Genetic analysis reveals spatial structure in an expanding introduced rusa deer population
Scarlett Li-Williams
A # , Katarina C. Stuart A # , Sebastien Comte B , David M. Forsyth B , Michelle Dawson C D , William B. Sherwin A and Lee A. Rollins A *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
B Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
C South-East Local Land Services, 84 Crown Street, Wollongong East, NSW 2520, Australia.
D Cultural and Ecosystem Adaptation Team, NSW Office of Energy and Climate Change, 12 Darcy Street, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia.
* Correspondence to: l.rollins@unsw.edu.au
# These authors contributed equally to this paper
Handling Editor: Graham Nugent
Wildlife Research 50(9) 757-769 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR22128
Submitted: 14 July 2022 Accepted: 11 June 2023 Published: 10 July 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis), originally introduced in the 1860s, are still spreading in eastern Australia. The expanding peri-urban rusa deer population in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia is having undesirable impacts on human and ecological communities, but the spatial structure of this population has not been investigated. Genetic information on invasive species is potentially useful in identifying management units to mitigate undesirable impacts.
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate population structure, characterise dispersal, and determine if natural and human-made landscape features affected gene flow in rusa deer invading the Illawarra region of New South Wales.
Methods: We used reduced representation sequencing (DArT-Seq) to analyse single nucleotide polymorphisms distributed throughout the genomic DNA of rusa deer culled during a management program. We used admixture and Principal Component Analyses to investigate population structure with respect to natural and human-made landscape features, and we investigated whether our genetic data supported the presence of sex-biased dispersal.
Key results: Genetic diversity was highest in the north, near the original introduction site. A railway line demarcated restricted gene flow. Surprisingly, the Illawarra escarpment, a prominent landscape feature, did not restrict gene flow. There was no evidence of sex-biased dispersal and seven individuals were identified as genetic outliers.
Conclusions: The genetic structure of the Illawarra rusa deer population is consistent with individuals spreading south from their introduction site in Royal National Park. The population is not panmictic, and a landscape feature associated with urbanisation was associated with increased spatial genetic structure. Outliers could indicate hybridisation or secondary incursion events.
Implications: Rusa deer can be expected to continue invading southwards in the Illawarra region, but landscape features associated with urbanisation might reduce dispersal across the landscape. The genetic structuring of the population identified three potential management units on which to prioritise ground shooting operations.
Keywords: geographical range, invasive species, molecular ecology, population biology, population management, rusa deer, spatial structure, wildlife management.
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