Comparison of spotlighting and trapping in population surveys of the squirrel glider
Ross L. Goldingay A C and Brendan D. Taylor A BA School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
B Present address: btaylor3366@gmail.com
C Corresponding author. Email: ross.goldingay@scu.edu.au
Australian Mammalogy 44(2) 208-212 https://doi.org/10.1071/AM20072
Submitted: 18 December 2020 Accepted: 5 July 2021 Published: 3 August 2021
Abstract
Population monitoring of arboreal mammals should be informed by estimates of detection probabilities from different methods. We employed trapping and spotlighting across 36 transects to detect the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis). Repeat surveys were conducted over five sessions. We used multi-method occupancy to compare these methods. The probability of detection did not differ between one night of spotlighting (0.23 ± 0.04, mean ± s.e.), or one night of trapping (0.22 ± 0.03). Trapping continued for three nights, which led to the probability of detection rising to 0.41 ± 0.04. Spotlighting was only conducted once per session. These methods would require equivalent effort when conducted over three nights. Further investigation is required to compare this and other methods such as camera trapping and spotlighting with thermal cameras.
Keywords: arboreal mammals, detection probability, environmental management, trapping, wildlife monitoring, wildlife surveys.
References
Augusteyn, J., Pople, A., and Rich, M. (2020). Evaluating the use of thermal imaging cameras to monitor the endangered greater bilby at Astrebla Downs National Park. Australian Mammalogy 42, 329–340.| Evaluating the use of thermal imaging cameras to monitor the endangered greater bilby at Astrebla Downs National Park.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brazill-Boast, J. (2018). Saving our species: a cost-effective, large-scale monitoring and evaluation program for threatened species. In ‘Monitoring Threatened Species and Ecological Communities’. (Eds S. Legge, N. Robinson, D. Lindenmayer, B. Scheele, D. Southwell, B. Wintle.) pp. 225–238. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Burnham, K. P., and Anderson, D. R. (2004). Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods & Research 33, 261–304.
| Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cotsell, N., and Vernes, K. (2016). Camera traps in the canopy: surveying wildlife at tree hollow entrances. Pacific Conservation Biology 22, 48–60.
| Camera traps in the canopy: surveying wildlife at tree hollow entrances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crump, P. S., and Forstner, M. R. J. (2019). Bias and precision of lizard occupancy estimates vary among observers and between methods. Journal of Herpetology 53, 13–21.
| Bias and precision of lizard occupancy estimates vary among observers and between methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davey, S. M. (1990). Methods for surveying the abundance and distribution of arboreal marsupials in a south coast forest of New South Wales. Australian Wildlife Research 17, 427–445.
| Methods for surveying the abundance and distribution of arboreal marsupials in a south coast forest of New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fancourt, B. A., Sweaney, M., and Fletcher, D. B. (2018). More haste, less speed: pilot study suggests camera trap detection zone could be more important than trigger speed to maximise species detections. Australian Mammalogy 40, 118–121.
| More haste, less speed: pilot study suggests camera trap detection zone could be more important than trigger speed to maximise species detections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Geyle, H. M., Guillera-Arroita, G., Davies, H. F., Firth, R. S., Murphy, B. P., Nimmo, D. G., Ritchie, E. G., Woinarski, J. C. Z., and Nicholson, E. (2019). Towards meaningful monitoring: a case study of a threatened rodent. Austral Ecology 44, 223–236.
| Towards meaningful monitoring: a case study of a threatened rodent.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldingay, R. L. (2018). Population monitoring of an urban gliding mammal in eastern Australia. Australian Mammalogy 40, 214–219.
| Population monitoring of an urban gliding mammal in eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldingay, R. L., and Sharpe, D. J. (2004). How effective is spotlighting for detecting the squirrel glider? Wildlife Research 31, 443–449.
| How effective is spotlighting for detecting the squirrel glider?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldingay, R. L., Sharpe, D. J., and Dobson, M. D. J. (2010). Variation in the home-range size of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis). Australian Mammalogy 32, 183–188.
| Variation in the home-range size of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldingay, R. L., Rueegger, N. N., Grimson, M. J., and Taylor, B. D. (2015). Specific nest box designs can improve habitat restoration for cavity-dependent arboreal mammals. Restoration Ecology 23, 482–490.
| Specific nest box designs can improve habitat restoration for cavity-dependent arboreal mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldingay, R. L., McHugh, D., and Parkyn, J. L. (2016). Population monitoring of a threatened gliding mammal in subtropical Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 64, 413–420.
| Population monitoring of a threatened gliding mammal in subtropical Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harley, D. K. P., Holland, G. J., Hradsky, B. A. K., and Antrobus, J. S. (2014). The use of camera traps to detect arboreal mammals: lessons from targeted surveys for the cryptic leadbeater’s possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri. In ‘Camera Trapping: Wildlife Management and Research’. (Eds P. Meek and P. Felming.) pp. 233–244. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Kavanagh, R. P. (2004). Distribution and conservation status of possums and gliders in New South Wales. In ‘Conservation of Australia’s Forest Fauna’, 2nd edn. (Ed. D. Lunney.) pp. 130–148. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Sydney.)
Lindenmayer, D. B., and Likens, G. E. (2009). Adaptive monitoring: a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, 482–486.
| Adaptive monitoring: a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
MacKenzie, D. I., Nichols, J. D., Lachman, G. B., Droege, S., Royle, J. A., and Langtimm, C. A. (2002). Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology 83, 2248–2255.
| Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
MacKenzie, D. I., Nichols, J. D., Royle, J. A., Pollock, K. H., Bailey, L. L., and Hines, J. E. (2018). ‘Occupancy Estimation and Modelling. Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence’, 2nd edn. (Academic Press: London.)
McBride, T. C., Organ, A., and Pryde, E. (2020). Range extension of leadbeater’s possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri). Australian Mammalogy 42, 961–102.
| Range extension of leadbeater’s possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCall, S., McCarthy, M., van der Ree, R., Harper, M. J., Cesarini, S., and Soanes, K. (2010). Evidence that a highway reduces apparent survival rates of squirrel gliders. Ecology and Society 15, 27.
| Evidence that a highway reduces apparent survival rates of squirrel gliders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McGregor, D. C., Padovan, A., Georges, A., Krockenburger, A., Yoon, H.-J., and Youngentob, K. N. (2020). Genetic evidence supports three previously described species of greater glider, Petauroides volans, P. minor, and P. armillatus. Scientific Reports 10, 19284.
| Genetic evidence supports three previously described species of greater glider, Petauroides volans, P. minor, and P. armillatus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33159131PubMed |
Nelson, J. L., Durkin, L. K., Cripps, J. K., Scroggie, M. P., Bryant, D. B., Macak, P. V., and Lumsden L. F. (2017). Targeted surveys to improve leadbeater’s possum conservation. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 278. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg.
Nichols, J. D., Bailey, L. L., O’Connell, A. F., Talancy, N. W., Campbell Grant, E. H., Gilbert, A. T., Annand, E. M., Husband, T. P., and Hines, J. E. (2008). Multi-scale occupancy estimation and modeling using multiple detection methods. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 1321–1329.
| Multi-scale occupancy estimation and modeling using multiple detection methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quin, D. G. (1995). Population ecology of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) and the sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) (Marsupialia: Petauridae) at Limeburners Creek, on the central north coast of NSW. Wildlife Research 22, 471–505.
| Population ecology of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) and the sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) (Marsupialia: Petauridae) at Limeburners Creek, on the central north coast of NSW.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rowston, C., Catterall, C. P., and Hurst, C. (2002). Habitat preferences of squirrel gliders, Petaurus norfolcensis, in the fragmented landscape of south east Queensland. Forest Ecology and Management 164, 197–209.
| Habitat preferences of squirrel gliders, Petaurus norfolcensis, in the fragmented landscape of south east Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sharpe, D. J. (2004). Effect of flowering patterns on a population of squirrel gliders Petaurus norfolcensis in north-east New South Wales. In ‘The Biology of Australian Possums and Gliding Possums’. (Eds R. L. Goldingay and S. M. Jackson.) pp. 339–349. (Surrey Beatty: Sydney.)
Sharpe, D. J., and Goldingay, R. L. (1998). Feeding behaviour of the squirrel glider at Bungawalbin Nature Reserve, north-eastern NSW. Wildlife Research 25, 243–254.
| Feeding behaviour of the squirrel glider at Bungawalbin Nature Reserve, north-eastern NSW.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sharpe, D. J., and Goldingay, R. L. (2009). Vocal behaviour of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis). Australian Journal of Zoology 57, 55–64.
| Vocal behaviour of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sharpe, D. J., and Goldingay, R. L. (2017). Demographic parameters of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) in an urban forest remnant. Australian Journal of Zoology 65, 141–147.
| Demographic parameters of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) in an urban forest remnant.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith, A. P., and Murray, M. (2003). Habitat requirements of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) and associated possums and gliders on the New South Wales central coast. Wildlife Research 30, 291–301.
| Habitat requirements of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) and associated possums and gliders on the New South Wales central coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Soanes, K. (2014). Evaluating the success of road-crossing mitigation for arboreal mammals: how does monitoring effort influence the detection of population-level effects? PhD thesis, University of Melbourne.
Taylor, B. D., and Goldingay, R. L. (2012). Facilitated movement over major roads is required to minimise extinction risk in an urban metapopulation of a gliding mammal. Wildlife Research 39, 685–695.
| Facilitated movement over major roads is required to minimise extinction risk in an urban metapopulation of a gliding mammal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, B. D., Goldingay, R. L., and Lindsay, J. M. (2014). Horizontal or vertical? Camera trap orientations and recording modes for detecting potoroos, bandicoots and pademelons. Australian Mammalogy 36, 60–66.
| Horizontal or vertical? Camera trap orientations and recording modes for detecting potoroos, bandicoots and pademelons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Ree, R. (2002). The population ecology of the squirrel glider, Petaurus norfolcensis, within a network of remnant linear habitats. Wildlife Research 29, 329–340.
| The population ecology of the squirrel glider, Petaurus norfolcensis, within a network of remnant linear habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Ree, R., Ward, S. J., and Handasyde, K. A. (2004). Distribution and conservation status of possums and gliders in Victoria. In ‘The Biology of Australian Possums and Gliders’. (Eds R. L. Goldingay, and S. M. Jackson.) pp. 91–110. (Surrey Beatty: Sydney.)
Vinson, S. G., Johnson, A. P., and Mikac, K. M. (2020). Thermal cameras as a survey method for Australian arboreal mammals: a focus on the greater glider. Australian Mammalogy 42, 367–374.
| Thermal cameras as a survey method for Australian arboreal mammals: a focus on the greater glider.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wintle, B. A., Kavanagh, R. P., McCarthy, M. A., and Burgman, M. A. (2005). Estimating and dealing with detectability in occupancy surveys for forest owls and arboreal marsupials. Journal of Wildlife Management 69, 905–917.
| Estimating and dealing with detectability in occupancy surveys for forest owls and arboreal marsupials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |