How drought-induced forest die-off alters microclimate and increases fuel loadings and fire potentials
Katinka X. Ruthrof A E , Joseph B. Fontaine A , George Matusick A B , David D. Breshears C D , Darin J. Law C , Sarah Powell A and Giles Hardy A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
B The Nature Conservancy, Georgia Chapter, Chattahoochee Fall Line Conservation Office, Fort Benning, GA 31905, USA.
C School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
D Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
E Corresponding author. Email: k.ruthrof@murdoch.edu.au
International Journal of Wildland Fire 25(8) 819-830 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF15028
Submitted: 29 January 2015 Accepted: 30 September 2015 Published: 2 February 2016
Abstract
Forest die-offs associated with drought and heat have recently occurred across the globe, raising concern that associated changes in fuels and microclimate could link initial die-off disturbance to subsequent fire disturbance. Despite widespread concern, little empirical data exist. Following forest die-off in the Northern Jarrah Forest, south-western Australia, we quantified fuel dynamics and associated microclimate for die-off and control plots. Sixteen months post die-off, die-off plots had significantly increased 1-h fuels (11.8 vs 9.8 tonnes ha–1) but not larger fuel classes (10-h and 100-h fuels). Owing to stem mortality, die-off plots had significantly greater standing dead wood mass (100 vs 10 tonnes ha–1), visible sky (hemispherical images analysis: 31 vs 23%) and potential near-ground solar radiation input (measured as Direct Site Factor: 0.52 vs 0.34). Supplemental mid-summer microclimate measurements (temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) were combined with long-term climatic data and fuel load estimates to parameterise fire behaviour models. Fire spread rates were predicted to be 30% greater in die-off plots with relatively equal contributions from fuels and microclimate, highlighting need for operational consideration by fire managers. Our results underscore potential for drought-induced tree die-off to interact with subsequent fire under climate change.
Additional keywords: climate change, dieback, litter, radiation, relative humidity.
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