresnillo O (1967) Digestibility of Theobroma cocoa-pods when fed to cattle. The Journal of Agricultural Science 68, 23–25.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Sewalt VJH (1995) Fibrolytic enzymes increase fibre digestibility and growth of steers fed dry forages. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, 641–644.
| Crossref |
open url image1

Beauchemin KA, Jones SDM, Rode LM, Sewalt VJH (1997) Effects of fibrolytic enzymes in corn or barley diets on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, 645–653.
| Crossref |
open url image1

Belewu MA, Yahaya AA (2008) Effects of Aspergillus niger treated Shea butter cake based diets on nutrient intake and weight gain of Red Sokoto goat. African Journal of Biotechnology 7, 1357–1361. open url image1

Dei HK, Rose SP, MacKenzie AM (2008) Effects of fungal (Aspergillus niger or Ceriporiopsis subvermispora) fermentation on the nutritive value of shea nut (Vitellaria paradoxa) meal for broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 49, 360–367.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

del Rosario Brunetto M, Gutierrez L, Delgado Y, Gallignani M, Zambrano A, Gomez A, Ramos G, Romero C (2007) Determination of theobromine, theophylline and caffeine in cocoa samples by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with on-line sample cleanup in a switching-column system. Food Chemistry 100, 459–467.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Egan AR (1965) Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep II. The influence of sustained duodenal infusions of casein or urea upon voluntary intake of low-protein roughages by sheep. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16, 451–462.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

European Food Safety Authority (2008) Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission on theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA Journal 725, 1–66. open url image1

Freer M , Dove H , Nolan J (Eds) (2007) ‘Nutrient requirements of domesticated ruminants.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)

Giraldo LA, Tejido ML, Ranilla MJ, Carro MD (2007) Effects of exogenous cellulase supplementation on microbial growth and ruminal fermentation of a high-forage diet in Rusitec fermenters. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1962–1970.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Giraldo LA, Tejido ML, Ranilla MJ, Ramos S, Carro MD (2008) Influence of direct-fed fibrolytic enzymes on diet digestibility and ruminal activity in sheep fed a grass hay-based diet. Journal of Animal Science 86, 1617–1623.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Goering HK , Van Soest PJ (1970) ‘Forage fibre analysis (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications).’ Agricultural Handbook No. 379. (Agricultural Research Service, USDA: Washington, DC)

Hennessy DW, Williamson PJ (1990) Feed intake and liveweight of cattle on subtropical native pasture hays. I. The effect of urea. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, 1169–1177.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Marsetyo , Quigley SP, Poppi DP (2008) Effect of Aspergillus niger and urea on the crude protein and neutral detergent fibre content of cocoa-pods in central Sulawesi, Indonesia. 27th Biennial Conference of the Australian Society of Animal Production, Brisbane 27, 59. open url image1

Olubajo FO, Asonibare MM, Awolumate EO (1976) Cocoa-pod silage and cocoa-pod grass silage in goat and sheep nutrition. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 3, 139–143. open url image1

Panjaitan T, Quigley SP, McLennan SR, Swain T, Poppi DP (2010) Intake, retention time in the rumen and microbial protein production of Bos indicus steers consuming grasses varying in crude protein content. Animal Production Science 50, 444–448.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Quigley SP , Poppi DP (2009) Strategies to increase growth of the weaned Bali calf. Final Report to the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.

Rajesh N, Imelda-Joseph , Paul Raj R (2010) Value addition of vegetable wastes by solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger for use in aquafeed industry. Waste Management in press. ,
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Sands JS, Ragland D, Dilger RN, Adeola O (2009) Responses of pigs to Aspergillus niger phytase supplementation of low-protein or high-phytin diets. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2581–2589.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

SAS (1999) ‘SAS/STAT user’s guide. Version 8.’ (SAS Institute Inc.: Cary, NC)

Smith OB, Adegbola AA (1982) Studies on the feeding value of agro-industrial by-products and the feeding value of cocoa pods for cattle. Tropical Animal Production 7, 290–295. open url image1

Smith OB, Adegbola AA (1985) Studies on the feeding value of agro-industrial by-products III. Digestibility of cocoa-pod and cocoa-pod based diets by ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 13, 249–254.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Tarka SM, Zoumas BL, Trout GA (1978) Examination of the effect of cocoa shells and theobromine in lambs. Nutrition Reports International 18, 301–312.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Veum TL, Ellersieck MR (2008) Effect of low doses of Aspergillus niger phytase on growth performance, bone strength, and nutrient absorption and excretion by growing and finishing swine fed corn-soybean meal diets deficient in available phosphorus and calcium. Journal of Animal Science 86, 858–870.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Wong HK , Abu Hassan O , Muhd SMI (1987) Utilisation of cocoa by-products as ruminant feed. In ‘Proceedings of the 6th Annual Workshop of the Australian-Asian Fibrous Agriculture Research Network’. pp. 95–103. (Los Banos: Philippines)

Yu P, McKinnon JJ, Christensen DA (2005) Improving the nutritional value of oat hulls for ruminant animals with pretreatment of a multienzyme cocktail: in vitro studies. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1133–1141.
|  CAS | PubMed |
open url image1