Charred wood remaining after a wildfire as a reservoir of macro- and micronutrients in a Mediterranean pine forest
Sara Marañón-Jiménez A B E , Jorge Castro A C , Emilia Fernández-Ondoño D and Regino Zamora A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Grupo de Ecología Terrestre, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
B Department Hydrosystemmodellierung, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH – UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
C Centro Andaluz del Medio Ambiente (CEAMA), Avenida Del Mediterráneo s/n, E-18006 Granada, Spain.
D Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
E Corresponding author. Email: smaranon@ugr.es
International Journal of Wildland Fire 22(5) 681-695 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF12030
Submitted: 22 February 2012 Accepted: 19 November 2012 Published: 18 March 2013
Abstract
Large amounts of logs and coarse woody debris remain in the ecosystem after wildfires. However, the relevance of the nutrient reservoir contained in the remaining post-fire woody debris for the ecosystem nutrient reserves is rarely considered. In this paper, we determine the carbon and nutrient concentrations in the partially charred wood after a wildfire along an altitudinal gradient and assess the relative magnitude of the nutrient reservoir in the wood in relation to those existing in the first 10-cm soil layer. Soils were poorly developed and nutrients limiting for the vegetation requirements. Charred woody material still contained a relatively high concentration of nutrients compared to those reported for unburnt pine wood, and in general, this decreased with altitude. Partially charred wood represented a considerable pool of nutrients, due to both the relatively high concentrations and to the great amount of biomass still present after the fire. Potential contributions of the charred wood were particularly relevant for N and micronutrients Na, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu, as wood contained 2–9 times more nutrients than the soil. Post-fire woody debris constitutes therefore a valuable natural element as a potential source of nutrients, which would be lost from ecosystems in cases where it is removed.
Additional keywords: forest management, Mediterranean mountain, post-fire salvage logging, silvicultural treatments, soil nutrients, wood nutrients, woody debris.
References
Alriksson A, Eriksson HM (1998) Variations in mineral nutrient and C distribution in the soil and vegetation compartments of five temperate tree species in NE Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management 108, 261–273.| Variations in mineral nutrient and C distribution in the soil and vegetation compartments of five temperate tree species in NE Sweden.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ashman MR, Puri G (Eds) (2002) ‘Essential Soil Science: a Clear and Concise Introduction to Soil Science.’ (John Wiley: New York)
AOAC (1975) Methods of analysis. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Washington, DC)
Augusto L, Ranger J, Ponette Q, Rapp M (2000) Relationships between forest tree species, stand production and stand nutrient amount. Annals of Forest Science 57, 313–324.
| Relationships between forest tree species, stand production and stand nutrient amount.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Augusto L, Bakker MR, Meredieu C (2008a) Wood ash applications to temperate forest ecosystems -potential benefits and drawbacks. Plant and Soil 306, 181–198.
| Wood ash applications to temperate forest ecosystems -potential benefits and drawbacks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXksFansbw%3D&md5=8c75f22347ad71b7199bf5dac45f32b7CAS |
Augusto L, Meredieu C, Bert D, Trichet P, Porte A, Bosc A, Lagane F, Loustau D, Pellerin S, Danjon F, Ranger J, Gelpe J (2008b) Improving models of forest nutrient export with equations that predict the nutrient concentration of tree compartments. Annals of Forest Science 65, 808
| Improving models of forest nutrient export with equations that predict the nutrient concentration of tree compartments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baumann K, Rumpelt A, Schneider BU, Marschner P, Huttl RF (2006) Seedling biomass and element content of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra grown in sandy substrates with lignite. Geoderma 136, 573–578.
| Seedling biomass and element content of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra grown in sandy substrates with lignite.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhtlaktr7L&md5=26192e2703783f84edab1224404dfe19CAS |
Beschta RL, Rhodes JJ, Kauffman JB, Griesswell RE, Minshall GW, Karr JR, Perry DA, Hauer ER, Frissell CA (2004) Postfire management on forested public lands of the western United States. Conservation Biology 18, 957–967.
| Postfire management on forested public lands of the western United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986) Bulk density. In ‘Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. SSSA Monograph Number 9’. (Ed. A Klute) pp. 363–375. (ASA: Madison)
Blanco JA, Imbert JB, Castillo FJ (2008) Nutrient return via litterfall in two contrasting Pinus sylvestris forests in the Pyrenees under different thinning intensities. Forest Ecology and Management 256, 1840–1852.
| Nutrient return via litterfall in two contrasting Pinus sylvestris forests in the Pyrenees under different thinning intensities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bohn HL, McNeal BL, O’Connor GA (Eds) (1993) ‘Soil Chemistry.’ (Wiley: New York)
Brais S, David P, Ouimet R (2000) Impacts of wild fire severity and salvage harvesting on the nutrient balance of jack pine and black spruce boreal stands. Forest Ecology and Management 137, 231–243.
| Impacts of wild fire severity and salvage harvesting on the nutrient balance of jack pine and black spruce boreal stands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brais S, Sadi R, Bergeron Y, Grenier Y (2005) Coarse woody debris dynamics in a post-fire jack pine chronosequence and its relation with site productivity. Forest Ecology and Management 220, 216–226.
| Coarse woody debris dynamics in a post-fire jack pine chronosequence and its relation with site productivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bramryd T, Fransman B (1995) Silvicultural use of wood ashes – effects on the nutrient and heavy metal balance in a pine (Pinus sylvestris, L) forest soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 85, 1039–1044.
| Silvicultural use of wood ashes – effects on the nutrient and heavy metal balance in a pine (Pinus sylvestris, L) forest soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhvVGrsL4%3D&md5=fdcb8007358d4f101890e04206ce1b36CAS |
Bremner JM, Keeney DR (1965) Steam distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite. Analytica Chimica Acta 32, 485–495.
| Steam distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2MXkt1Sjs78%3D&md5=afe00d36e50a0c5fd049a74cba7d49d7CAS |
Brown S, Mo JM, McPherson JK, Bell DT (1996) Decomposition of woody debris in Western Australian forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, 954–966.
| Decomposition of woody debris in Western Australian forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burt R (Ed.) (2009) Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual. US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey Investigations Report number 51, Version 1.0. (Lincoln, NE)
Castro J, Marañón-Jiménez S, Sánchez-Miranda A, Lorite J (2010) Efecto del manejo de la madera quemada sobre la regeneración forestal post-incendio: Desarrollo de técnicas blandas de restauración ecológica. In ‘Proyectos de investigación en parques nacionales: 2006–2009’ (Eds L Ramírez, B Asensio) pp. 139–157. (Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales: Madrid)
Castro J, Allen CD, Molina-Morales M, Marañón-Jiménez S, Sánchez-Miranda A, Zamora R (2011) Salvage logging versus the use of burnt wood as a nurse object to promote post-fire tree seedling establishment. Restoration Ecology 19, 537–544.
| Salvage logging versus the use of burnt wood as a nurse object to promote post-fire tree seedling establishment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Certini G (2005) Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143, 1–10.
| Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chapin FS, III, Matson PA, Mooney HA (Eds) (2002) ‘Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology.’ (Springer: New York)
Clarkson DT, Hanson JB (1980) The mineral nutrition of higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31, 239–298.
| The mineral nutrition of higher plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXks12msL0%3D&md5=88cb84957dda9cde028fb53c40f49c76CAS |
Cole DW, Rapp M (1981) Elemental cycling in forest ecosystems. In ‘Forest Soil Relationships in North America’. (Ed. DE Reichle) pp: 341- 409. (Cambridge University Press: London)
Czimczik CI, Preston CM, Schmidt MWI, Werner RA, Schulze ED (2002) Effects of charring on mass, organic carbon, and stable carbon isotope composition of wood. Organic Geochemistry 33, 1207–1223.
| Effects of charring on mass, organic carbon, and stable carbon isotope composition of wood.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotFKqtLY%3D&md5=5b6371c4ed7647c750a55bb96a047248CAS |
De Marco A, Gentile AE, Arena C, De Santo AV (2005) Organic matter, nutrient content and biological activity in burned and unburned soils of a Mediterranean maquis area of southern Italy. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, 365–377.
| Organic matter, nutrient content and biological activity in burned and unburned soils of a Mediterranean maquis area of southern Italy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1Crtb3N&md5=6cbbe1f309a65cbe904789d44620b95eCAS |
DeBano LF, Conrad CE (1978) Effect of fire on nutrients in a chaparral ecosystem. Ecology 59, 489–497.
| Effect of fire on nutrients in a chaparral ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXmtFCis7s%3D&md5=e97411740f7b7721e947907b7b141fddCAS |
DeBano LF, Neary DG, Ffolliott PF (Eds) (1998) ‘Fire’s Effects on Ecosystems.’ (Wiley: New York)
Delgado Calvo-Flores G, Sánchez Marañón M, Párraga Martínez JF, Martín García JM, García Corral PA, Soriano Rodríguez M, Delgado Calvo-Flores R (1993) Mapa de suelos de Lanjarón escala 1 : 100.000. Proyecto LUCDEME. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, ICONA, Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola de la Universidad de Granada. (Publicaciones del Instituto Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza: Madrid)
Donato DC, Fontaine JB, Campbell JL, Robinson WD, Kauffman JB, Law BE (2006) Post-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire risk. Science 311, 352
| Post-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire risk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntlyqsA%3D%3D&md5=9ce811a3bd073103fb38a7cf3f4d484dCAS |
Fernández C, Vega JA, Fonturbel T, Perez-Gorostiaga P, Jimenez E, Madrigal J (2007) Effects of wildfire, salvage logging and slash treatments on soil degradation. Land Degradation & Development 18, 591–607.
| Effects of wildfire, salvage logging and slash treatments on soil degradation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ferreira AJD, Coelho COA, Boulet AK, Lopes FP (2005) Temporal patterns of solute loss following wildfires in Central Portugal. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, 401–412.
| Temporal patterns of solute loss following wildfires in Central Portugal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1Crtb3P&md5=6fc11759a2196bf3eb38e165a070dd23CAS |
Fierro A, Rutigliano FA, De Marco A, Castaldi S, De Santo AV (2007) Post-fire stimulation of soil biogenic emission of CO2 in a sandy soil of a Mediterranean shrubland. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 573–583.
| Post-fire stimulation of soil biogenic emission of CO2 in a sandy soil of a Mediterranean shrubland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1eqsrjP&md5=d7d982c050b858633c34080c626a4410CAS |
Ganjegunte GK, Condrona LM, Clintonb PW, Davisb MR, Mahieuc N (2004) Decomposition and nutrient release from radiata pine (Pinus radiata) coarse woody debris. Forest Ecology and Management 187, 197–211.
| Decomposition and nutrient release from radiata pine (Pinus radiata) coarse woody debris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Godo GH, Reisenauer HM (1980) Plant effects on soil manganese availability. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44, 993–995.
| Plant effects on soil manganese availability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXivFemtQ%3D%3D&md5=729b6f86a6ed42246ce54690966153cfCAS |
Grove SJ, Meggs J (2003) Coarse woody debris, biodiversity and management: a review with particular reference to Tasmanian wet eucalypt forests. Australian Forestry 66, 258–272.
Harju L, Lill J-O, Saarela K-E, Heselius S-J, Hernberg FJ, Lindroos A (1997) Analysis of trace elements in trunk wood by thick-target PIXE using dry ashing for preconcentration. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry 358, 523–528.
| Analysis of trace elements in trunk wood by thick-target PIXE using dry ashing for preconcentration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXktFKntLc%3D&md5=c16461555b5fcc2732746b9a0ca7cd28CAS |
Helmisaari H-S (1995) Nutrient cycling in Pinus sylvestris stands in eastern Finland. Plant and Soil 168–169, 327–336.
| Nutrient cycling in Pinus sylvestris stands in eastern Finland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Iglesias T, Cala V, Gonzalez J (1997) Mineralogical and chemical modifications in soils affected by a forest fire in the Mediterranean area. The Science of the Total Environment 204, 89–96.
| Mineralogical and chemical modifications in soils affected by a forest fire in the Mediterranean area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlslCgs7o%3D&md5=5011f995c36c6f179523ba2e55d03c72CAS |
Ingestad T (1979) Mineral nutrient requirements of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum 45, 373–380.
| Mineral nutrient requirements of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXktlyhs7k%3D&md5=1ae1ace7ef326a939206e0d63dd291d9CAS |
Jobbágy EG, Jackson RB (2001) The distribution of soil nutrients with depth: global patterns and the imprint of plants. Biogeochemistry 53, 51–77.
| The distribution of soil nutrients with depth: global patterns and the imprint of plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson DW, Lindberg SE (Eds) (1992) ‘Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Cycling.’ (Springer Verlag: Berlin)
Johnson DW, Murphy JF, Susfalk RB, Caldwell TG, Miller WW, Walker RF, Powers RF (2005) The effects of wildfire, salvage logging, and post-fire N-fixation on the nutrient budgets of a Sierran forest. Forest Ecology and Management 220, 155–165.
| The effects of wildfire, salvage logging, and post-fire N-fixation on the nutrient budgets of a Sierran forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson BG, Johnson DW, Miller WW, Board DI (2012) The effects of ash influx on burned and unburned soil water-extractable nutrients using a mechanical vacuum extractor. Soil Science 177, 338–344.
| The effects of ash influx on burned and unburned soil water-extractable nutrients using a mechanical vacuum extractor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmtlyhsrY%3D&md5=9f7907fa04122dfff9a425865e1696b5CAS |
Jolliffe IT (Ed) (2002) ‘Principal Components Analysis’, Springer Series in Statistics. (Springer: New York)
Jurgensen MF, Harvey AE, Graham RT, Page-Dumroese DS, Tonn JR, Larsen MJ, Jain TB (1997) Impacts of timber harvesting on soil organic matter, nitrogen, productivity, and health of Inland Northwest forests. Forest Science 43, 234–251.
Killham K (Ed.) (1994) ‘Soil Ecology’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Lindenmayer DB, Foster DR, Franklin JF, Hunter ML, Noss RF, Schmiegelow FA, Perry D (2004) Salvage harvesting policies after natural disturbance. Science 303, 1303
| Salvage harvesting policies after natural disturbance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhslCrt78%3D&md5=7ce52d7c81bd5a63ec3252022d686444CAS |
Lindenmayer DB, Burton PJ, Franklin JF (Eds) (2008) ‘Salvage Logging and its Ecological Consequences.’ (Island Press: Washington, DC)
Marañón-Jiménez S, Castro J (2012) Effect of decomposing post-fire coarse woody debris on soil fertility and nutrient availability in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Biogeochemistry
| Effect of decomposing post-fire coarse woody debris on soil fertility and nutrient availability in a Mediterranean ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marañón-Jiménez S, Castro J, Kowalski AS, Serrano-Ortiz P, Reverter BR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Zamora R (2011) Post-fire soil respiration in relation to burnt wood management in a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management 261, 1436–1447.
| Post-fire soil respiration in relation to burnt wood management in a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McIver JD, Starr L (2001) A literature review on the environmental effects of postfire logging. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, 159–168.
Merino A, Rey C, Brañas J, Soalleiro RR (2003) Biomasa arbórea y acumulación de nutrientes en plantaciones de Pinus radiata D. Don en Galicia. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales 12, 85–98.
Merino A, Rey C, Brañas J, Rodríguez-Soalleiro RR (2003) Biomasa arbórea y acumulación de nutrientes en plantaciones de Pinus radiata D. Don en Galicia. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales 12, 85–98.
Merino A, Balboa MA, Soalleiro RR, Gonzalez JGA (2005) Nutrient exports under different harvesting regimes in fast-growing forest plantations in southern Europe. Forest Ecology and Management 207, 325–339.
| Nutrient exports under different harvesting regimes in fast-growing forest plantations in southern Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Métodos Oficiales de Análisis de Suelos y Aguas, Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca (1981) Orden de 17 de septiembre de 1981.
Miller HG (1986) Carbon × nutrient interactions – the limitations to productivity. Tree Physiology 2, 373–385.
| Carbon × nutrient interactions – the limitations to productivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXkt1anu7k%3D&md5=ba3c363f2c56e622d4352d1aafd254e9CAS |
Montero G, Ortega C, Cañellas I, Bachiller A (1999) Productividad aérea y dinámica de nutrientes en una repoblación de Pinus pinaster Ait. sometida a distintos regímenes de claras. Investigación agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales – Fuera de Serie 1, 175–206.
Montero G, Ruiz-Peinado R, Muñoz M (Eds) (2006) ‘Producción de biomasa y fijación de CO2 por los Bosques Españoles’. (Monografías Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria: Madrid)
Morales-Baquero R, Pulido-Villena E, Reche I (2006) Atmospheric inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen to the southwest Mediterranean region: biogeochemical responses of high mountain lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 51, 830–837.
| Atmospheric inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen to the southwest Mediterranean region: biogeochemical responses of high mountain lakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjsVOktL4%3D&md5=f09b00b092b637799aacce634e6925a7CAS |
Moro MJ, Domingo F (2000) Litter decomposition in four woody species in a Mediterranean climate: weight loss, N and P dynamics. Annals of Botany 86, 1065–1071.
| Litter decomposition in four woody species in a Mediterranean climate: weight loss, N and P dynamics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXot1Kku7w%3D&md5=7ddc9f1b4c73a63acba868d1ae1fbd87CAS |
Moro MJ, Domingo F, Escarre A (1996) Organic matter and nitrogen cycles in a pine afforested catchment with a shrub layer of Adenocarpus decorticans and Cistus laurifolius in south-eastern Spain. Annals of Botany 78, 675–685.
| Organic matter and nitrogen cycles in a pine afforested catchment with a shrub layer of Adenocarpus decorticans and Cistus laurifolius in south-eastern Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtFKrtA%3D%3D&md5=0235d1d3f58beff3930c2bb8dc6b1c85CAS |
Näsholm T, Kielland K, Ganeteg U (2009) Uptake of organic nitrogen by plants. New Phytologist 182, 31–48.
| Uptake of organic nitrogen by plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Neary DG, Klopatek CC, DeBano LF, Ffolliott PF (1999) Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management 122, 51–71.
| Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ouro G, Pérez-Batallón P, Merino A (2001) Effects of sylvicultural practices on nutrient status in a Pinus radiata plantation: nutrient export by tree removal and nutrient dynamics in decomposing logging residues. Annals of Forest Science 58, 411–422.
| Effects of sylvicultural practices on nutrient status in a Pinus radiata plantation: nutrient export by tree removal and nutrient dynamics in decomposing logging residues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oyonarte C, Aranda V, Durante P (2008) Soil surface properties in Mediterranean mountain ecosystems: effects of environmental factors and implications of management. Forest Ecology and Management 254, 156–165.
| Soil surface properties in Mediterranean mountain ecosystems: effects of environmental factors and implications of management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Padilla FM, Vidal B, Sánchez J, Pugnaire FI (2010) Land-use changes and carbon sequestration through the twentieth century in a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem: implications for land management. Journal of Environmental Management 91, 2688–2695.
| Land-use changes and carbon sequestration through the twentieth century in a Mediterranean mountain ecosystem: implications for land management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFyhsrzO&md5=e2a13905363d7be8ead396c8bbfe7e7aCAS |
Page-Dumroese DS, Jurgensen MF (2006) Soil carbon and nitrogen pools in mid- to late-successional forest stands of the northwestern United States: potential impact of fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, 2270–2284.
| Soil carbon and nitrogen pools in mid- to late-successional forest stands of the northwestern United States: potential impact of fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlSktrrK&md5=20f32f972caea76b20dc8a91aa9ce179CAS |
Paine RT, Tegner MJ, Johnson EA (1998) Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises. Ecosystems 1, 535–545.
| Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Palviainen M, Finer L, Laiho R, Shorohova E, Kapitsa E, Vanha-Majamaa I (2010a) Carbon and nitrogen release from decomposing Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch stumps. Forest Ecology and Management 259, 390–398.
| Carbon and nitrogen release from decomposing Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch stumps.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Palviainen M, Finer L, Laiho R, Shorohova E, Kapitsa E, Vanha-Majamaa I (2010b) Phosphorus and base cation accumulation and release patterns in decomposing Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch stumps. Forest Ecology and Management 260, 1478–1489.
| Phosphorus and base cation accumulation and release patterns in decomposing Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch stumps.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pansu M, Gautheyrou J (Eds) (2006) ‘Handbook of Soil Analysis. Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods’. (Springer: Montpellier)
Pereira P, Úbeda X, Martin D, Mataix-Solera J, Guerrero C (2011) Effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash from a cork oak (Quercus suber) forest located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Environmental Research 111, 237–247.
| Effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash from a cork oak (Quercus suber) forest located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlKqsLk%3D&md5=9c8d0638aea47aecb0902f80bca39804CAS |
Porta J, López-Acevedo M, Roquero C (Eds) (2003) ‘Edafología para la agricultura y el medio ambiente.’ (Mundiprensa: Madrid)
Quinn GP, Keough MJ (Eds) (2009) ‘Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Rademacher P (2005) Contents of nutrient elements in tree components of economical important species in relation to their residual utilisation. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 63, 285–296.
| Contents of nutrient elements in tree components of economical important species in relation to their residual utilisation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFajt7zI&md5=ce52bb41057a4cd70fe85ec088809a83CAS |
Raison RJ (1979) Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations – review. Plant and Soil 51, 73–108.
| Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations – review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXhvVGntrY%3D&md5=67693dcf8552b1be68759620a0482e0eCAS |
Saarela KE, Harju L, Lill JO, Rajander J, Lindroos A, Heselius SJ, Saari K (2002) Thick-target PIXE analysis of trace elements in wood incoming to a pulp mill. Holzforschung 56, 380–387.
| Thick-target PIXE analysis of trace elements in wood incoming to a pulp mill.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVShur0%3D&md5=4429b839ef2311fd2ce4b9aa8dfdac28CAS |
Sánchez-Marañón M, Delgado R, Párraga J, Delgado G (1996) Multivariate analysis in the quantitative evaluation of soils for reforestation in the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Geoderma 69, 233–248.
| Multivariate analysis in the quantitative evaluation of soils for reforestation in the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schinner F, Öhlinger R, Kandeler E, Margesin R (Eds) (1995) ‘Methods in Soil Biology.’ (Springer: Berlin)
Serrano-Ortiz P, Marañón-Jiménez S, Reverter BR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Castro J, Zamora R, Kowalski AS (2011) Post-fire salvage logging reduces carbon sequestration in Mediterranean coniferous forest. Forest Ecology and Management 262, 2287–2296.
| Post-fire salvage logging reduces carbon sequestration in Mediterranean coniferous forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shakesby RA (2011) Post-wildfire soil erosion in the Mediterranean: review and future research directions. Earth-Science Reviews 105, 71–100.
| Post-wildfire soil erosion in the Mediterranean: review and future research directions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silver WL (1998) The potential effects of elevated CO2 and climate change on tropical forest soils and biochemical cycling. Climatic Change 39, 337–361.
| The potential effects of elevated CO2 and climate change on tropical forest soils and biochemical cycling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlslWntbc%3D&md5=72deeb0fb06824b3b1e579bf47fed431CAS |
Sparks DL (Ed.) (1996) ‘Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods.’ (Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI)
Stocks BJ, Alexander ME, Wotton BM, Stefner CN, Flannigan MD, Taylor SW, Lavoie N, Mason JA, Hartley GR, Maffey ME, Dalrymple GN, Blake TW, Cruz MG, Lanoville RA (2004) Crown fire behaviour in a northern jack pine-black spruce forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 1548–1560.
| Crown fire behaviour in a northern jack pine-black spruce forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thomas AD, Walsh RPD, Shakesby RA (1999) Nutrient losses in eroded sediment after fire in eucalyptus and pine forests in the wet Mediterranean environment of northern Portugal. Catena 36, 283–302.
| Nutrient losses in eroded sediment after fire in eucalyptus and pine forests in the wet Mediterranean environment of northern Portugal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thomas AD, Walsh RPD, Shakesby RA (2000) Post-fire forestry management and nutrient losses in eucalyptus and pine plantations, northern Portugal. Land Degradation & Development 11, 257–271.
| Post-fire forestry management and nutrient losses in eucalyptus and pine plantations, northern Portugal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tinker DB, Knight DH (2000) Coarse woody debris following fire and logging in Wyoming lodgepole pine forests. Ecosystems 3, 472–483.
| Coarse woody debris following fire and logging in Wyoming lodgepole pine forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trabaud L (1994) The effect of fire on nutrient losses and cycling in a Quercus coccifera garrigue (southern France). Oecologia 99, 379–386.
| The effect of fire on nutrient losses and cycling in a Quercus coccifera garrigue (southern France).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Troeh FR, Thompson LM (Eds) (2005) ‘Soils and Soil Fertility.’ (Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK)
van Wesemael B (1993) Litter decomposition and nutrient distribution in humus profiles in some Mediterranean forests in Southern Tuscany. Forest Ecology and Management 57, 99–114.
| Litter decomposition and nutrient distribution in humus profiles in some Mediterranean forests in Southern Tuscany.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wan SQ, Hui DF, Luo YQ (2001) Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Ecological Applications 11, 1349–1365.
| Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Watanabe S, Olsen RS (1965) Test of an ascorbic acid method for determining phosphorus in water and NaHCO3 extracts from soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 29, 677–678.
| Test of an ascorbic acid method for determining phosphorus in water and NaHCO3 extracts from soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF28XovVahsA%3D%3D&md5=dca8babfc360e845dc22944242f82f8eCAS |
Wei X, Kimmins JP, Peel K, Steen O (1997) Mass and nutrients in woody debris in harvested and wildfire-killed lodgepole pine forests in the central interior of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27, 148–155.
| Mass and nutrients in woody debris in harvested and wildfire-killed lodgepole pine forests in the central interior of British Columbia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whelan RJ (Ed.) (1995) ‘The Ecology of Fire. Cambridge Studies in Ecology.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Whittig LD, Allardice WR (1986) X-ray diffraction techniques. In ‘Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods’. (Ed. A Klute) pp. 331–362. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI)
Yang YS, Guo JF, Chen GS, He ZM, Xie JS (2003) Effect of slash burning on nutrient removal and soil fertility in Chinese fir and evergreen broadleaved forests of mid-subtropical China. Pedosphere 13, 87–96.
Yildiz O, Esen D, Sarginci M, Toprak B (2010) Effects of forest fire on soil nutrients in Turkish pine (Pinus brutia, Ten.) ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Biology 31, 11–13.
Zar JH (2010) ‘Biostatistical Analysis’, 5th edn. (Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ).
