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RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)
Contents Vol 33(9)

Comparing gas composition from fast pyrolysis of live foliage measured in bench-scale and fire-scale experiments

David R. Weise https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9671-7203 A * , Thomas H. Fletcher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9999-4492 B , Timothy J. Johnson https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9514-6288 C , Wei Min Hao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5604-8762 D , Mark Dietenberger https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-4149 E , Marko Princevac https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3512-7760 F , Bret W. Butler D , Sara S. McAllister https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6632-4057 D , Joseph J. O’Brien https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-6063 G , E. Louise Loudermilk G , Roger D. Ottmar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4385-4052 H , Andrew T. Hudak https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-1458 I , Akira Kato J , Babak Shotorban https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-7297 K , Shankar Mahalingam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4543-7201 K , Tanya L. Myers https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8995-7033 C , Javier Palarea-Albaladejo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-669X L and Stephen P. Baker D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA 92508, USA.

B Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.

C Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.

D USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59808, USA.

E USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA.

F Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

G USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA 30602, USA.

H USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.

I USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID 83843, USA.

J Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan.

K College of Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.

L Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain.

* Correspondence to: david.weise@usda.gov

International Journal of Wildland Fire 33, WF23200 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF23200
Submitted: 12 December 2023  Accepted: 30 July 2024  Published: 27 August 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Background

Fire models have used pyrolysis data from oxidising and non-oxidising environments for flaming combustion. In wildland fires pyrolysis, flaming and smouldering combustion typically occur in an oxidising environment (the atmosphere).

Aims

Using compositional data analysis methods, determine if the composition of pyrolysis gases measured in non-oxidising and ambient (oxidising) atmospheric conditions were similar. 

Methods

Permanent gases and tars were measured in a fuel-rich (non-oxidising) environment in a flat flame burner (FFB). Permanent and light hydrocarbon gases were measured for the same fuels heated by a fire flame in ambient atmospheric conditions (oxidising environment). Log-ratio balances of the measured gases common to both environments (CO, CO2, CH4, H2, C6H6O (phenol), and other gases) were examined by principal components analysis (PCA), canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA).

Key results

Mean composition changed between the non-oxidising and ambient atmosphere samples. PCA showed that flat flame burner (FFB) samples were tightly clustered and distinct from the ambient atmosphere samples. CDA found that the difference between environments was defined by the CO-CO2 log-ratio balance. PERMANOVA and pairwise comparisons found FFB samples differed from the ambient atmosphere samples which did not differ from each other.

Conclusion

Relative composition of these pyrolysis gases differed between the oxidising and non-oxidising environments. This comparison was one of the first comparisons made between bench-scale and field scale pyrolysis measurements using compositional data analysis.

Implications

These results indicate the need for more fundamental research on the early time-dependent pyrolysis of vegetation in the presence of oxygen.

Keywords: CH4, CO, CO2, compositional data, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas composition, H2, log-ratio, longleaf pine, phenol.

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