Hydrologic and erosion responses to wildfire along the rangeland–xeric forest continuum in the western US: a review and model of hydrologic vulnerability
C. Jason Williams A B E , Frederick B. Pierson A , Peter R. Robichaud C and Jan Boll B D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Northwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 800 Park Boulevard, Plaza 4, Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712, USA.
B Environmental Science and Water Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
C Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Moscow, ID 83843, USA.
D Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
E Corresponding author. Email: jason.williams@ars.usda.gov
International Journal of Wildland Fire 23(2) 155-172 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF12161
Submitted: 29 September 2012 Accepted: 22 August 2013 Published: 6 February 2014
Abstract
The recent increase in wildfire activity across the rangeland–xeric forest continuum in the western United States has landscape-scale consequences in terms of runoff and erosion. Concomitant cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) invasions, plant community transitions and a warming climate in recent decades along grassland–shrubland–woodland–xeric forest transitions have promoted frequent and large wildfires, and continuance of the trend appears likely if warming climate conditions prevail. These changes potentially increase overall hydrologic vulnerability by spatially and temporally increasing soil exposure to runoff and erosion processes. Plot and hillslope-scale studies demonstrate burning may increase event runoff or erosion by factors of 2–40 over small-plot scales and more than 100-fold over large-plot to hillslope scales. Reports of flooding and debris flow events from rangelands and xeric forests following burning show the potential risk to natural resources, property, infrastructure and human life. We present a conceptual model for evaluating post-fire hydrologic vulnerability and risk. We suggest that post-fire risk assessment of potential hydrologic hazards should adopt a probability-based approach that considers varying site susceptibility in conjunction with a range of potential storms and that determines the hydrologic response magnitudes likely to affect values-at-risk. Our review suggests that improved risk assessment requires better understanding in several key areas including quantification of interactions between varying storm intensities and measures of site susceptibility, the varying effects of soil water repellency, and the spatial scaling of post-fire hydrologic response across rangeland–xeric forest plant communities.
Additional keywords: cheatgrass, climate change, fire effects, grass-fire cycle, Great Basin, hydrologic risk, invasive plants, juniper, pinyon, runoff, sagebrush, wildland–urban interface, woodland encroachment.
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