Monitoring of Eucalyptus globulus tissue thermal degradation by semi-conductor metal-oxide sensors for early fire detection in eucalypt forests
Sebastian Paczkowski A , Stefan Pelz A C and Marta Paczkowska B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A University of Applied Science Rottenburg, Germany, Schadenweilerhof, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany.
B Georg-August University, Büsgenweg 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
C Corresponding author. Email: pelz@hs-rottenburg.de
International Journal of Wildland Fire 28(2) 167-175 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF18163
Submitted: 11 April 2018 Accepted: 27 November 2018 Published: 14 December 2018
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC)-based fire-risk assessment systems for woodland fires can shorten the time between a fire outbreak and the arrival of fire crews. This can prevent the development of crown fires, which are harder to control than ground fires. Semi-conductor metal-oxide gas sensors possess good technical properties for VOC detection. In this study, the VOC emissions of heated lignocellulose biomass (Eucalyptus globulus) was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three semi-conductor metal-oxide gas sensors were calibrated to eucalyptol, furfural, α-pinene and 2-methoxyphenol. Among the 20 quantified VOCs, eucalyptol and furfural showed the highest emission rates. The sensors online monitored the temperature-dependent VOC pattern generated by the pre-ignition, at ignition and post-ignition heating stages. The feasibility of such gas sensors for early fire detection is discussed.
Additional keywords: combustion, emissions, eucalyptus, fire management, smoke, tree.
References
Azeez AM, Meier D, Odermatt J, Willner T (2010) Fast pyrolysis of African and European lignocellulosic biomasses using Py-GC/MS and fluidized bed reactor. Energy & Fuels 24, 2078–2085.| Fast pyrolysis of African and European lignocellulosic biomasses using Py-GC/MS and fluidized bed reactor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Babrauskas V (2002) Ignition of wood: a review of the state of the art. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 12, 163–189.
| Ignition of wood: a review of the state of the art.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Balkovsky E, Shraiman BI (2002) Olfactory search at high Reynolds number. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 12589–12593.
| Olfactory search at high Reynolds number.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Branca C, Di Blasi C, Elefante R (2006) Devolatilization of conventional pyrolysis oils generated from biomass and cellulose. Energy & Fuels 20, 2253–2261.
| Devolatilization of conventional pyrolysis oils generated from biomass and cellulose.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown FL (1958) Theories of the combustion of wood and its control. A survey of the literature. USDA Forest Service, Report Number 2136. (Madison, WI, USA)
Castello G, Moretti P, Vezzani S (2009) Retention models for programmed gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 1216, 1607–1623.
| Retention models for programmed gas chromatography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chheda JN, Román-Leshkov Y, Dumesic JA (2007) Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural by dehydration of biomass-derived mono- and poly-saccharides. Green Chemistry 9, 342–350.
| Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural by dehydration of biomass-derived mono- and poly-saccharides.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fengel D, Wegener G (1989) ‘Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions.’ (Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, Germany)
Ferri G, Caselli E, Mattoli V, Mondini A, Mazzolai B, Dario P (2009) SPIRAL: a novel biologically inspired algorithm for gas/odor source localization in an indoor environment with no strong airflow. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 57, 393–402.
| SPIRAL: a novel biologically inspired algorithm for gas/odor source localization in an indoor environment with no strong airflow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greenberg JP, Friedli H, Guenther AB, Hanson D, Harley P, Karl T (2006) Volatile organic emissions from the distillation and pyrolysis of vegetation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 81–91.
| Volatile organic emissions from the distillation and pyrolysis of vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ingram L, Mohan D, Bricka M, Steele P, Strobel D, Crocker D, Mitchell B, Mohammad J, Cantrell K, Pittman CU (2008) Pyrolysis of wood and bark in an auger reactor: physical properties and chemical analysis of the produced bio-oils. Energy & Fuels 22, 614–625.
| Pyrolysis of wood and bark in an auger reactor: physical properties and chemical analysis of the produced bio-oils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Karagöz S, Bhaskar T, Muto A, Sakata Y (2005) Comparative studies of oil compositions produced from sawdust, rice husk, lignin and cellulose by hydrothermal treatment. Fuel 84, 875–884.
| Comparative studies of oil compositions produced from sawdust, rice husk, lignin and cellulose by hydrothermal treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kohl D, Heinert L, Bock J, Hofmann T, Schieberle P (2000) Systematic studies on responses of metal-oxide sensor surfaces to straight chain alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids and esters using the SOMMSA approach. Sensors and Actuators – B. Chemical 70, 43–50.
| Systematic studies on responses of metal-oxide sensor surfaces to straight chain alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids and esters using the SOMMSA approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krüll W, Tobera R, Willms I, Essen H, von Wahl N (2012) Early forest fire detection and verification using optical smoke, gas and microwave sensors. Procedia Engineering 45, 584–594.
| Early forest fire detection and verification using optical smoke, gas and microwave sensors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McAllister S, Grenfell I, Hadlow A, Jolly WM, Finney M, Cohen J (2012) Piloted ignition of live forest fuels. Fire Safety Journal 51, 133–142.
| Piloted ignition of live forest fuels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neuenschwander U, Guignard F, Hermans I (2010) Mechanism of the aerobic oxidation of α‐pinene. ChemSusChem 3, 75–84.
| Mechanism of the aerobic oxidation of α‐pinene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nicolay X (Ed.) (2006) ‘Odors in the Food Industry.’ (Springer: New York, NY, USA)
Oasmaa A, Kuoppala E, Solantausta Y (2003) Fast Pyrolysis of Forestry Residue. 2. Physicochemical Composition of Product Liquid. Energy & Fuels 17, 433–443.
| Fast Pyrolysis of Forestry Residue. 2. Physicochemical Composition of Product Liquid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paczkowski S, Sauerwald T, Weiß A, Bauer M, Kohl C-D, Schütz S (2011) Biomimetic gas sensors for large-scale drying of wood particles. In ‘SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring’, 13 April 2011, San Diego, CA, USA. Proceedings Volume 7975, Bioinspiration, Biomimetics, and Bioreplication. (SPIE: Bellingham, WA, USA)
Paczkowski S, Paczkowska M, Dippel S, Schulze N, Schütz S, Sauerwald T, Weiß A, Bauer M, Gottschald J, Kohl C-D (2013) The olfaction of a fire beetle leads to new concepts for early fire warning systems. Sensors and Actuators – B. Chemical 183, 273–282.
| The olfaction of a fire beetle leads to new concepts for early fire warning systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paczkowski S, Nicke S, Ziegenhagen H, Schütz S (2015) Volatile emission of decomposing pig carcasses (Sus scrofa domestica L.) as an indicator for the postmortem interval. Journal of Forensic Science 60, 130–137.
Rexfort C (2006) Combination of a fire model and a smoke sensor model. Fire Safety Journal 41, 252–257.
| Combination of a fire model and a smoke sensor model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Risholm-Sundman M, Lundgren M, Vestin E, Herder P (1998) Emissions of acetic acid and other volatile organic compounds from different species of solid wood. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 56, 125–129.
| Emissions of acetic acid and other volatile organic compounds from different species of solid wood.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Strauss SY (2001) Benefits and risks of biotic exchange between Eucalyptus plantations and native Australian forests. Austral Ecology 26, 447–457.
| Benefits and risks of biotic exchange between Eucalyptus plantations and native Australian forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tjeerdsma BF, Boonstra M, Pizzi A, Tekely P, Militz H (1998) Characterisation of thermally modified wood: Molecular reasons for wood performance improvement. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 56, 149–153.
| Characterisation of thermally modified wood: Molecular reasons for wood performance improvement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Waser R (Ed) (2003) ‘Nanoelectronics and Information Technology – Advanced Electronic Materials and Novel Devices.’ (Wiley-VCH: Berlin, Germany)
Winquist F, Hörnsten EG, Sundgren H, Lundström I (1993) Performance of an electronic nose for quality estimation of ground meat. Measurement Science & Technology 4, 1493–1500.
| Performance of an electronic nose for quality estimation of ground meat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yokelson RJ, Griffith DWT, Ward DE (1996) Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires. Journal of Geophysical Research – D. Atmospheres 101, 21067–21080.
| Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
