A review of the effects of different marking and tagging techniques on marine mammals
Kristen A. Walker A D , Andrew W. Trites B , Martin Haulena C and Daniel M. Weary A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Room 180, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
B Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Room 247, AERL, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C Vancouver Aquarium, PO Box 3232, Vancouver, BC, V6B 3X8, Canada.
D Corresponding author. Email: walkerkr@interchange.ubc.ca
Wildlife Research 39(1) 15-30 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR10177
Submitted: 24 September 2011 Accepted: 20 October 2011 Published: 21 December 2011
Abstract
Wildlife research often requires marking and tagging animals to collect data on survival, reproduction, movement, behaviour and physiology. Identification of individual marine mammals can be carried out using tags, brands, paint, dye, photogrammetry, telemetry and other techniques. An analysis of peer-reviewed articles published from January 1980 to April 2011 addressing the effects of marking revealed a preponderance of studies focussed on short-term effects such as injuries and behavioural changes. Some marking techniques were reported to cause pain and to change swimming and haul-out behaviour, maternal attendance, and duration of foraging trips. However, marking has typically not been found to affect survival. No published research has addressed other possible long-term effects of marking related to injuries or pain responses. Studies of the more immediate effects of marking (mostly related to externally attached devices such as radio-transmitters) have shown a variety of different types and magnitudes of responses. It is important to note that studies failing to find treament differences are less likely to be published, meaning that the present and any other reviews based on published literature may be a biased sample of all research conducted on the topic. Publishing results that found no or low impacts (i.e. best practices) as well as those that found significant impacts on animals should both be encouraged. Future research under more controlled conditions is required to document acute effects of marking, including injury and pain, and to better understand longer-term effects on health, reproduction and survival. We recommend that studies using marked animals standardise their reports, with added detail on methodology, monitoring and sampling design, and address practices used to minimise the impact of marking on marine mammals.
Additional keywords: marine mammals, marking effects, survival, telemetry, transmitter.
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