Interactions between dingoes and introduced wild ungulates: concepts, evidence and knowledge gaps
David M. Forsyth A H , A. David M. Latham B , Naomi E. Davis C , Peter Caley D , Mike Letnic E , Paul D. Moloney F , Luke P. Woodford F and Andrew P. Woolnough G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
B Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
C School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
D CSIRO, GPO Box 664, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
E Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
F Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia.
G Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, 475 Mickleham Road, Attwood, Vic. 3049, Australia.
H Corresponding author. Email: dave.forsyth@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Australian Mammalogy 41(1) 12-26 https://doi.org/10.1071/AM17042
Submitted: 24 October 2016 Accepted: 30 January 2018 Published: 29 March 2018
Abstract
The dingo (Canis dingo or C. familiaris, including hybrids with feral dogs) is the apex carnivore on mainland Australia. Fifteen non-native ungulate species have established wild populations in Australia. Dingoes are managed to reduce impacts on domestic ungulates, and introduced wild ungulates are managed to reduce impacts on natural ecosystems and to minimise competition with domestic ungulates. There is speculation about the extent to which (1) dingoes limit the abundances of introduced wild ungulates, and (2) introduced wild ungulates sustain dingo populations. We reviewed the literature to identify potential ecological interactions between dingoes and introduced wild ungulates, and to synthesise evidence for interactions between dingoes and each ungulate species (including the percentage frequency occurrence (%FO) of ungulates in dingo diets). Eleven of the 15 ungulate species were recorded in the diet of dingoes, with the highest %FO occurrences reported for feral goats (73%) and cattle (60%). Two studies concluded that dingoes reduced ungulate abundances (feral goat (Capra hircus) and feral donkey (Equus asinus)), and two studies concluded that dingoes did not regulate feral pig (Sus scrofa) abundances. A fifth study concluded that dingoes exhibited a Type III functional response to increasing sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) abundances. A sixth study concluded that dingoes made relatively little use of hunter-shot sambar deer carcasses. We propose that interactions between dingoes and introduced wild ungulates depend on the sex–age classes vulnerable to dingo predation, dingo pack sizes, the availability of escape terrain for ungulates and the availability of alternative foods for dingoes. The interplay between environmental conditions and the population growth rate of ungulates, and hence their ability to sustain losses from predation, could also be important. We predict that dingoes will have most impact on the abundance of smaller ungulate species and neonates.
Additional keywords: apex predator, banteng, biological invasions, camel, deer, diet, feral cattle, feral donkey, feral goat, feral horse, feral pig, predator–prey dynamics, swamp buffalo, wild dog.
References
Allen, L. R. (2014). Wild dog control impacts on calf wastage in extensive beef cattle enterprises. Animal Production Science 54, 214–220.| Wild dog control impacts on calf wastage in extensive beef cattle enterprises.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allen, L. R., and Fleming, P. J. S. (2004). Review of canid management in Australia for the protection of livestock and wildlife – potential application to coyote management. Sheep & Goat Research Journal 19, 97–104.
Allen, B. L., and Leung, L. K.-P. (2014). The (non)effects of lethal population control on the diet of Australian dingoes. PLoS One 9, e108251.
| The (non)effects of lethal population control on the diet of Australian dingoes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allen, L. R., Lee, J., and Edwards, J. (1996). Managing feral goats and their impact on Townshend Island in Shoalwater Bay Training Area. In ‘Environmentally Responsible Defence’. (Eds P. Crabb, J. Kesby and L. Olive.) pp. 79–86. (Australian Defence Studies Centre, University of New South Wales: Sydney.)
Allen, L., Lee, J., and Gonzalez, A. (1998). The management and eradication of feral goats from Townshend Island. Final Report to Department of Defence. Department of Natural Resources, Toowoomba.
Allen, L. R., Goullet, M., and Palmer, R. (2012). The diet of the dingo (Canis lupus dingo and hybrids) in north-eastern Australia: a supplement to Brook and Kutt. The Rangeland Journal 34, 211–217.
| The diet of the dingo (Canis lupus dingo and hybrids) in north-eastern Australia: a supplement to Brook and Kutt.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allen, B. L., Fleming, P. J. S., Allen, L. R., Engeman, R. M., Ballard, G., and Leung, L. K.-P. (2013). As clear as mud: a critical review of evidence for the ecological roles of Australian dingoes. Biological Conservation 159, 158–174.
| As clear as mud: a critical review of evidence for the ecological roles of Australian dingoes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allison, C. (1969). ‘The Australian Hunter.’ (Cassell Australia: Melbourne.)
Altendorf, K. B., Laundré, J. W., López González, C. A., and Brown, J. S. (2001). Assessing effects of predation risk on the foraging behavior of mule deer. Journal of Mammalogy 82, 430–439.
| Assessing effects of predation risk on the foraging behavior of mule deer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ballard, W. B., Whitman, J. S., and Gardner, C. L. (1987). Ecology of an exploited wolf population in south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 114, 1–54.
Bartmann, R. M., White, G. C., and Carpenter, L. H. (1992). Compensatory mortality in a Colorado mule deer population. Wildlife Monographs 169, 1–30.
Bell, K. (2015). Assessment of the impact of wild dogs on the Western Australian rangeland goat industry. Meat and Livestock Australia Limited, North Sydney.
Bennett, A. (2008). The impacts of sambar (Cervus unicolor) in the Yarra Ranges National Park. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Melbourne.
Bentley, A. (1998). ‘An Introduction to the Deer of Australia.’ (Australian Deer Research Foundation Ltd: Melbourne.)
Berger, J., Swenson, J. E., and Persson, I.-L. (2001). Recolonizing carnivores and naïve prey: conservation lessons from Pleistocene extinctions. Science 291, 1036–1039.
| Recolonizing carnivores and naïve prey: conservation lessons from Pleistocene extinctions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtFGksr0%3D&md5=1c9a794fa2ac0d6a6279b8d9c3301203CAS |
Bowen, W. D. (1981). Variation in coyote social organization: the influence of prey size. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59, 639–652.
| Variation in coyote social organization: the influence of prey size.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown, J. S., Laundré, J. W., and Gurung, M. (1999). The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. Journal of Mammalogy 80, 385–399.
| The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bryant, H., Hone, J., and Robards, G. E. (1984). The evaluation of a pilot scheme to control feral pigs in north-west New South Wales. Technical Bulletin No. 30. Department of Agriculture New South Wales, Sydney.
Byrne, S. (2009). Relationships between dingoes and their prey in northern Australia. Industrial placement report ENVM 3521. The University of Queensland and the Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Brisbane.
Calaby, J. H., and Keith, K. (1974). Mammals. In ‘Fauna Survey of the Port Essington District, Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory of Australia’. (Eds H. J. Frith and J. H. Calaby.) pp. 179–208. (CSIRO: Melbourne.)
Campbell, G. A. (1989). Feral horses in Western Australia. Agriculture Protection Board of Western Australia, Perth.
Campbell, G., Coffey, A., Miller, H., Read, J. L., Brook, A., Fleming, P. J. S., Bird, P., Eldridge, S., and Allen, B. L. (2018). Dingo baiting did not reduce fetal/calf loss in beef cattle in northern South Australia. Animal Production Science, , .
| Dingo baiting did not reduce fetal/calf loss in beef cattle in northern South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Caro, T. M. (2005). ‘Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals.’ (University of Chicago Press: Chicago.)
Choquenot, D. (1992). The outsiders: competition between introduced herbivores and domestic stock in rangeland grazing systems. In ‘Proceedings of the Australian Rangeland Society Biennial Conference 7’. pp. 106–116. (The Australian Rangeland Society: Australia.)
Choquenot, D. (1998). Testing the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic sources of variation in food availability to feral pig populations in Australia’s semi-arid rangelands. Journal of Animal Ecology 67, 887–907.
| Testing the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic sources of variation in food availability to feral pig populations in Australia’s semi-arid rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC283mvF2hsA%3D%3D&md5=46e8b931af19a9dfa5fa619e75720e3dCAS |
Choquenot, D., McIlroy, J., and Korn, T. (1996). ‘Managing Vertebrate Pests. Feral Pigs.’ (Bureau of Resource Sciences: Canberra.)
Claridge, A. W., Spencer, R. J., Wilton, A. N., Jenkins, D. J., Dall, D., and Lapidge, S. J. (2014). When is a dingo not a dingo? Hybridisation with domestic dogs. In ‘Carnivores of Australia: Past, Present and Future’. (Eds A. S. Glen and C. R. Dickman.) pp. 151–172. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Clutton-Brock, J. (1992). The process of domestication. Mammal Review 22, 79–85.
| The process of domestication.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Corbett, L. (1995). Does dingo predation or buffalo competition regulate feral pig populations in the Australian wet–dry tropics? An experimental study. Wildlife Research 22, 65–74.
| Does dingo predation or buffalo competition regulate feral pig populations in the Australian wet–dry tropics? An experimental study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Corbett, L. K. (2001). ‘The Dingo in Australia and Asia.’ 2nd edn. (J.B. Books: Adelaide.)
Corbett, L. K. (2008). Banteng. In ‘The Mammals of Australia’. 3rd edn. (Eds S. Van Dyck and R. Strahan.) pp. 764–766. (Reed New Holland: Sydney.)
Corbett, L. K., and Newsome, A. E. (1987). The feeding ecology of the dingo. III. Dietary relationships with widely fluctuating prey populations in arid Australia: an hypothesis of alternation of predation. Oecologia 74, 215–227.
| The feeding ecology of the dingo. III. Dietary relationships with widely fluctuating prey populations in arid Australia: an hypothesis of alternation of predation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC1czotVGjsA%3D%3D&md5=d56d1cf834253a3fae646391ebd8430bCAS |
Creel, S. (1997). Cooperative hunting and group size: assumptions and currencies. Animal Behaviour 54, 1319–1324.
| Cooperative hunting and group size: assumptions and currencies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2sjns1OltA%3D%3D&md5=32df9f725926cc1d7f4aef2c0bf84c7aCAS |
Creel, S., and Christianson, D. (2008). Relationships between direct predation and risk effects. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23, 194–201.
| Relationships between direct predation and risk effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crowther, M. S., Fillios, M., Colman, N., and Letnic, M. (2014). An updated description of the Australian dingo (Canis dingo Meyer, 1793). Journal of Zoology 293, 192–203.
| An updated description of the Australian dingo (Canis dingo Meyer, 1793).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davis, N. E., Forsyth, D. M., Triggs, B., Pascoe, C., Benshemesh, J., Robley, A., Lawrence, J., Nimmo, D. G., Ritchie, E. G., and Lumsden, L. F. (2015). Interspecific and geographic variation in the diets of sympatric carnivores: dingoes/wild dogs and red foxes in south-eastern Australia. PLoS One 10, e0120975.
| Interspecific and geographic variation in the diets of sympatric carnivores: dingoes/wild dogs and red foxes in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davis, N. E., Bennett, A., Forsyth, D. M., Bowman, D. M. J. S., Wood, S. W., Lefroy, E. C., Woolnough, A. P., West, P., Hampton, J. O., and Johnson, C. N. (2016). A systematic review of the impacts and management of introduced deer (Family: Cervidae) in Australia. Wildlife Research 43, 515–532.
| A systematic review of the impacts and management of introduced deer (Family: Cervidae) in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dickman, C. R. (2006). Species interactions: indirect effects. In ‘Ecology: an Australian Perspective’. 2nd edn. (Eds P. Attiwill and B. Wilson.) pp. 303–316. (Oxford University Press: Melbourne.)
Dickman, C. R., Glen, A. S., and Letnic, M. (2009). Reintroducing the dingo: can Australia’s conservation wastelands be restored? In ‘Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators’. (Eds M. W. Hayward and M. J. Somers.) pp. 238–269. (Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, UK.)
Dobbie, W. R., Berman, D. McK., and Braysher, M. L. (1993). ‘Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral Horses.’ (Bureau of Resource Sciences: Canberra.)
Festa-Bianchet, M., Coulson, T., Gaillard, J.-M., Hogg, J. T., and Pelletier, F. (2006). Stochastic predation events and population persistence in bighorn sheep. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 273, 1537–1543.
| Stochastic predation events and population persistence in bighorn sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fleming, P. J. S., Corbett, L., Harden, R., and Thomson, P. (2001). ‘Managing the Impacts of Dingoes and Other Wild Dogs.’ (Bureau of Rural Sciences: Canberra.)
Fleming, P. J. S., Allen, B. L., Ballard, G., and Allen, L. R. (2012). Wild dog ecology, impacts and management in northern Australian cattle enterprises: a review with recommendations for R, D & E investments. Meat & Livestock Australia, North Sydney.
Fleming, P. J. S., Allen, B. L., Allen, L. R., Ballard, G.-A., Bengsen, A., Gentle, M. N., McLeod, L. J., Meek, P. D., and Saunders, G. R. (2014). Management of wild canids in Australia: free-ranging dogs and red foxes. In ‘Carnivores of Australia: Past, Present and Future’. (Eds A. S. Glen and C. R. Dickman.) pp. 105–149. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Forsyth, D. M., Woodford, L., Moloney, P. D., Hampton, J. O., Woolnough, A. P., and Tucker, M. (2014). How does a carnivore guild utilise a substantial but unpredictable anthropogenic food source? Scavenging on hunter-shot ungulate carcasses by wild dogs/dingoes, red foxes and feral cats in south-eastern Australia revealed by camera traps. PLoS One 9, e97937.
| How does a carnivore guild utilise a substantial but unpredictable anthropogenic food source? Scavenging on hunter-shot ungulate carcasses by wild dogs/dingoes, red foxes and feral cats in south-eastern Australia revealed by camera traps.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Forsyth, D. M., Stamation, K., and Woodford, L. (2016). Distributions of fallow deer, red deer, hog deer and chital deer in Victoria. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Melbourne.
Forsyth, D. M., Caley, P., Davis, N. E., Latham, A. D. M., Woolnough, A. P., Woodford, L. P., Stamation, K. A., Moloney, P. D., and Pascoe, C. (2018). Functional responses of an apex predator and a mesopredator to an invading ungulate: dingoes, red foxes and sambar deer in south-east Australia. Austral Ecology, , .
| Functional responses of an apex predator and a mesopredator to an invading ungulate: dingoes, red foxes and sambar deer in south-east Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Freeland, W. J. (1990). Large herbivorous mammals: exotic species in northern Australia. Journal of Biogeography 17, 445–449.
| Large herbivorous mammals: exotic species in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frith, H. J. (1979). ‘Wildlife Conservation.’ Rev. edn. (Angus and Robertson: Sydney.)
Fuller, T. K., Mech, L. D., and Cochrane, J. F. (2003). Wolf population dynamics. In ‘Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation’. (Eds L. D. Mech and L. Boitani.) pp. 161–191. (University of Chicago Press: Chicago.)
Gaillard, J. M., Festa-Bianchet, M., and Yoccoz, N. G. (1998). Population dynamics of large herbivores: variable recruitment with constant adult survival. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, 58–63.
| Population dynamics of large herbivores: variable recruitment with constant adult survival.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7itFyhtw%3D%3D&md5=0af7951ff5297145c1dff01e57ce58bdCAS |
Gaillard, J. M., Festa-Bianchet, M., Yoccoz, N. G., Loison, A., and Toigo, C. (2000). Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31, 367–393.
| Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Geist, V. (1998). ‘Deer of the World: their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology.’ (Stackpole Books: Mechanicsburg, PA.)
Glen, A. S., Dickman, C. R., Soule, M. E., and Mackey, B. G. (2007). Evaluating the role of the dingo as a trophic regulator in Australian ecosystems. Austral Ecology 32, 492–501.
| Evaluating the role of the dingo as a trophic regulator in Australian ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Glen, A. S., Dickman, C. R., and Letnic, M. (2014). Carnivore communities: challenges and opportunities for conservation. In ‘Carnivores of Australia: Past, Present and Future’. (Eds A. S. Glen and C. R. Dickman.) pp. 405–415. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Gormley, A. M., Forsyth, D. M., Griffioen, P., Lindeman, M., Ramsey, D. S. L., Scroggie, M. P., and Woodford, L. (2011). Using presence-only and presence–absence data to estimate the current and potential distributions of established invasive species. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 25–34.
| Using presence-only and presence–absence data to estimate the current and potential distributions of established invasive species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hatton, I. A., McCann, K. S., Fryxell, J. M., Davies, T. J., Smerlak, M., Sinclair, A. R. E., and Loreau, M. (2015). The predator–prey power law: biomass scaling across terrestrial and aquatic biomes. Science 349, aac6284.
| The predator–prey power law: biomass scaling across terrestrial and aquatic biomes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayward, M. W., O’Brien, J., Hofmeyer, M., and Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). Prey preferences of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus (Canidae: Carnivora): ecological requirements for conservation. Journal of Mammalogy 87, 1122–1131.
| Prey preferences of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus (Canidae: Carnivora): ecological requirements for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayward, M. W., Lyngdoh, S., and Habib, B. (2014). Diet and prey preferences of dholes (Cuon alpinus): dietary competition within Asia’s apex predator guild. Journal of Zoology 294, 255–266.
| Diet and prey preferences of dholes (Cuon alpinus): dietary competition within Asia’s apex predator guild.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hebblewhite, M., White, C. A., Nietvelt, C. G., McKenzie, J. A., Hurd, T. E., Fryxell, J. M., Bayley, S. E., and Pacquet, P. C. (2005). Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves. Ecology 86, 2135–2144.
| Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Herrando-Pérez, S., Delean, S., Brook, B. W., and Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2012). Density dependence: an ecological Tower of Babel. Oecologia 170, 585–603.
| Density dependence: an ecological Tower of Babel.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holt, R. D. (1977). Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities. Theoretical Population Biology 12, 197–229.
| Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE1c%2FlsFegsg%3D%3D&md5=236756b4c21147c12c5ea26ad91be32dCAS |
Hone, J., Duncan, R. P., and Forsyth, D. M. (2010). Estimates of maximum annual population growth rates (r m) of mammals and their application in wildlife management. Journal of Applied Ecology 47, 507–514.
| Estimates of maximum annual population growth rates (r m) of mammals and their application in wildlife management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jackson, S., and Groves, C. (2015). ‘Taxonomy of Australian Mammals.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Jackson, S. M., Groves, C. P., Fleming, P. J. S., Aplin, K. P., Eldridge, M. D. B., Gonzalez, A., and Helgen, K. M. (2017). The wayward dog: is the Australian native dog or dingo a distinct species? Zootaxa 4317, 201–224.
| The wayward dog: is the Australian native dog or dingo a distinct species?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jędrzejewski, W., Jędrzejewski, B., Okarma, H., and Ruprecht, A. L. (1992). Wolf predation and snow cover as mortality factors in the ungulate community of the Bialowleza National Park, Poland. Oecologia 90, 27–36.
| Wolf predation and snow cover as mortality factors in the ungulate community of the Bialowleza National Park, Poland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jędrzejewski, W., Jędrzejewski, B., Okarma, H., Schmidt, K., Zub, K., and Musiani, M. (2000). Prey selection and predation by wolves in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Journal of Mammalogy 81, 197–212.
| Prey selection and predation by wolves in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jędrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Theuerkauf, J., Jędrzejewska, B., Selva, N., Zub, K., and Syzmura, L. (2002). Kill rates and predation by wolves on ungulate populations in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland). Ecology 83, 1341–1356.
Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1983). Large mammal prey–predators in Bandipur. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 80, 1–57.
Keech, M. A., Lindberg, M. S., Boertje, R. D., Valkenburg, P., Taras, B. D., Boudreau, T. A., and Beckmen, K. B. (2011). Effects of predator treatments, individual traits, and environment on moose survival in Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 75, 1361–1380.
| Effects of predator treatments, individual traits, and environment on moose survival in Alaska.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kiley, M. (1972). The vocalizations of ungulates, their causation and function. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 31, 171–222.
| The vocalizations of ungulates, their causation and function.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE3s%2Flt1Wgsg%3D%3D&md5=1157a6a5845d7e74a90a566d79328879CAS |
Klare, U., Kalmer, J. F., and MacDonald, D. W. (2011). A comparison of different scat-analysis methods for determining carnivore diet. Mammal Review 41, 294–312.
| A comparison of different scat-analysis methods for determining carnivore diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Knopff, K. H., Knopff, A. A., Kortello, A., and Boyce, M. S. (2010). Cougar kill rate and prey composition in a multiprey system. Journal of Wildlife Management 74, 1435–1447.
| Cougar kill rate and prey composition in a multiprey system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Latham, A. D. M., Latham, M. C., McCutchen, N. A., and Boutin, S. (2011). Invading white-tailed deer change wolf–caribou dynamics in northeastern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 75, 204–212.
| Invading white-tailed deer change wolf–caribou dynamics in northeastern Alberta.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Latham, A. D. M., Latham, M. C., Knopff, K. H., Hebblewhite, M., and Boutin, S. (2013). Wolves, white-tailed deer, and beaver: implications of seasonal prey switching for woodland caribou declines. Ecography 36, 1276–1290.
| Wolves, white-tailed deer, and beaver: implications of seasonal prey switching for woodland caribou declines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Laundré, J. W., Hernandez, L., and Altendorf, K. B. (2001). Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the “landscape of fear” in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, 1401–1409.
| Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the “landscape of fear” in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lent, P. C. (1974). Mother–infant relationships in ungulates. In ‘The Behaviour of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management. Vol. 1’. (Eds V. Geist and F. Walther.) pp. 14–55. (International Union for Conservation of Nature: Morges, Switzerland.)
Letnic, M., and Ripple, W. J. (2017). Large-scale responses of herbivore prey to canid predators and primary production. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26, 860–866.
| Large-scale responses of herbivore prey to canid predators and primary production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Letnic, M., Koch, F., Gordon, C., Crowther, M. S., and Dickman, C. R. (2009). Keystone effects of an alien top-predator stem extinctions of native mammals. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 276, 3249–3256.
| Keystone effects of an alien top-predator stem extinctions of native mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Letnic, M., Ritchie, E. G., and Dickman, C. R. (2012). Top predators as biodiversity regulators: the dingo Canis lupus dingo as a case study. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 87, 390–413.
| Top predators as biodiversity regulators: the dingo Canis lupus dingo as a case study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Maas, S. (1998). Feral goats in Australia: impacts and cost of control. In ‘Proceedings of the 18th Vertebrate Pest Conference’. (Eds R. O. Baker and A. C. Crabb.) Paper 55, pp. 100–106.
Mattioli, S. (2011). Family Cervidae (deer). In ‘Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 2. Hoofed Mammals’. (Eds D. E. Wilson and R. A. Mittermeier.) pp. 350–407. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.)
McKnight, T. (1969). ‘The Camel in Australia.’ (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.)
McKnight, T. (1976). ‘Friendly Vermin. A Survey of Feral Livestock in Australia.’ (University of California Press: Berkley, CA.)
Mech, L. D., and Peterson, R. O. (2003). Wolf–prey relations. In ‘Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation’. (Eds L. D. Mech and L. Boitani.) pp. 131–160. (University of Chicago Press: Chicago.)
Melis, C., Szafranska, P. A., Jędrzejewski, B., and Barton, K. (2006). Biogeographical variation in the population density of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in western Eurasia. Journal of Biogeography 33, 803–811.
| Biogeographical variation in the population density of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in western Eurasia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meriggi, A., Brangi, A., Schenone, L., Signorelli, D., and Milanesi, P. (2011). Changes of wolf (Canis lupus) diet in Italy in relation to the increase of wild ungulate abundance. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 23, 195–210.
| Changes of wolf (Canis lupus) diet in Italy in relation to the increase of wild ungulate abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Messier, F. (1994). Ungulate population models with predation: a case study with the North American moose. Ecology 75, 478–488.
| Ungulate population models with predation: a case study with the North American moose.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Messier, F. (1995). On the functional and numerical responses of wolves to changing prey density. In ‘Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World’. (Eds L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts and D. R. Seip.) pp. 187–197. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Moriarty, A. (2004). The liberation, distribution, abundance and management of wild deer in Australia. Wildlife Research 31, 291–299.
| The liberation, distribution, abundance and management of wild deer in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Newsome, A. E., and Coman, B. J. (1989). Canidae. In ‘Fauna of Australia. Mammalia. Vol. 1B’. (Eds D. W. Walton and B. J. Richardson.) pp. 993–1005. (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)
Newsome, A. E., Catling, P. C., and Corbett, L. K. (1983). The feeding ecology of the dingo. II. Dietary and numerical relationships with fluctuating prey populations in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 8, 345–366.
| The feeding ecology of the dingo. II. Dietary and numerical relationships with fluctuating prey populations in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Newsome, T. M., Ballard, G.-A., Crowther, M. S., Dellinger, J. A., Fleming, P. J. S., Glen, A. S., Greenville, A. C., Johnson, C. N., Letnic, M., Moseby, K. E., Nimmo, D. G., Nelson, M. P., Read, J. L., Ripple, W. J., Ritchie, E. G., Shores, C. R., Wallach, A. D., Wirsing, A. J., and Dickman, C. R. (2015). Resolving the value of the dingo in ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology 23, 201–208.
| Resolving the value of the dingo in ecological restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ninti One Limited (2013). Managing the impacts of feral camels across remote Australia: final report of the Australian Feral Camel Management Project. Ninti One Limited, Alice Springs.
Nudds, T. D. (1978). Convergence of group size strategies by mammalian social carnivores. American Naturalist 112, 957–960.
| Convergence of group size strategies by mammalian social carnivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Packer, C., Scheel, D., and Pusey, A. E. (1990). Why lions form groups: food is not enough. American Naturalist 136, 1–19.
| Why lions form groups: food is not enough.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Panzacchi, M., Linnell, J. D. C., Odden, M., Odden, J., and Andersen, R. (2009). Habitat and roe deer fawn vulnerability to fox predation. Journal of Animal Ecology 78, 1124–1133.
| Habitat and roe deer fawn vulnerability to fox predation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MjgtVaisg%3D%3D&md5=de677e4e7f95bc7f63ad985cbce1583dCAS |
Parkes, J. P. (2005). Feral goat. In ‘Handbook of New Zealand Mammals’. (Ed. C. M. King.) pp. 374–392. (Oxford University Press: Auckland.)
Parkes, J., Henzell, R., and Pickles, G. (1996). ‘Managing Vertebrate Pests. Feral Goats.’ (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)
Pavlov, P. M. (1991). Aspects of feral pig (Sus scrofa) ecology in semi-arid and tropical areas of eastern Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, Monash University, Melbourne.
Peterson, R. O., and Ciucci, P. (2003). The wolf as a carnivore. In ‘Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation’. (Eds L. D. Mech and L. Boitani.) pp. 104–130. (University of Chicago Press: Chicago.)
Pople, A. R., Griggs, G. C., Cairns, S. C., Beard, L. A., and Alexander, P. (2000). Trends in numbers of kangaroos and emus on either side of the South Australian dingo fence: evidence for predator regulation. Wildlife Research 27, 269–276.
| Trends in numbers of kangaroos and emus on either side of the South Australian dingo fence: evidence for predator regulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Prowse, T. A. A., Johnson, C. N., Cassey, P., Bradshaw, C. J. A., and Brook, B. W. (2015). Ecological and economic benefits to cattle rangelands of restoring an apex predator. Journal of Applied Ecology 52, 455–466.
| Ecological and economic benefits to cattle rangelands of restoring an apex predator.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pudyatmoko, S., Djuwantoko, , and Sybarno, Y. (2007). Evidence of banteng (Bos javanicus) decline in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. The Journal of Biological Sciences 7, 854–859.
| Evidence of banteng (Bos javanicus) decline in Baluran National Park, Indonesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rankine, G., and Donaldson, L. E. (1968). Animal behaviour and calf mortalities in a north Queensland breeding herd. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 7, 138–143.
Ridpath, M. G. (1991). Feral mammals and their environment. In ‘Monsoonal Australia: Landscape, Ecology and Man in the Northern Lowlands’. (Eds C. D. Haynes, M. G. Ridpath, and M. A. J. Williams.) pp. 169–191. (AA Balkema: Rotterdam.)
Ripple, W. J., and Beschta, R. L. (2012). Large predators limit herbivore densities in northern ungulate forests. European Journal of Wildlife Research 58, 733–742.
| Large predators limit herbivore densities in northern ungulate forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ripple, W. J., Estes, J. A., Beschta, R. L., Wilmers, C. C., Ritchie, E. G., Hebblewhite, M., Berger, J., Elmhagen, B., Letnic, M., Nelson, M. P., Schmitz, O. J., Smith, D. W., Wallach, A. D., and Wirsing, A. J. (2014). Status and ecological effects of the world’s largest carnivores. Science 343, 1241484.
| Status and ecological effects of the world’s largest carnivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ritchie, E. G., Elmhagen, B., Glen, A. S., Letnic, M., Ludwig, G., and McDonald, R. A. (2012). Ecosystem restoration with teeth: what role for predators? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27, 265–271.
| Ecosystem restoration with teeth: what role for predators?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robley, A., Gormley, A., Forsyth, D. M., Wilton, A. N., and Stephens, D. (2010). Movements and habitat selection by wild dogs in eastern Victoria. Australian Mammalogy 32, 23–32.
| Movements and habitat selection by wild dogs in eastern Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saunders, G. (1993). The demography of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales. Wildlife Research 20, 559–569.
| The demography of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saunders, G., and Bryant, H. (1988). The evaluation of a feral pig eradication program during a simulated exotic disease outbreak. Australian Wildlife Research 15, 73–81.
| The evaluation of a feral pig eradication program during a simulated exotic disease outbreak.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saunders, G., Coman, B., Kinnear, J., and Braysher, M. (1995). ‘Managing Vertebrate Pests: Foxes.’ (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)
Savolainen, P., Leitner, T., Wilton, A. N., Matisoo-Smith, E., and Lundeberg, J. (2004). A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 12387–12390.
| A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntFektbo%3D&md5=02785f7c239d54870bb12347feb490c5CAS |
Scheel, D. (1993). Profitability, encounter rates, and prey choice of African lions. Behavioral Ecology 4, 90–97.
| Profitability, encounter rates, and prey choice of African lions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schoener, T. (1971). Theory of feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2, 369–404.
| Theory of feeding strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Seip, D. R. (1995). Introduction to wolf–prey interactions. In ‘Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World’. (Eds L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip.) pp. 179–186. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Sharatchandra, H. C., and Gadgil, M. (1975). A year of Bandipur. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72, 623–647.
Sinclair, A. R. E., Mduma, S., and Brashares, J. S. (2003). Patterns of predation in a diverse predator–prey system. Nature 425, 288–290.
| Patterns of predation in a diverse predator–prey system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlWns74%3D&md5=570525ef95c247612e7e9d984bce075aCAS |
Stephens, D., Wilton, A. N., Fleming, P. J. S., and Berry, O. (2015). Death by sex in an Australian icon: a continent-wide survey reveals extensive hybridization between dingoes and domestic dogs. Molecular Ecology 24, 5643–5656.
| Death by sex in an Australian icon: a continent-wide survey reveals extensive hybridization between dingoes and domestic dogs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhvVyitbbN&md5=a4bf5bfc3a051141dfe6f101493d9657CAS |
Thomson, P. (1984). Dingoes and sheep in pastoral areas. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 25, 27–31.
Thomson, P. (1992a). The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. IV. Social and spatial organisation, and movements. Wildlife Research 19, 542–563.
Thomson, P. (1992b). The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. III. Hunting and feeding behaviour, and diet. Wildlife Research 19, 531–541.
| The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. III. Hunting and feeding behaviour, and diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thurber, J. M., and Peterson, R. O. (1993). Effects of population density and pack size on the foraging ecology of gray wolves. Journal of Mammalogy 74, 879–889.
| Effects of population density and pack size on the foraging ecology of gray wolves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trounson, K. (2013). ‘Sambar V Wild Dogs Bowhunt Vic.’ Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYdafOu6ytE [accessed 23 August 2016].
van Bommel, L., and Johnson, C. N. (2014). Protecting livestock while conserving ecosystem function: non-lethal management of wild predators. In ‘Carnivores of Australia: Past, Present and Future’. (Eds A. S. Glen and C. R. Dickman.) pp. 323–353. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
van Bommel, L., and Johnson, C. N. (2016). Livestock guardian dogs as surrogate top predators? How Maremma sheepdogs affect a wildlife community. Ecology and Evolution 2016, 1–11.
| Livestock guardian dogs as surrogate top predators? How Maremma sheepdogs affect a wildlife community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Van Dyck, S., and Strahan, R. (2008). ‘The Mammals of Australia.’ 3rd edn. (Reed New Holland: Sydney.)
Venkataraman, A. B., Arumugam, R., and Sukumar, R. (1995). The foraging ecology of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Mudumalai Sanctuary, southern India. Journal of Zoology 237, 543–561.
| The foraging ecology of dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Mudumalai Sanctuary, southern India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K. (2000). Immediate effects of fire on survivorship of the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica): an endangered Australian marsupial. Biological Conservation 96, 305–309.
| Immediate effects of fire on survivorship of the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica): an endangered Australian marsupial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K., Dennis, A., and Winter, J. (2001). Mammalian diet and broad hunting strategy of the dingo (Canis familiaris dingo) in the wet tropical rain forests of northeastern Australia. Biotropica 33, 339–345.
| Mammalian diet and broad hunting strategy of the dingo (Canis familiaris dingo) in the wet tropical rain forests of northeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wallach, A. D., Ritchie, E. G., Read, J., and O’Neill, A. J. (2009). More than mere numbers: the impact of lethal control on the social stability of a top-order predator. PLoS One 4, e6861.
| More than mere numbers: the impact of lethal control on the social stability of a top-order predator.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wallach, A. D., Johnson, C. N., Ritchie, E. G., and O’Neill, A. J. (2010). Predator control promotes invasive dominated ecological states. Ecology Letters 13, 1008–1018.
Wallach, A. D., Ramp, D., and O’Neill, A. J. (2017). Cattle mortality on a predator-friendly station in central Australia. Journal of Mammalogy 98, 45–52.
| Cattle mortality on a predator-friendly station in central Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weaver, J. L. (1993). Refining the equation for interpreting prey occurrence in gray wolf scats. Journal of Wildlife Management 57, 534–538.
| Refining the equation for interpreting prey occurrence in gray wolf scats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
West, P. (2011). National mapping of the abundance of established, new and emerging pest animals to improve decision-making and the assessment of government investment programs. Final Report to Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
Wicks, S., Mazur, K., Please, P., Ecker, S., and Buetre, B. (2014). An integrated assessment of the impact of wild dogs in Australia. ABARES Research Report No. 14.4. Department of Agriculture, Canberra.
Woodall, P. F. (1983). Distribution and population dynamics of dingoes (Canis familiaris) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in Queensland, 1945−1976. Journal of Applied Ecology 20, 85–95.
| Distribution and population dynamics of dingoes (Canis familiaris) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in Queensland, 1945−1976.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
