Observations of wildfire spread dynamics in southern Australian grasslands

Miguel G. Cruz; Musa Kilinc; James S. Gould; Wendy R. Anderson

doi:10.1071/WF24095

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

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Observations of wildfire spread dynamics in southern Australian grasslands

Miguel G. Cruz

^A ^* , Musa Kilinc ^B , James S. Gould ^A and Wendy R. Anderson ^C

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

^B Country Fire Authority, PO Box 701, Mount Waverley, Vic 3149, Australia.

^C Hobart, Tas 7000, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: miguel.cruz@csiro.au

International Journal of Wildland Fire 33, WF24095 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF24095

Submitted: 11 June 2024 Accepted: 5 August 2024 Published: 4 September 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Background

Wildfire propagation is inherently non-steady, although forecasts of their spread focus on a pseudo-steady state assumption.

Aims

To investigate the variability in rate of fire spread of wildfires in southern Australian grassland landscapes, and the effect of landscape features in inhibiting fire propagation. To evaluate the adequacy of grassfire rate of spread models currently used in Australia.

Methods

We reconstructed the propagation of six wildfires in grassland fuels and characterised the unsteady nature of rate of spread. We also analysed the effect of barriers to fire spread in slowing or halting wildfire propagation.

Key results

Headfire rate of spread in wildfires was observed to be non-steady, with peaks in forward rate of spread being on average 2.6-times higher than mean values. The rate of spread had an average coefficient of variation of 88%. Areas of fuel discontinuity, such as roads, did not stop fires under moderate burning conditions, but resulted in slowing the average rate of fire spread.

Conclusions

Analysis of wildfire observations is key to understand fire behaviour features that are not replicable in experimental or modelling environments. Findings from the analysis can support fire-fighting safety awareness and inform landscape fire propagation modelling.

Keywords: fire barriers, fire behaviour, fire environment, grass curing, non-steady fire propagation, rate of fire spread, wildfire documentation.

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