The effect of fuel bed structure on Rothermel model performance

Zakary Campbell-Lochrie; Michael Gallagher; Nicholas Skowronski; Rory M. Hadden

doi:10.1071/WF23046

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

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The effect of fuel bed structure on Rothermel model performance

Zakary Campbell-Lochrie

^A ^* , Michael Gallagher ^B , Nicholas Skowronski ^C and Rory M. Hadden ^A

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

^B Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, New Lisbon, NJ, USA.

^C Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV, USA.

^* Correspondence to: Z.Campbell.Lochrie@ed.ac.uk

International Journal of Wildland Fire 33, WF23046 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF23046

Submitted: 3 April 2023 Accepted: 22 June 2023 Published: 14 July 2023

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Background

Fifty years after its initial publication, Rothermel’s model continues to underpin many operational fire modelling tools. Past authors have, however, suggested a possible oversensitivity of the Rothermel model to fuel depth in certain fuel types.

Aims

To evaluate Rothermel model performance based on previous observations of the effect of fuel structure on flame spread through porous fuel beds. This is informed by the consideration of the effect of fuel structure on the physical mechanisms underpinning surface flame spread.

Methods

This study uses an existing dataset of flame spread experiments in pine needle beds to evaluate the effect of fuel structure on Rothermel model predictions of spread rate and reaction intensity.

Key results

Underpredictions of spread rate occurred for compressed fuel beds, apparently driven by an underprediction of the reaction intensity.

Conclusions

A greater understanding of the role of fuel structure on the energy release within the fire front region is therefore required.

Implications

The current tendency for spread rate to be underestimated in the studied fuel beds in quiescent (no wind or slope) conditions requires further consideration given the widespread use of Rothermel’s model in current operational modelling tools.

Keywords: energy release, fire behaviour, fire intensity, flame spread, fuel loading, fuel structure, modelling, operational fire models, pine needle beds, reaction intensity, Rothermel.

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