Air quality policy and fire management responses addressing smoke from wildland fires in the United States and Australia
Joshua C. Hyde A G , Kara M. Yedinak A , Alan F. Talhelm A , Alistair M. S. Smith A , David M. J. S. Bowman B , Fay H. Johnston C , Peter Lahm D , Mark Fitch E and Wade T. Tinkham F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Idaho Fire Institute for Research and Education (IFIRE), College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, 709 South Deakin Street, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
B School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia.
C Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia.
D Fire and Aviation Management, USDA Forest Service, 201 14th Street South West, Washington, DC 20250, USA.
E National Park Service Fire Management Program Center 3833 South Development Avenue, Boise, ID 83705, USA.
F Colorado State University, Forestry Rangeland Stewardship, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
G Corresponding author. Email: jhyde@uidaho.edu
International Journal of Wildland Fire 26(5) 347-363 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16154
Submitted: 1 May 2016 Accepted: 15 February 2017 Published: 4 April 2017
Journal Compilation © IAWF 2017 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Wildland fire emissions degrade air quality and visibility, having adverse economic, health and visibility impacts at large spatial scales globally. Air quality regulations can constrain the goals of landscape resilience and management of fire-dependent ecosystems. Here, we review the air quality regulatory framework in the United States, comparing this framework with that of Australia. In the United States, wildland fire management and air quality policies have evolved independently, yet interact to meet diverse public needs. Australian policy development is more recent and decentralised. We find that (1) for maxiumum effectiveness, smoke and fire regulatory frameworks must keep pace with scientific evidence, environmental and social change, and be accompanied by clear regulatory guidance; (2) episodic, non-stationary qualities of fire, and its role in ecosystems, pose specific challenges to regulators and policy-makers; and (3) the complexity of industry-focused air quality policies often leads to unintended consequences for fire management. More research is needed to create and implement more effective fire and air policies and better prepare social-ecological systems to address the challenges of climate change mitigation. These insights may be helpful for countries initially developing complementary fire and air policies, especially as the role of fire becomes more important geopolitically and globally.
Additional keywords: emissions, regulatory, smoke management.
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