Register      Login
International Journal of Wildland Fire International Journal of Wildland Fire Society
Journal of the International Association of Wildland Fire
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Uncharted territory: governance opportunities for wildfire management and the case of Cyprus

Judith A. Kirschner https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2720-165X A * , Toddi A. Steelman https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7492-8635 B , Iris Charalambidou https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3154-4169 C , Salih Gücel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5331-8379 D , Petros Petrou https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5638-7174 E , Kostakis Papageorgiou E , Achilleas Karayiannis F and George Boustras https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-9575 A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Center for Risk and Decision Sciences, European University, 6 Diogenous Street, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus.

B Nicholas School of Environment || Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.

C Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus.

D Environmental Research Center || Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.

E Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus.

F School of Economics, Administration and Computer Science, Neapolis University Pafos, Pafos, Cyprus.

* Correspondence to: judith.kirschner@unibe.ch

International Journal of Wildland Fire 33, WF23177 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF23177
Submitted: 31 October 2023  Accepted: 13 April 2024  Published: 30 May 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Global environmental and social change are pushing wildfire activity and impact beyond known trajectories. Here, we conducted a targeted review to distill five wildfire challenges that we argue form opportunities for their governance (research aim 1). We exemplified our arguments by drawing from the case of Cyprus (research aim 2), a small island country in the south-east European Mediterranean Basin at risk of extreme wildfire impact. Findings indicate that burning for social and ecological resource benefits, innovative management paradigms and anticipatory governance systems offer actionable solutions to the wildfire paradox and the limits of suppression. Local adaptive institutions and a reconceptualisation of wildfire as a risk and process beyond technocratic interpretations are necessary to account for broader social conditions shaping wildfire regimes and community impact. Governance systems that accommodate collective action have proven suitable to address multiple wildfire complexities linked with different socio-economic systems and values. A systematic literature review, policy review, and qualitative data collection on wildfire management in Cyprus track back to the initial framing. Our case study offers insights for tackling wildfires with actionable steps through overarching governance systems, and illustrates the potential for change in thinking of and acting on wildfire in flammable landscapes globally.

Keywords: anticipatory governance, bushfire, climate crisis, Cyprus, fire regime, forest fire, global change, Global North, socio-ecological system.

References

Abrams JB, Knapp M, Paveglio TB, Ellison A, Moseley C, Nielsen-Pincus M, Carroll MS (2015) Re-envisioning community-wildfire relations in the U.S. West as adaptive governance. Ecology and Society 20, art34.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Abreu SJD (2022) Toward a holistic approach: considerations for improved collaboration in wildfire management. Open Journal of Forestry 12, 107-121.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Adlam C, Almendariz D, Goode RW, Martinez DJ, Middleton BR (2022) Keepers of the flame: supporting the revitalization of Indigenous cultural burning. Society & Natural Resources 35, 575-590.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

AGIF (2022) 20 – 30 National Plan for Integrated Rural Fire Management. Available at https://www.agif.pt/en/action/national-plan-for-integrated-wildland-fire-management

AlphaNews (2023) Επαναλειτουργεί το Δασικό Κολέγιο: Αυτά τα μέτρα αποφασίστηκαν για τις πυρκαγιές | AlphaNews.Live. Available at https://www.alphanews.live/cyprus/epanaleitoyrgei-dasiko-kolegio-ayta-ta-metra-apofasistikan-gia-tis-pyrkagies [in Greek]

Antonelli A (2023) Indigenous knowledge is key to sustainable food systems. Nature 613, 239-242.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Archibald S, Roy DP, Van Wilgen BW, Scholes RJ (2009) What limits fire? An examination of drivers of burnt area in Southern Africa. Global Change Biology 15, 613-630.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Armitage D, de Loë R, Plummer R (2012) Environmental governance and its implications for conservation practice. Conservation Letters 5, 245-255.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ascoli D, Beghin R, Ceccato R, Gorlier A, Lombardi G, Lonati M, Marzano R, Bovio G, Cavallero A (2009) Developing an adaptive management approach to prescribed burning: a long-term heathland conservation experiment in north-west Italy. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18(6), 727.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Auer MR (2024) Wildfire risk and insurance: research directions for policy scientists. Policy Sciences
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ayberk H (2003) Forest Fires Occurred in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Between the Years of 1975-2000. In ‘31st International Forestry Students Symposium, Forests for Food and Water’. Vol. 79–83. (Istanbul University: Türkiye) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282183865_Forest_Fires_Occurred_in_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus_Between_the_Years_of_1975-2000

Babski SP, Garel M, Maillard D, Dalery G (2004) Impacts du brulage dirige et du debroussaillage mecanique sur la frequentation d’une lande a bruyere et callune par le mouflon mediterraneen (Ovis gmelini musimon x Ovis sp.) dans le massif du Caroux-Espinouse (Herault, France). Étude et Recherche ONCFS, 71–73.

Bacciu V, Sirca C, Spano D (2022) Towards a systemic approach to fire risk management. Environmental Science & Policy 129, 37-44.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Beck U (1992) From industrial society to the risk society: questions of survival, social structure and ecological enlightenment. Theory, Culture & Society 9, 97-123.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Berkes F (2009) Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management 90, 1692-1702.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bojić, D, Clark M, Urban K (2022) ‘Focus on governance for more effective policy and technical support. Framework paper.’ (FAO: Rome) 10.4060/cc0240en

Bosomworth K (2015) Climate change adaptation in public policy: frames, fire management, and frame reflection. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 33, 1450-1466.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Boustras G, Boukas N (2013) Forest fires’ impact on tourism development: a comparative study of Greece and Cyprus. Management of Environmental Quality 24, 498-511.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Boustras G, Bratskas R, Pourgouri S, Michaelides A, Efstathiades A, Katsaros E (2008) A report on forest fires in Cyprus. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies 2008–3. Available at http://trauma.massey.ac.nz/issues/2008-2/boustras.htm

Bowman DMJS, Balch JK, Artaxo P, Bond WJ, Carlson JM, Cochrane MA, D’Antonio CM, DeFries RS, Doyle JC, Harrison SP, Johnston FH, Keeley JE, Krawchuk MA, Kull CA, Marston JB, Moritz MA, Prentice IC, Roos CI, Scott AC, Swetnam TW, Van Der Werf GR, Pyne SJ (2009) Fire in the Earth System. Science 324, 481-484.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bowman DMJS, Williamson GJ, Abatzoglou JT, Kolden CA, Cochrane MA, Smith AMS (2017) Human exposure and sensitivity to globally extreme wildfire events. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1, 0058.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bowman DMJS, Kolden CA, Abatzoglou JT, Johnston FH, van der Werf GR, Flannigan M (2020) Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 1(10), 500-515.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Braun V, Clarke V (2013) ‘Successful qualitative research: a practical guide for beginners.’ (SAGE: Los Angeles, CA, USA)

Brenkert-Smith H, Dickinson KL, Champ PA, Flores N (2013) Social amplification of wildfire risk: the role of social interactions and information sources. Risk Analysis 33, 800-817.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Brondizio ES, Giroux SA, Valliant JCD, Blekking J, Dickinson S, Henschel B (2023) Millions of jobs in food production are disappearing — a change in mindset would help to keep them. Nature 620, 33-36.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Brouma AD, Ezel C (2011) Chapter 6 Water Policy Networks: A New Form of Governance for Cyprus? The Case of Nicosia. In ‘Water Resources Allocation. Global Issues in Water Policy’. (Ed. P Koundouri) (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands) 10.1007/978-90-481-9825-2_6

Brown LD (1991) Bridging organizations and sustainable development. Human Relations 44, 807-831.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Brown J, Arno S (1991) ‘The paradox of wildland fire.’ (Western Wildlands)

Butzer KW, Harris SE (2007) Geoarchaeological approaches to the environmental history of Cyprus: explication and critical evaluation. Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 1932-1952.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Calkin DE, Gebert KM, Jones JG, Neilson RP (2005) Forest service large fire area burned and suppression expenditure trends, 1970–2002. Journal of Forestry 103, 179-183.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Calkin DE, Cohen JD, Finney MA, Thompson MP (2014) How risk management can prevent future wildfire disasters in the wildland-urban interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 746-751.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Calkin DE, Thompson MP, Finney MA (2015) Negative consequences of positive feedbacks in US wildfire management. Forest Ecosystems 2, 9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Castellnou M, Miralles M (2010) The Catalonian Programme on Fire Management: GRAF Team Actions. ‘Best Pract. Fire Use - Prescr. Burn. Suppr. Fire Programme Sel. Case-Study Reg. Eur.’ Research Report. (Eds C Montiel, D Kraus) pp. 137–152. (European Forest Institute)

Castellnou M, Prat-Guitart N, Arilla E, Larrañaga A, Nebot E, Castellarnau X, Vendrell J, Pallàs J, Herrera J, Monturiol M, Cespedes J, Pagès J, Gallardo C, Miralles M (2019) Empowering strategic decision-making for wildfire management: avoiding the fear trap and creating a resilient landscape. Fire Ecology 15, 31.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Castro Rego F, Morgan P, Fernandes P, Hoffman C (2021) Integrated Fire Management. In ‘Fire Science’. Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment. pp. 509–597. (Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland) 10.1007/978-3-030-69815-7_13

Cawson JG, Sheridan GJ, Smith HG, Lane PNJ (2012) Surface runoff and erosion after prescribed burning and the effect of different fire regimes in forests and shrublands: a review. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(7), 857.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

CEU. JRC. (2017) ‘Forest fire danger extremes in Europe under climate change: variability and uncertainty.’ (Publications Office: European Union) 10.2760/13180

Chaffin BC, Gosnell H, Cosens BA (2014) A decade of adaptive governance scholarship: synthesis and future directions. Ecology and Society 19, art56.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chas-Amil M-L, Nogueira-Moure E, Prestemon JP, Touza J (2022) Spatial patterns of social vulnerability in relation to wildfire risk and wildland-urban interface presence. Landscape and Urban Planning 228, 104577.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chipangura P, Van Niekerk D, Van Der Waldt G (2017) Disaster risk problem framing: Insights from societal perceptions in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 22, 317-324.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Choi BC, Pak AW (2006) Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy: 1. Definitions, objectives, and evidence of effectiveness. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 29, 351-64.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

Cochrane MA, Bowman DMJS (2021) Manage fire regimes, not fires. Nature Geoscience 14, 455-457.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cole A, Fontana L, Hirzel M, Johnston C, Miramonti A (2023) On burning ground: theatre of the oppressed and ecological crisis in Bolivia. Cultural Geographies 30, 639-648.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Colonico M, Tomao A, Ascoli D, Corona P, Giannino F, Moris JV, Romano R, Salvati L, Barbati A (2022) Rural development funding and wildfire prevention: evidences of spatial mismatches with fire activity. Land Use Policy 117, 106079.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cosens B, Ruhl JB, Soininen N, Gunderson L, Belinskij A, Blenckner T, Camacho AE, Chaffin BC, Craig RK, Doremus H, Glicksman R, Heiskanen A-S, Larson R, Similä J (2021) Governing complexity: integrating science, governance, and law to manage accelerating change in the globalized commons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, e2102798118.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Costa C, Cerqueira Â, Rocha F, Velosa A (2019) The sustainability of adobe construction: past to future. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 13, 639-647.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Costi De Castrillo M, Philokyprou M, Ioannou I (2017) Comparison of adobes from pre-history to-date. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12, 437-448.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Coughlan MR (2013) Errakina: Pastoral fire use and landscape memory in the Basque Region of the French Western Pyrenees. Journal of Ethnobiology 33, 86-104.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Countryman CM, Forest PS, Range Experiment Station (Berkeley Calif) (1972) ‘The Fire Environment Concept.’ (Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station) Available at https://books.google.com.cy/books?id=9hM4d0IYe0gC

Cucchi T, Orth A, Auffray JC, Renaud S, Fabre L, Catalan J, Hadjisterokotis E, Bonhomme F, Vigne JD (2006) A new endemic species of the subgenus Mus (Rodentia, Mammalia) on the Island of Cyprus. Zootaxa 1241, 1-36.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cusworth DH, Mickley LJ, Sulprizio MP, Liu T, Marlier ME, DeFries RS, Guttikunda SK, Gupta P (2018) Quantifying the influence of agricultural fires in northwest India on urban air pollution in Delhi, India. Environmental Research Letters 13, 044018.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cyprus Department of Forests (2012) Forest Law of 2012 Ο περί Δασών Νόμος του 2012. Cyprus Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment.

Cyprus Department of Forests (2013) Forest Policy Statement 2013 (ΔΗΛΩΣΗ ΔΑΣΙΚΗΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ 2013). Cyprus Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment.

Cyprus Department of Forests (2021) Strategic Planning 2021 - 2023 (ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΚΟΣ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΣ ΤΜΗΜΑΤΟΣ ΔΑΣΩΝ 2021 - 2023). Cyprus Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment.

Dale L (2006) Wildfire policy and fire use on public lands in the United States. Society & Natural Resources 19, 275-284.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Daniel Tang KH, Yap P-S (2020) A Systematic Review of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture as an Obstacle to Future-Proofing Climate Change. In ‘Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Climate Change’. pp. 1–19. 10.17501/2513258X.2020.4101

Davies IP, Haugo RD, Robertson JC, Levin PS (2018) The unequal vulnerability of communities of color to wildfire. PLoS One 13, e0205825.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Delipetrou P, Makhzoumi J, Dimopoulos P, Georghiou K (2008) Chapter 9: Cyprus. In ‘Mediterranean Island Landscapes’. (Ed. I Vogiatzakis) pp. 170–203. (Springer Science+Business Media B.V.)

Department of Forests (n.d.) ‘Forest Fires.’ (Department of Forests) Available at http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/fd/fd.nsf/fd93_en/fd93_en?OpenDocument

DG JRC-IES (2008) Forest Fires in Europe. Report no. 9/2009. (JRC Publications Repository)

Dimitriou T, Ellina-Shaili C (2019) ‘Administration and Innovation in Cyprus.’ (Research Institute for Entrepreneurship Development (RIED), Neapolis University, Pafos 1, Cyprus)

Djalante R, Holley C, Thomalla F, Carnegie M (2013) Pathways for adaptive and integrated disaster resilience. Natural Hazards 69, 2105-2135.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dodd W, Scott P, Howard C, Scott C, Rose C, Cunsolo A, Orbinski J (2018) Lived experience of a record wildfire season in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 109, 327-337.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Doerr SH, Santín C (2016) Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B, Biological Sciences 371, 20150345.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Duane A, Castellnou M, Brotons L (2021) Towards a comprehensive look at global drivers of novel extreme wildfire events. Climatic Change 165, 43.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dupuy J, Fargeon H, Martin-StPaul N, Pimont F, Ruffault J, Guijarro M, Hernando C, Madrigal J, Fernandes P (2020) Climate change impact on future wildfire danger and activity in southern Europe: a review. Annals of Forest Science 77, 35.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Eriksen C, Simon G (2017) The Affluence–Vulnerability Interface: intersecting scales of risk, privilege and disaster. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, 293-313.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Essen M, McCaffrey S, Abrams J, Paveglio T (2023) Improving wildfire management outcomes: shifting the paradigm of wildfire from simple to complex risk. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 66, 909-927.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

European Commission (n.d.) Geographical indications and quality schemes explained. Available at https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/farming/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes-explained_en

European Commission (2021) ‘Land-based wildfire prevention: principles and experiences on managing landscapes, forests and woodlands for safety and resilience in Europe.’ (Publications Office: European Union) 10.2779/695867

European Environment Agency (2017) Country fact sheet Cyprus, land cover 2012.

Faas AJ, Velez A-LK, FitzGerald C, Nowell BL, Steelman TA (2017) Patterns of preference and practice: bridging actors in wildfire response networks in the American Northwest. Disasters 41, 527-548.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Fernandes PM (2021) Sustainable fire management. ‘Life on Land’. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. (Eds W Leal Filho, AM Azul, L Brandli, A Lange Salvia, T Wall) pp. 1001–1010. (Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland) 10.1007/978-3-319-95981-8

Fernandes PM, Vega JA, Jiménez E, Rigolot E (2008) Fire resistance of European pines. Forest Ecology and Management 256, 246-255.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fernandes PM, Davies GM, Ascoli D, Fernández C, Moreira F, Rigolot E, Stoof CR, Vega JA, Molina D (2013) Prescribed burning in southern Europe: developing fire management in a dynamic landscape. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11, e4-e14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fernandez-Anez N, Krasovskiy A, Müller M, Vacik H, Baetens J, Hukić E, Kapovic Solomun M, Atanassova I, Glushkova M, Bogunović I, Fajković H, Djuma H, Boustras G, Adámek M, Devetter M, Hrabalikova M, Huska D, Martínez Barroso P, Vaverková MD, Zumr D, Jõgiste K, Metslaid M, Koster K, Köster E, Pumpanen J, Ribeiro-Kumara C, Di Prima S, Pastor A, Rumpel C, Seeger M, Daliakopoulos I, Daskalakou E, Koutroulis A, Papadopoulou MP, Stampoulidis K, Xanthopoulos G, Aszalós R, Balázs D, Kertész M, Valkó O, Finger DC, Thorsteinsson T, Till J, Bajocco S, Gelsomino A, Amodio AM, Novara A, Salvati L, Telesca L, Ursino N, Jansons A, Kitenberga M, Stivrins N, Brazaitis G, Marozas V, Cojocaru O, Gumeniuc I, Sfecla V, Imeson A, Veraverbeke S, Mikalsen RF, Koda E, Osinski P, Castro ACM, Nunes JP, Oom D, Vieira D, Rusu T, Bojović S, Djordjevic D, Popovic Z, Protic M, Sakan S, Glasa J, Kacikova D, Lichner L, Majlingova A, Vido J, Ferk M, Tičar J, Zorn M, Zupanc V, Hinojosa MB, Knicker H, Lucas-Borja ME, Pausas J, Prat-Guitart N, Ubeda X, Vilar L, Destouni G, Ghajarnia N, Kalantari Z, Seifollahi-Aghmiuni S, Dindaroglu T, Yakupoglu T, Smith T, Doerr S, Cerda A (2021) Current wildland fire patterns and challenges in Europe: a synthesis of national perspectives. Air, Soil and Water Research 14, 117862212110281.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Financial Mirror (2021) Government offers €6 mln for fire-stricken villages. Financial Mirror. Available at https://www.financialmirror.com/2021/07/07/government-offers-e6-mln-for-fire-stricken-villages/ [published July 7, 2021]

Fischer AP, Spies TA, Steelman TA, Moseley C, Johnson BR, Bailey JD, Ager AA, Bourgeron P, Charnley S, Collins BM, Kline JD, Leahy JE, Littell JS, Millington JD, Nielsen‐Pincus M, Olsen CS, Paveglio TB, Roos CI, Steen‐Adams MM, Stevens FR, Vukomanovic J, White EM, Bowman DM (2016) Wildfire risk as a socioecological pathology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14, 276-284.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Folke C, Colding J, Berkes F (2003) Synthesis: building resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems. In ‘Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change’. (Eds F Berkes, J Colding, C Folke) pp. 352–387. (Cambridge University Press)

Folke C, Hahn T, Olsson P, Norberg J (2005) Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30, 441-473.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fontana L, Miramonti A, Johnston C (2023) Women in wildfire crises: exploring lived experiences of conflict through forum theatre. Studies in Social Justice 17, 269-279.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Forman RT (1995) Land Mosaics: The ecology of landscapes and regions. ‘Ecol. Des. Plan. Read.’ (Ed RT Forman) pp. 217–234. (Cambridge University Press)

Galizia LF, Barbero R, Rodrigues M, Ruffault J, Pimont F, Curt T (2023) Global warming reshapes European pyroregions. Earth’s Future 11, e2022EF003182.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ganteaume A, Jappiot M (2013) What causes large fires in Southern France. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 76-85.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Georgiou KE (2023) Forest fires social and climate change in Cyprus. Earth and Environmental Science 1266, 012052.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gill Malcolm A (1975) Fire and the Australian flora: a review. Australian Forestry 38(1), 4-25.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Giorgi F, Lionello P (2008) Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Global and Planetary Change 63, 90-104.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gordon JS, Matarrita-Cascante D, Stedman RC, Luloff AE (2010) Wildfire perception and community change: wildfire perception and community change. Rural Sociology 75, 455-477.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hadjikyriakou G (2005) Forest Fire Management in Cyprus. International Forest Fire News (IFFN) 33, 38–43.

Hadjimichael M (2019) Cyprus is an Island (1946) – Ethnographic Reflections on a Colonial Documentary. The Cyprus Review 31, 143-165.
| Google Scholar |

Hadorn GH, Hoffmann-Riem H, Biber-Klemm S, Grossenbacher-Mansuy W, Joye D, Pohl C, Wiesmann U, Zemp E (Eds) (2008) ‘Handbook of Transdisciplinary Research.’ (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands) 10.1007/978-1-4020-6699-3

Hamilton M, Fischer AP, Jasny L (2021) Bridging collaboration gaps in fragmented environmental governance systems. Environmental Science & Policy 124, 461-470.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hand R, Hadjikyriakou GN, Christodoulo GS (2011) Flora of Cyprus – a dynamic checklist. Available at http://www.flora-of-cyprus.eu

Harris S (2007) Colonial forestry and environmental history: British policies in Cyprus, 1878–1960. The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA.

Harris SE (2012) Cyprus as a degraded landscape or resilient environment in the wake of colonial intrusion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, 3670-3675.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Haugo RD, Kellogg BS, Cansler CA, Kolden CA, Kemp KB, Robertson JC, Metlen KL, Vaillant NM, Restaino CM (2019) The missing fire: quantifying human exclusion of wildfire in Pacific Northwest forests, USA. Ecosphere 10, e02702.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

He T, Lamont BB, Pausas JG (2019) Fire as a key driver of Earth’s biodiversity. Biological Reviews 94, 1983-2010.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hellicar MA, Kirschel ANG (2022) Influence of grazing and fire on breeding birds and perennial plants in Cyprus scrub and forest systems. Journal for Nature Conservation 68, 126207.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Higuera PE, Cook MC, Balch JK, Stavros EN, Mahood AL, St. Denis LA (2023) Shifting social-ecological fire regimes explain increasing structure loss from Western wildfires. PNAS Nexus 2, pgad005.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hocknell PR (2001) ‘Boundaries of cooperation: Cyprus, de facto partition, and the delimitation of transboundary resource management.’ (Kluwer Law International: London, UK; Boston, MA, USA)

Iglesias V, Braswell AE, Rossi MW, Joseph MB, McShane C, Cattau M, Koontz MJ, McGlinchy J, Nagy RC, Balch J, Leyk S, Travis WR (2021) Risky development: increasing exposure to natural hazards in the United States. Earth’s Future 9, e2020EF001795.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ingalsbee T (2017) Whither the paradigm shift? Large wildland fires and the wildfire paradox offer opportunities for a new paradigm of ecological fire management. International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, 557-561.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ioannou C (2004) The grazing problem in the forests of Akamas peninsula in Cyprus. In ‘Rangel. Lowl. SEMI-Mt. AREAS MEANS RURAL–Dev. Proceedings 4th Panhellenic Rangel. Congress Volos’. 10-12 November 2004. (Eds DP Platis, TG Papachristou) (Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment Aristotle University of Thessaloniki: Greece)

IPCC (2023) ‘Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.’ (Cambridge University Press) 10.1017/9781009325844

Jensen SE, McPherson GR (2008) ‘Living with fire: fire ecology and policy for the twenty-first century.’ (University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA)

Johnston LM, Wang X, Erni S, Taylor SW, McFayden CB, Oliver JA, Stockdale C, Christianson A, Boulanger Y, Gauthier S, Arseneault D, Wotton BM, Parisien M-A, Flannigan MD (2020) Wildland fire risk research in Canada. Environmental Reviews 28, 164-186.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Jonard F, Lambotte M, Ramos F, Terres JM, Bamps C (2009) ‘Delimitations of rural areas in Europe using criteria of population density, remoteness and land cover.’ (European Commission)

Jones MW, Abatzoglou JT, Veraverbeke S, Andela N, Lasslop G, Forkel M, Smith AJP, Burton C, Betts RA, van der Werf GR, Sitch S, Canadell JG, Santín C, Kolden C, Doerr SH, Le Quéré C (2022) Global and regional trends and drivers of fire under climate change. Reviews of Geophysics 60, e2020RG000726.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Karanikola P, Stilianos T, Paschalidou A, Matoli A (2015) The Views of Residents for the Actions Taken Before, During and After a Forest Fire: The Case Study of Larnaca Prefecture in Cyprus Island. In ‘Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Inf. Commun. Technol. Agric. Food Environ. HAICTA 2015 Kavala, Greece 17-20 Sept. 2015’, 755–764. (HAICTA)

Keene R (1946) Cyprus is an Island. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f394Eawobvg&ab_channel=Retrocyprus

Kelly EC, Charnley S, Pixley JT (2019) Polycentric systems for wildfire governance in the Western United States. Land Use Policy 89, 104214.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kelly LT, Fletcher M-S, Oliveras Menor I, Pellegrini AFA, Plumanns-Pouton ES, Pons P, Williamson GJ, Bowman DMJS (2023) Understanding fire regimes for a better Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 48, 207-235.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kemal M (2016) Environment, industrial use and human health aspects of Carob. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Mustafa Kemal University 21, 207-215.
| Google Scholar |

Kirschner J, Clark J, Boustras G (2023) Governing wildfires: toward a systematic analytical framework. Ecology and Society 28, Art6.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kocher S, Butsic V (2017) Governance of land use planning to reduce fire risk to homes Mediterranean France and California. Land 6, 24.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Krebs P, Pezzatti GB, Mazzoleni S, Talbot LM, Conedera M (2010) Fire regime: history and definition of a key concept in disturbance ecology. Theory in Biosciences 129, 53-69.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kreider MR, Higuera PE, Parks SA, Rice WL, White N, Larson AJ (2024) Fire suppression makes wildfires more severe and accentuates impacts of climate change and fuel accumulation. Nature Communications 15, 2412.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Lachapelle PR, McCool SF (2012) The role of trust in community wildland fire protection planning. Society & Natural Resources 25, 321-335.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lambrou N, Kolden C, Loukaitou-Sideris A, Anjum E, Acey C (2023) Social drivers of vulnerability to wildfire disasters: a review of the literature. Landscape and Urban Planning 237, 104797.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lekkas E, Cadis C, Gregoriou A, Mavroulis S, Diakakis M, Mavrouli M, Gogou M, Stamati E (2021) ‘The early July 2021 Arakapas (Cyprus) forest fire’. Issue 24. (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece)

Lelieveld J, Hadjinicolaou P, Kostopoulou E, Chenoweth J, El Maayar M, Giannakopoulos C, Hannides C, Lange MA, Tanarhte M, Tyrlis E, Xoplaki E (2012) Climate change and impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Climatic Change 114, 667-687.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Lemesios G, Karali A, Papadaskalopoulou S, Pitsari S, Malamis D, Ioannou K, Zachariou-Dodou M, Giannakopoulos C, Petrakis M, Loizidou M (2014) Future vulnerability assessment of forest fire sector to climate change impacts in Cyprus. In ‘AdaptToCliamte Conference’. Available at http://uest.ntua.gr/adapttoclimate/proceedings/full_paper/Lemesiosetal.pdf

LIFE 3.0 project (n.d.) LIFE 3.0 - LIFE Project Public Page. Available at https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/life/publicWebsite/project/details/5184

Lin L, Abrahamsson M (2015) Communicational challenges in disaster risk management: Risk information sharing and stakeholder collaboration through risk and vulnerability assessments in Sweden. Risk Management 17, 165-178.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mance H (2023) Extreme wildfires are here to stay. Can human beings really fight them? Fighting for survival, and hope, on a permanently hotter planet. Financial Times. Available at https://www.ft.com/content/540fa28d-9590-4ea2-99d7-453e3e2c3086 [published 12 July 2023]

Måren IE, Janovský Z, Spindelböck JP, Daws MI, Kaland PE, Vandvik V (2010) Prescribed burning of northern heathlands: Calluna vulgaris germination cues and seed-bank dynamics. Plant Ecology 207, 245-256.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Marino E, Hernando C, Planelles R, Madrigal J, Guijarro M, Sebastián A (2014) Forest fuel management for wildfire prevention in Spain: a quantitative SWOT analysis. International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, 373-384.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Martin RE, Sapsis DB (1992) Fires as agents of biodiversity: pyrodiversity promotes biodiversity. In ‘Proceedings of the Conference on Biodiversity of Northwest California Ecosystem’, University of California, Berkeley. (Cooperative Extension, University of California: Berkeley, CA, USA)

Mauri E, Hernández Paredes E, Núñez Blanco I, García Feced C (2023) ‘Key Recommendations on Wildfire Prevention in the Mediterranean.’ (European Forest Institute) 10.36333/rs6

McCaffrey S (2015) Community wildfire preparedness: a global state-of-the-knowledge summary of social science research. Current Forestry Reports 1, 81-90.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McCaffrey S (2023) Social Science Insights on Wildfire and Stakeholder Engagement. Presentation at the 8th International Wildland Fire Conference in Porto, 17 May. Available at https://www.wildfire2023.pt/program/sessions

McWethy DB, Schoennagel T, Higuera PE, Krawchuk M, Harvey BJ, Metcalf EC, Schultz C, Miller C, Metcalf AL, Buma B, Virapongse A, Kulig JC, Stedman RC, Ratajczak Z, Nelson CR, Kolden C (2019) Rethinking resilience to wildfire. Nature Sustainability 2, 797-804.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Meier S, Strobl E, Elliott RJR, Kettridge N (2023) Cross‐country risk quantification of extreme wildfires in Mediterranean Europe. Risk Analysis 43, 1745-1762.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Michaelidou M, Decker DJ (2002) Challenges and opportunities facing wildlife conservation and cultural sustainability in the Paphos Forest, Cyprus: historical overview and contemporary perspective. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 48, 291-300.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Michaelidou M, Decker DJ (2003) European Union Policy and local perspectives: nature conservation and rural communities Iin Cyprus. Cyprus Review 15, 121-145.
| Google Scholar |

Miller C, Aplet GH (2016) Progress in wilderness fire science: embracing complexity. Journal of Forestry 114, 373-383.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Miller TR, Baird TD, Littlefield CM, Kofinas G, Chapin III FS, Redman CL (2008) Epistemological Pluralism: Reorganizing Interdisciplinary Research. Ecology and Society 13, art46.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Miller BA, Yung L, Wyborn C, Essen M, Gray B, Williams DR (2022) Re-Envisioning Wildland Fire Governance: Addressing the Transboundary, Uncertain, and Contested Aspects of Wildfire. Fire 5, 49.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Molina Terrén DM, Colaço CM (2010) Learning and Training on the Use of Prescribed Burning Techniques. ‘Integr. Fire Manag. – Outcomes Eur. Proj. Fire Paradox’. (Eds F Rego, E Rigolot, J Sande Silva) EFI Research Report nr. 23. “Fire Paradox”, Project no. FP6-018505. pp. 162–173. (European Forestry Institute)

Moore PF (2019) Global Wildland Fire Management Research Needs. Current Forestry Reports 5, 210-225.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Moreira F, Ascoli D, Safford H, Adams MA, Moreno JM, Pereira JMC, Catry FX, Armesto J, Bond W, González ME, Curt T, Koutsias N, McCaw L, Price O, Pausas JG, Rigolot E, Stephens S, Tavsanoglu C, Vallejo VR, Van Wilgen BW, Xanthopoulos G, Fernandes PM (2020) Wildfire management in Mediterranean-type regions: paradigm change needed. Environmental Research Letters 15, 011001.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Moritz MA, Batllori E, Bradstock RA, Gill AM, Handmer J, Hessburg PF, Leonard J, McCaffrey S, Odion DC, Schoennagel T, Syphard AD (2014) Learning to coexist with wildfire. Nature 515, 58-66.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Muiderman K, Gupta A, Vervoort J, Biermann F (2020) Four approaches to anticipatory climate governance: Different conceptions of the future and implications for the present. WIREs Climate Change 11, e673.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853-858.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

North MP, Stephens SL, Collins BM, Agee JK, Aplet G, Franklin JF, Fulé PZ (2015) Reform forest fire management. Science 349, 1280-1281.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Nowell B, Steelman TA (2013) The role of responder networks in promoting community resilience. In ‘Disaster Resiliency: Interdisciplinary Perspectives’. Routledge research in public administration and public policy. (Eds N Kapucu, CV Hawkins, FI Rivera) p. 232. (Routledge: New York, NY)

Nowell B, Steelman T, Velez A-LK, Yang Z (2018) The Structure of Effective Governance of Disaster Response Networks: Insights From the Field. The American Review of Public Administration 48, 699-715.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

OECD (2023) ‘Taming Wildfires in the Context of Climate Change.’ (OECD: Paris) 10.1787/dd00c367-en

Oliveira S, Zêzere JL, Queirós M, Pereira JM (2017) Assessing the social context of wildfire-affected areas. The case of mainland Portugal. Applied Geography 88, 104-117.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ostrom E (1990) ‘Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA)

Ostrom E (2010) Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review 100, 641-672.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ostrom V, Tiebout CM, Warren R (1961) The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas: A Theoretical Inquiry. American Political Science Review 55, 831-842.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Otero I (2022) Social-Ecological Transformation to Coexist with Wildfire: Reflecting on 18 Years of Participatory Wildfire Governance. In ‘Urban Resilience to the Climate Emergency’. The Urban Book Series. (Eds I Ruiz-Mallén, H March, M Satorras) pp. 147–175. (Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland) 10.1007/978-3-031-07301-4_7

Otero I, Castellnou M, González I, Arilla E, Castell L, Castellví J, Sánchez F, Nielsen JØ (2018) Democratizing wildfire strategies. Do you realize what it means? Insights from a participatory process in the Montseny region (Catalonia, Spain). PLoS One 13, e0204806.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ottolini I, Arenas Conejo M, Prat-Guitart N, Uyttewaal K, Pandey P, Rodríguez-Giralt I, Cifre Sabater M (2023) A toolkit for fostering co-creation and participative community engagement with vulnerable communities at risk. (Open University of Catalonia)

Pantelas V (1986) The forests of brutia pine in Cyprus. CIHEAM 86, 44-46.
| Google Scholar |

Papakonstantinou X, Iliadis LS, Pimenidis E, Maris F (2011) Fuzzy Modeling of the Climate Change Effect to Drought and to Wild Fires in Cyprus. In ‘EANNAIAI 2011 Part IFIP AICT 363’. (Eds Iliadis L, Jayne C) pp. 516–528. (IFIP – International Federation for Information Processing 2011)

Papakosta P, Straub D (2013) A Bayesian network approach to assessing wildfire consequences. In ‘Proceedings ICOSSAR 2013 New York’.

Papakosta P, Scherb A, Zwirglmaier K, Straub D (2014) Estimating daily fire risk in the mesoscale by means of a Bayesian network model and a coupled GIS. In ‘VII International Conference on Forest Fire Research’ (Ed. DX Viegas)

Papakosta P, Xanthopoulos G, Straub D (2017) Probabilistic prediction of wildfire economic losses to housing in Cyprus using Bayesian network analysis. International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, 10-23.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Parisien M-A, Barber QE, Bourbonnais ML, Daniels LD, Flannigan MD, Gray RW, Hoffman KM, Jain P, Stephens SL, Taylor SW, Whitman E (2023) Abrupt, climate-induced increase in wildfires in British Columbia since the mid-2000s. Communications Earth & Environment 4(1),.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Parks SA, Miller C, Parisien M-A, Holsinger LM, Dobrowski SZ, Abatzoglou J (2015) Wildland fire deficit and surplus in the western United States, 1984–2012. Ecosphere 6, art275.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pashiardis S, Michaelides S (2008) Implementation of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) for Regional Drought Assessment: A case study for Cyprus. European Water 23, 57-65.
| Google Scholar |

Pausas JG (2015) Evolutionary fire ecology: lessons learned from pines. Trends in Plant Science 20, 318-324.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Pausas JG, Llovet J, Rodrigo A, Vallejo R (2008) Are wildfires a disaster in the Mediterranean basin? - A review. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 713-723.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Paveglio T, Edgeley C (2017) Community diversity and hazard events: understanding the evolution of local approaches to wildfire. Natural Hazards 87, 1083-1108.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Paveglio TB, Prato T, Edgeley C, Nalle D (2016) Evaluating the Characteristics of Social Vulnerability to Wildfire: Demographics, Perceptions, and Parcel Characteristics. Environmental Management 58, 534-548.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Paveglio TB, Carroll MS, Stasiewicz AM, Williams DR, Becker DR (2018) Incorporating Social Diversity into Wildfire Management: Proposing “Pathways” for Fire Adaptation. Forest Science 64, 515-532.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Paveglio TB, Edgeley CM, Carroll M, Billings M, Stasiewicz AM (2019) Exploring the Influence of Local Social Context on Strategies for Achieving Fire Adapted Communities. Fire 2, 26.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Perpina Castillo C, Kavalov B, Dogo V, Jacobs-Crisioni C, Silva FB, Lavalle C (2018) Agricultural land abandonment in the EU within 2015-2030. JRC Research Reports JRC113718. (Joint Research Centre (Seville Site))

Petrou P (2024) Development of proposals to improve the public policy of forest fire management in Cyprus. Master thesis, School of Economics, Business and Computer Sciences, Neapolis University, Paphos, Cyprus.

Platt E, Charnley S, Bailey JD, Cramer LA (2022) Adaptive Governance in Fire-Prone Landscapes. Society & Natural Resources 35, 353-371.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pohl C, Hirsch Hadorn G (2008) Methodological challenges of transdisciplinary research. Natures Sciences Sociétés 16, 111-121.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pulla P, Schuck A, Verkerk PJ, Lasserre B, Marchetti M, Green T (2013) ‘Mapping the distribution of forest ownership in Europe.’ (European Forest Institute)

Pyne SJ (2007) Problems, paradoxes, paradigms: triangulating fire research. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 271-276.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rackham O (2016) Landscape history of Cyprus: a preliminary account. In ‘Island Landscapes’. pp. 73–84. (Routledge)

Randerson JT, Chen Y, Van Der Werf GR, Rogers BM, Morton DC (2012) Global burned area and biomass burning emissions from small fires. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 117, G04012.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rego FMCC, Rodríguez JMM, Calzada VRV, Xanthopoulos G (2018) Forest fires: Sparking firesmart policies in the EU. European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, (Brussels) http://repository-theophrastus.ekt.gr/theophrastus/handle/20.500.12038/175

Renn O (2008) ‘Risk governance: coping with uncertainty in a complex world.’ (Earthscan: London, Sterling, VA)

Ribet N (2009) ‘Les parcours du feu: techniques de brûlage à feu courant et socialisation de la nature dans les monts d’Auvergne et les Pyrénées centrales.’ (EHESS: Paris)

Rodríguez Fernández-Blanco C, Górriz-Mifsud E, Prokofieva I, Muys B, Parra C (2022) Blazing the trail: Social innovation supporting wildfire-resilient territories in Catalonia (Spain). Forest Policy and Economics 138, 102719.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Roudometof V (2019) The Economic Activities of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus. Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions 185, 107-124.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Samora-Arvela A, Aranha J, Correia F, Pinto DM, Magalhães C, Tedim F (2023) Understanding Building Resistance to Wildfires: A Multi-Factor Approach. Fire 6, 32.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

San-Miguel-Ayanz J, Moreno JM, Camia A (2013) Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: Lessons learned and perspectives. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 11-22.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Santín C, Moustakas A, Doerr SH (2023) Searching the flames: Trends in global and regional public interest in wildfires. Environmental Science & Policy 146, 151-161.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Schinko T, Berchtold C, Handmer J, Deubelli-Hwang T, Preinfalk E, Linnerooth-Bayer J, Scolobig A, Serra M, Plana E (2023) A framework for considering justice aspects in integrated wildfire risk management. Nature Climate Change 13, 788-795.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Schultz CA, Thompson MP, McCaffrey SM (2019) Forest Service fire management and the elusiveness of change. Fire Ecology 15, 13.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Scott WR (1995) ‘Institutions and Organizations.’ (Sage: Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi)

Scott WR (2014) ‘Institutions and organizations: ideas, interests, and identities.’ (SAGE: Los Angeles)

Seijo F, Millington JDA, Gray R, Sanz V, Lozano J, García-Serrano F, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Julio Camarero J (2015) Forgetting fire: Traditional fire knowledge in two chestnut forest ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula and its implications for European fire management policy. Land Use Policy 47, 130-144.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

SigmaLive (2023) Τμ. Δασών για εμπρηστές: Δολοφόνοι όσοι προβαίνουν σε τέτοιες πράξεις | News. Available at https://www.sigmalive.com/news/local/1144486/tm-dason-gia-empristes-dolofonoi-osoi-provainoun-se-tetoies-prakseis

Simmons AH (1988) Extinct pygmy hippopotamus and early man in Cyprus. Nature 333, 554-557.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Smith AMS, Kolden CA, Paveglio TB, Cochrane MA, Bowman DM, Moritz MA, Kliskey AD, Alessa L, Hudak AT, Hoffman CM, Lutz JA, Queen LP, Goetz SJ, Higuera PE, Boschetti L, Flannigan M, Yedinak KM, Watts AC, Strand EK, Van Wagtendonk JW, Anderson JW, Stocks BJ, Abatzoglou JT (2016) The Science of Firescapes: Achieving Fire-Resilient Communities. BioScience 66, 130-146.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Sparrow DJ, John E (Eds) (2016) ‘An Introduction to the Wildlife of Cyprus.’ (Terra Cypria: Lemesos/Limassol, Cyprus)

Stattersfield AJ (1998) ‘Endemic bird areas of the world - Priorities for biodiversity conservation.’ (Bird Life International)

Steelman T (2016) U.S. wildfire governance as social-ecological problem. Ecology and Society 21, art3.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Steelman TA, McCaffrey SM (2011) What Is Limiting More Flexible Fire Management—Public or Agency Pressure? Fire 109, 454-461.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Stohl A, Berg T, Burkhart JF, Fjǽraa AM, Forster C, Herber A, Hov Ø, Lunder C, McMillan WW, Oltmans S, Shiobara M, Simpson D, Solberg S, Stebel K, Ström J, Tørseth K, Treffeisen R, Virkkunen K, Yttri KE (2007) Arctic smoke – record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe in spring 2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, 511-534.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Stoof CR, Kettridge N (2022) Living with fire and the need for diversity. Earth’s Future 10, e2021EF002528.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Technical Committee on Environment (2022) Workshop Wildfire Risk in the Cyprus Buffer Zone. TCE Cyprus. Available at https://www.tcecyprus.org/btce-action-areas/nature-protection/inter-communal-workshop-wildfire-risk-in-the-cyprus-buffer-zone

Tedim F, Xanthopoulos G, Leone V (2015) Chapter 5—Forest fires in Europe: Facts and challenges. In ‘Wildfire Hazards Risks Disasters’. (Eds JF Shroder, D Paton) pp. 77–99. (Elsevier) 10.1016/B978-0-12-410434-1.00005-1

Tedim F, Leone V, Xanthopoulos G (2016) A wildfire risk management concept based on a social-ecological approach in the European Union: fire smart territory. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 18, 138-153.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tedim F, Leone V, Coughlan M, Bouillon C, Xanthopoulos G, Royé D, Correia FJM, Ferreira C (2020a) Extreme wildfire events. In ‘Extreme Wildfire Events and Disasters’. (Eds F Tedim, V Leone, TK McGee) pp. 3–29. (Elsevier) 10.1016/B978-0-12-815721-3.00001-1

Tedim F, McCaffrey S, Leone V, Delogu GM, Castelnou M, McGee TK, Aranha J (2020b) What can we do differently about the extreme wildfire problem. In ‘Extreme Wildfire Events Disasters’. (Eds F Tedim, V Leone, TK McGee) pp. 233–263. (Elsevier) 10.1016/B978-0-12-815721-3.00013-8

Tedim F, McCaffrey S, Leone V, Vazquez-Varela C, Depietri Y, Buergelt P, Lovreglio R (2021) Supporting a shift in wildfire management from fighting fires to thriving with fires: the need for translational wildfire science. Forest Policy and Economics 131, 102565.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thacker FEN, Ribau MC, Bartholomeus H, Stoof CR (2023) What is a fire resilient landscape? Towards an integrated definition. Ambio 52, 1592-1602.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Theodorou E, Spyrou S (2022) Local knowledge and change in a small fishing community in Cyprus: implications for social and cultural sustainability. ‘Valuing Past Sustain Future’. MARE Publication Series. (Eds AT Kjørholt, S Bessell, D Devine, F Gaini, S Spyrou) pp. 81–99. (Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland) 10.1007/978-3-031-11716-9_5

Toledo D, Kreuter UP, Sorice MG, Taylor CA (2012) To burn or not to burn: ecological restoration, liability concerns, and the role of Prescribed Burning Associations. Rangelands 34(2), 18-23.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Towers B, Christianson AC, Eriksen C (2020) Impacts of wildfire on children. In ‘Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires’. pp. 684–692. (Springer)

UN (2021) Wildfires – a Growing Concern for Sustainable Development. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) Policy Briefs. 10.18356/27081990-111

UNEP (2022) ‘Spreading like Wildfire – The Rising Threat of Extraordinary Landscape Fires.’ (A United Nations Environment Programme Rapid Response Assessment)

UN General Assembly (2015) ‘Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.’ (United Nations General Assembly: Sendai, Japan)

US Department of Agriculture (2011) ‘A national cohesive wildland fire management strategy’. 43 p. (Wildland Fire Leadership Council: Washington, DC, USA)

Uyttewaal K, Prat-Guitart N, Ludwig F, Kroeze C, Langer ER (2023) Territories in transition: how social contexts influence wildland fire adaptive capacity in rural Northwestern European Mediterranean areas. Fire Ecology 19, 13.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Uyttewaal K, Prat Guitart N, Ottolini I, Baron JN, Dickson-Hoyle S, Student J, Copes-Gerbitz K, Crowley MA, Ludwig F, Langer ER, Stoof CR (2024). A kaleidoscope toolkit for transdisciplinary fire studies. (In press).

Valese E, Conedera M, Held AC, Ascoli D (2014) Fire, humans and landscape in the European Alpine region during the Holocene. Anthropocene 6, 63-74.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Velez R (2005) ‘La población rural en la prevención de incendios forestales.’ (FAO: Rome, Italy)

Vigne J-D, Zazzo A, Saliège J-F, Poplin F, Guilaine J, Simmons A (2009) Pre-Neolithic wild boar management and introduction to Cyprus more than 11,400 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 16135-16138.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Wollstein K, Johnson DD (2023) Integrating rangeland fire planning and management: the scales, actors, and processes. Rangeland Ecology & Management 86, 9-17.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wotton BM, Flannigan MD, Marshall GA (2017) Potential climate change impacts on fire intensity and key wildfire suppression thresholds in Canada. Environmental Research Letters 12, 095003.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wunder S, Calkin DE, Charlton V, Feder S, Martínez De Arano I, Moore P, Rodríguez Y Silva F, Tacconi L, Vega-García C (2021) Resilient landscapes to prevent catastrophic forest fires: socioeconomic insights towards a new paradigm. Forest Policy and Economics 128, 102458.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Xanthopoulos G, Leone V, Delogu GM (2020) The suppression model fragilities. ‘Extreme Wildfire Events Disasters’. (Eds F Tedim, V Leone, TK McGee) pp. 135–153. (Elsevier) 10.1016/B978-0-12-815721-3.00007-2

Young OR (2010) Institutional dynamics: resilience, vulnerability and adaptation in environmental and resource regimes. Global Environmental Change 20, 378-385.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Zabaniotou A, Pritsa A, Kyriakou E-A (2021) Observational evidence of the need for gender-sensitive approaches to wildfires locally and globally: case study of 2018 wildfire in Mati, Greece. Sustainability 13, 1556.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Zotos S, Stamatiou M, Vogiatzakis IN (2023) The Cyprus Herp Atlas: an initiative for systematic recording of amphibian and reptile occurrences in Cyprus. Biodiversity Data Journal 11, e98142.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Zoumides C, Bruggeman A, Giannakis E, Camera C, Djuma H, Eliades M, Charalambous K (2017) Community‐based rehabilitation of mountain terraces in Cyprus. Land Degradation & Development 28, 95-105.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |