Climate–fire interactions during the Holocene: a test of the utility of charcoal morphotypes in a sediment core from the boreal region of north-western Ontario (Canada)
Melissa T. Moos A B and Brian F. Cumming A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
B Corresponding author. Email: melissa.t.moos@gmail.com
International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(6) 640-652 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF10117
Submitted: 21 October 2010 Accepted: 12 January 2012 Published: 27 June 2012
Abstract
Charcoal accumulation rates and fire-return intervals were calculated from total charcoal and charcoal morphotypes over the Holocene, from a well-dated sediment core from Lake 239 located in north-western Ontario, and compared with previously published independent climate reconstructions. Both total and morphotype analysis show a two-to-three fold increase in accumulation rates in the early-to-mid Holocene (range: 1 to 6 pieces cm–2 year–1) compared with the early and late Holocene (range: 0 to 2 pieces cm–2 year–1). Fire-return intervals and fire frequencies calculated during these periods, based on peak analysis, showed very different trends. The fire-return interval based on Type M charcoal, a morphotype associated with primary charcoal deposition, was high during the early and late Holocene, and low from ~7500 to 4000 cal year BP, with high inferred fire frequency during the warm mid-Holocene (~12.5 fires per 1000 years), compared with <5 fires per 1000 years over the rest of the Holocene, whereas fire-return interval and fire frequency based on total charcoal did not show patterns consistent with climate. These results suggest that a two- to three-fold increase in fire frequency would not be unexpected in the future under a predicted warmer climate.
Additional keywords: Experimental Lakes Area, paleoclimate, prairie–boreal ecotone.
References
Agee JK, Skinner CN (2005) Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 211, 83–96.| Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Asselin H, Payette S (2005) Late Holocene opening of the forest tundra landscape in northern Quebec, Canada. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14, 307–313.
| Late Holocene opening of the forest tundra landscape in northern Quebec, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Binford MW (1990) Calculation and uncertainty analysis of 210Pb dates for PIRLA project lake sediment cores. Journal of Paleolimnology 3, 253–267.
| Calculation and uncertainty analysis of 210Pb dates for PIRLA project lake sediment cores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Björck S (1985) Deglaciation chronology and revegetation in north-western Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 850–871.
| Deglaciation chronology and revegetation in north-western Ontario.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bradbury JP (1996) Charcoal deposition and redeposition in Elk Lake, Minnesota, USA. The Holocene 6, 339–344.
| Charcoal deposition and redeposition in Elk Lake, Minnesota, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown KJ, Clark JS, Grimm EC, Donovan JJ, Mueller PG, Hansen BCS, Stefanova I (2005) Fire cycles in North American interior grasslands and their relation to prairie drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 8865–8870.
| Fire cycles in North American interior grasslands and their relation to prairie drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlvF2qur8%3D&md5=13ec87547bc78ceb24fc0387e7cf2b6cCAS |
Brunelle A, Whitlock C, Bartlein P, Kipfmueller K (2005) Holocene fire and vegetation along environmental gradients in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 2281–2300.
| Holocene fire and vegetation along environmental gradients in the Northern Rocky Mountains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brunskill GJ, Schindler DW (1971) Geography and bathymetry of selected lake basins, Experimental Lakes Area, north-western Ontario. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28, 139–155.
| Geography and bathymetry of selected lake basins, Experimental Lakes Area, north-western Ontario.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Camill P, Umbanhowar CE, Teed R, Geiss CE, Aldinger J, Dvorak L, Kenning J, Limmer J, Walkup K (2003) Late-glacial and Holocene climatic effects on fire and vegetation dynamics at the prairie–forest ecotone in south-central Minnesota. Journal of Ecology 91, 822–836.
| Late-glacial and Holocene climatic effects on fire and vegetation dynamics at the prairie–forest ecotone in south-central Minnesota.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carcaillet C, Bergeron Y, Richard PJH, Frechette B, Gauthier S, Prairie YT (2001) Change of fire frequency in the eastern Canadian boreal forests during the Holocene: does vegetation composition or climate trigger the fire regime? Journal of Ecology 89, 930–946.
| Change of fire frequency in the eastern Canadian boreal forests during the Holocene: does vegetation composition or climate trigger the fire regime?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clark JS (1988a) Particle motion and the theory of charcoal analysis: source area, transport, deposition, and sampling. Quaternary Research 30, 67–80.
| Particle motion and the theory of charcoal analysis: source area, transport, deposition, and sampling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clark JS (1988b) Effect of climate change on fire regimes in north-western Minnesota. Nature 334, 233–235.
| Effect of climate change on fire regimes in north-western Minnesota.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clark JS, Lynch JA, Stocks BJ, Goldammer JD (1998) Relationships between charcoal particles in air and sediments in west-central Siberia. The Holocene 8, 19–29.
| Relationships between charcoal particles in air and sediments in west-central Siberia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clark JS, Grimm EC, Donovan JJ, Fritz SC, Engstrom DR, Almendinger JE (2002) Drought cycles and landscape responses to past aridity on prairies of the northern Great Plains, USA. Ecology 83, 595–601.
| Drought cycles and landscape responses to past aridity on prairies of the northern Great Plains, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cleveland WS (1979) Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74, 829–836.
| Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coues E (1897) ‘The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry and David Thompson.’ (Ross and Haines: Minneapolis, MN)
Davies JC, Pryslak AP (1967) Ontario Department of Mines Map 2115, Kenora–Fort Frances Sheet, Geological Compilation Series, Kenora, Rainy River Districts. (Kenora, ON)
Dewdney S, Kidd KE (1967) ‘Indian Rock Paintings of the Great Lakes.’ (University of Toronto Press: Toronto, ON)
Dyke AS (2005) Late Quaternary vegetation history of northern North America based on pollen, macrofossil, and faunal remains. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 59, 211–262.
Enache MD, Cumming BF (2006) Tracking recorded fires using charcoal morphology from the sedimentary sequence of Prosser Lake, British Columbia (Canada). Quaternary Research 65, 282–292.
| Tracking recorded fires using charcoal morphology from the sedimentary sequence of Prosser Lake, British Columbia (Canada).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Enache MD, Cumming BF (2007) Charcoal morphotypes in lake sediments from British Columbia (Canada): an assessment of their utility for the reconstruction of past fire and precipitation. Journal of Paleolimnology 38, 347–363.
| Charcoal morphotypes in lake sediments from British Columbia (Canada): an assessment of their utility for the reconstruction of past fire and precipitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Enache MD, Cumming BF (2009) Extreme fires under warmer and drier conditions inferred from sedimentary charcoal morphotypes from Opatcho Lake, central British Columbia, Canada. The Holocene 19, 835–846.
| Extreme fires under warmer and drier conditions inferred from sedimentary charcoal morphotypes from Opatcho Lake, central British Columbia, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Flannigan MD, Campbell I, Wotton M, Carcaillet C, Richard P, Bergeron Y (2001) Future fire in Canada’s boreal forest: paleoecology results and general circulation model simulations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 854–864.
| Future fire in Canada’s boreal forest: paleoecology results and general circulation model simulations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Flannigan MD, Logan KA, Amiro BD, Skinner WR, Stocks BJ (2005) Future area burned in Canada. Climatic Change 72, 1–16.
| Future area burned in Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVyisrzM&md5=5ed90e946db316b8c5b1809c1b49e465CAS |
Flannigan MD, Krawchuk MA, de Groot WJ, Wotton BM, Gowman LM (2009a) Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 483–507.
| Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Flannigan MD, Stocks B, Turetsky M, Wotton M (2009b) Impacts of climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circumboreal forest. Global Change Biology 15, 549–560.
| Impacts of climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circumboreal forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gavin D, Brubaker L, Lertzman KP (2003) Holocene fire history of a coastal temperate rain forest based on soil charcoal radiocarbon dates. Ecology 84, 186–201.
| Holocene fire history of a coastal temperate rain forest based on soil charcoal radiocarbon dates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gavin DG, Hallett DJ, Hu FS, Lertzman KP, Prichard SJ, Brown KJ, Lynch JA, Bartlein P, Peterson DL (2007) Forest fire and climate change in western North America: insights from sediment charcoal records. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5, 499–506.
| Forest fire and climate change in western North America: insights from sediment charcoal records.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Glew JR, Smol JP, Last WM (2001) Sediment core collection and extrusion. In ‘Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 1: Basin Analysis, Coring and Chronological Techniques’. (Eds WM Last, JP Smol) pp. 73–105. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, the Netherlands)
Grimm EC (1983) Chronology and dynamics of vegetation change in the prairie–woodland region of southern Minnesota, USA. New Phytologist 93, 311–350.
| Chronology and dynamics of vegetation change in the prairie–woodland region of southern Minnesota, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grimm EC (2001) Trends and palaeoecological problems in the vegetation and climate history of the northern Great Plains, USA. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 101B, 47–64.
Grimm EC (2004) TILIA and TILIA GRAPH computer programs, ver. 2.0.2. (Illinois State Museum Research and Collections Center: Springfield, IL)
Hallett DJ, Anderson RS (2010) Paleofire reconstruction for high-elevation forests in the Sierra Nevada, California, with implications for wildfire synchrony and climate variability in the late Holocene. Quaternary Research 73, 180–190.
| Paleofire reconstruction for high-elevation forests in the Sierra Nevada, California, with implications for wildfire synchrony and climate variability in the late Holocene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXis1yhtLg%3D&md5=4f6b8a733cdfe73c55bd0555af025eb9CAS |
Hallett DJ, Hills L (2006) Holocene vegetation dynamics, fire history, lake level and climate change in the Kootenay Valley, south-eastern British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Paleolimnology 35, 351–371.
| Holocene vegetation dynamics, fire history, lake level and climate change in the Kootenay Valley, south-eastern British Columbia, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Higuera PE, Sprugel DG, Brubaker LB (2005) Reconstructing fire regimes with charcoal from small-hollow sediments: a calibration with tree-ring records of fire. The Holocene 15, 238–251.
| Reconstructing fire regimes with charcoal from small-hollow sediments: a calibration with tree-ring records of fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Higuera PE, Peters ME, Brubaker LB, Gavin D (2007) Understanding the origin and analysis of sediment-charcoal records with a simulation model. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 1790–1809.
| Understanding the origin and analysis of sediment-charcoal records with a simulation model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Higuera PE, Brubaker LB, Anderson PM, Brown TA, Kennedy AT, Hu FS (2008) Frequent fires in ancient shrub tundra: implications of paleorecords for Arctic environmental change. PLoS ONE 3, e0001744
| Frequent fires in ancient shrub tundra: implications of paleorecords for Arctic environmental change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Higuera PE, Brubaker LB, Anderson PM, Hu FS, Brown TA (2009) Vegetation mediated the impacts of postglacial climate change on fire regimes in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska. Ecological Monographs 79, 201–219.
| Vegetation mediated the impacts of postglacial climate change on fire regimes in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoffa EA, Ward DE, Hao WM, Susott RA, Wakimoto RH (1999) Seasonality of carbon emissions from biomass burning in a Zambian savanna. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 13 841–13 853.
| Seasonality of carbon emissions from biomass burning in a Zambian savanna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkt1Ort7k%3D&md5=3ee60cb5169f771e27ed154077507a68CAS |
Hudson Bay Company Records (1872) ‘Fur Trading Routes.’ (Archives of Manitoba: Winnipeg, MB)
IPCC (2007) ‘Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.’ (Eds RK Pachauri, A Reisinger) (IPCC: Geneva, Switzerland)
Juggins S (2003) ‘C2 Software for Ecological and Palaeoecological Data Analysis and Visualization. User Guide Version 1.3.’ (University of Newcastle: Newcastle, UK)
Krawchuk MA, Cumming SG, Flannigan MD (2009) Predicted changes in fire weather suggest increases in lightning fire initiation and future area burned in the mixed wood boreal forest. Climatic Change 92, 83–97.
| Predicted changes in fire weather suggest increases in lightning fire initiation and future area burned in the mixed wood boreal forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjtFOltw%3D%3D&md5=d6a27ffe8819138eccaf5660065c5038CAS |
Laird KR, Cumming BF (2008) Reconstruction of Holocene lake level from diatoms, chrysophytes and organic matter in a drainage lake from the Experimental Lakes Area (north-western Ontario, Canada). Quaternary Research 69, 292–305.
| Reconstruction of Holocene lake level from diatoms, chrysophytes and organic matter in a drainage lake from the Experimental Lakes Area (north-western Ontario, Canada).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Laird KR, Cumming BF, Wunsam S, Rusak JA, Oglesby RJ, Fritz SC, Leavitt PR (2003) Lake sediments record large-scale shifts in moisture regimes across the northern prairies of North America during the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 2483–2488.
| Lake sediments record large-scale shifts in moisture regimes across the northern prairies of North America during the past two millennia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitVais74%3D&md5=8de0d342cc161b5cdbf734830deba937CAS |
Lepofsky D, Lertzman K, Hallett D, Mathewes R (2005) Climate change and culture change on the southern coast of British Columbia 2400–1200 cal. B.P.: an hypothesis. Society for American Archaeology 70, 267–293.
Long CJ, Whitlock C, Bartlein PJ, Millspaugh SH (1998) A 9000-year fire history from the Oregon Coast Range, based on a high-resolution charcoal study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, 774–787.
| A 9000-year fire history from the Oregon Coast Range, based on a high-resolution charcoal study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lutz JA, van Wagtendonk JW, Thode AE, Miller JD, Franklin JF (2009) Climate, lightning ignitions, and fire severity in Yosemite National Park, California, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 765–774.
| Climate, lightning ignitions, and fire severity in Yosemite National Park, California, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lynch JA, Hollis JL, Hu FS (2004) Climatic and landscape controls of the boreal forest fire regime: Holocene records from Alaska. Journal of Ecology 92, 477–489.
| Climatic and landscape controls of the boreal forest fire regime: Holocene records from Alaska.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Macias Fauria M, Johnson EA (2008) Climate and wildfires in the North American boreal forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B – Biological sciences 363, 2315–2327.
| Climate and wildfires in the North American boreal forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marlon JR, Bartlein PJ, Carcaillet C, Gavin DG, Harrison SP, Higuera PE, Joos F, Power MJ, Prentice IC (2008) Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience 1, 697–702.
| Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFOlur7E&md5=b7ec71056c864dfcd2db94be9b631e73CAS |
McAndrews JH (1982) Holocene environment of a fossil bison from Kenora, Ontario. Ontario Archaeology 37, 41–51.
Millspaugh SH, Whitlock C, Bartlein PJ (2000) Variations in fire frequency and climate over the last 17 000 years in Yellowstone National Park. Geology 28, 211–214.
| Variations in fire frequency and climate over the last 17 000 years in Yellowstone National Park.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ministry of Natural Resources (2008) Fire history. Available at http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/AFFM/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165823.html [Verified 29 May 2012]
Moos MT, Cumming BF (2011) Changes in the parkland–boreal forest boundary in north-western Ontario over the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1232–1242.
| Changes in the parkland–boreal forest boundary in north-western Ontario over the Holocene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moos MT, Laird KR, Cumming BF (2009) Climate-related eutrophication of a small boreal lake in north-western Ontario: a paleolimnological perspective. The Holocene 19, 359–367.
| Climate-related eutrophication of a small boreal lake in north-western Ontario: a paleolimnological perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nelson DM, Hu FS (2008) Patterns and drivers of Holocene vegetational change near the prairie–forest ecotone in Minnesota: revisiting McAndrews’ transect. New Phytologist 179, 449–459.
| Patterns and drivers of Holocene vegetational change near the prairie–forest ecotone in Minnesota: revisiting McAndrews’ transect.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nelson DM, Hu FS, Grimm EC, Curry BB, Slate JE (2006) The influence of aridity and fire on Holocene prairie communities in the eastern prairie peninsula. Ecology 87, 2523–2536.
| The influence of aridity and fire on Holocene prairie communities in the eastern prairie peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Overpeck JT, Rind D, Goldberg R (1990) Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature 343, 51–53.
| Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parker BR, Schindler DW, Beaty KG, Stainton MP, Kasian SEM (2009) Long-term changes in climate, streamflow, and nutrient budgets for first-order catchments at the Experimental Lakes Area (Ontario, Canada). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, 1848–1863.
| Long-term changes in climate, streamflow, and nutrient budgets for first-order catchments at the Experimental Lakes Area (Ontario, Canada).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlCjsbnP&md5=ecc775c89676ffab1c42095a6ada6560CAS |
Power MJ, Marlon J, Ortiz N, Bartlein PJ, Harrison SP, Mayle FE, Ballouche A, Bradshaw RHW, Carcaillet C, Cordova C, Mooney S, Moreno PI, Prentice IC, Thonicke K, Tinner W, Whitlock C, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Ali AA, Anderson RS, Beer R, Behling H, Briles C, Brown KJ, Brunelle A, Bush M, Camill P, Chu GQ, Clark J, Colombaroli D, Connor S, Daniau AL, Daniels M, Dodson J, Doughty E, Edwards ME, Finsinger W, Foster D, Frechette J, Gaillard MJ, Gavin DG, Gobet E, Haberle S, Hallett DJ, Higuera P, Hope G, Horn S, Inoue J, Kaltenrieder P, Kennedy L, Kong ZC, Larsen C, Long CJ, Lynch J, McGlone M, Meeks S, Mensing S, Meyer G, Minckley T, Mohr J, Nelson DM, New J, Newman R, Noti R, Oswald W, Pierce J, Richard PJH, Rowe C, Sanchez Goni MF, Shuman BN, Takahara H, Toney J, Turney C, Urrego-Sanchez DH, Umbanhower C, Vandergoes M, Vanniere B, Vescovi E, Walsh M, Wang X, Williams N, Wilmhurst J, Zhang JH (2008) Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: as assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data. Climate Dynamics 30, 887–907.
| Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: as assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Price C (2009) Will a drier climate result in more lightning? Atmospheric Research 91, 479–484.
| Will a drier climate result in more lightning?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ryan KC (2002) Dynamic interactions between forest structure and fire behavior in boreal ecosystems. Silva Fennica 36, 13–39.
Schelske CL, Peplow A, Brenner M, Spencer CN (1994) Low-background gamma counting: applications for 210Pb dating of sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology 10, 115–128.
| Low-background gamma counting: applications for 210Pb dating of sediments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schindler DW, Bayley SE, Parker BR, Beaty KG, Cruikshank DR, Fee EJ, Schindler EU, Stainton MP (1996) The effects of climatic warming on the properties of boreal lakes and streams at the Experimental Lakes Area, north-western Ontario. Limnology and Oceanography 41, 1004–1017.
| The effects of climatic warming on the properties of boreal lakes and streams at the Experimental Lakes Area, north-western Ontario.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmvF2ntro%3D&md5=da9eb90814f74fe1ab245c2089f389c6CAS |
Schindler DW, Curtis PJ, Bayley SE, Parker BR, Beaty KG, Stainton MP (1997) Climate-induced changes in the dissolved organic carbon budgets of boreal lakes. Biogeochemistry 36, 9–28.
| Climate-induced changes in the dissolved organic carbon budgets of boreal lakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhvVejtbY%3D&md5=d1f719ea8daa43a836118e2cedebdbadCAS |
Soja AJ, Tchebakova NM, French NHF, Flannigan MD, Shugart HH, Stocks BJ, Sukhinin AI, Parfenova EI, Chapin FS, Stackhouse PW (2007) Climate-induced boreal forest change: predictions versus current observations. Global and Planetary Change 56, 274–296.
| Climate-induced boreal forest change: predictions versus current observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swetnam TW, Baisan CH, Caprio AC, Brown PM, Touchan R, Anderson RS, Hallett DJ (2009) Multi-millennial fire history of the giant forest, Sequoia National Park, California, USA. Fire Ecology 5, 120–150.
| Multi-millennial fire history of the giant forest, Sequoia National Park, California, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trouet V, Taylor AH, Carelton AM, Skinner CN (2006) Fire–climate interactions in the forests of the American Pacific coast. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L18704
Van Sleeuwen M (2006) ‘Natural Fire Regimes in Ontario.’ (Ministry of Natural Resources, Queen’s Printer for Ontario: Toronto, ON)
Weisberg PJ, Swanson FJ (2003) Regional synchroneity in fire regimes of western Oregon and Washington, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 172, 17–28.
| Regional synchroneity in fire regimes of western Oregon and Washington, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whitlock C, Larsen C (2001) Charcoal as a fire proxy. In ‘Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments Volume 3: Terrestrial, Algal and Siliceous Indicators’. (Eds WM Last, JP Smol) pp. 75–98. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, the Netherlands)
Whitlock C, Millspaugh SH (1996) Testing the assumptions of fire history studies: an examination of modern charcoal accumulation in Yellowstone National Park, USA. The Holocene 6, 7–15.
| Testing the assumptions of fire history studies: an examination of modern charcoal accumulation in Yellowstone National Park, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whitlock C, Shafer SL, Marlon J (2003) The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the north-western US and the implications for ecosystem management. Forest Ecology and Management 178, 5–21.
| The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the north-western US and the implications for ecosystem management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams JW, Shuman B, Bartlein JP (2009) Rapid responses of the prairie–forest ecotone to the early Holocene aridity in mid-continental North America. Global and Planetary Change 66, 195–207.
| Rapid responses of the prairie–forest ecotone to the early Holocene aridity in mid-continental North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yu ZC, McAndrews JH, Eicher U (1997) Middle Holocene dry climate caused by change in atmospheric circulation patterns: evidence from lake levels and stable isotopes. Geology 25, 251–254.
| Middle Holocene dry climate caused by change in atmospheric circulation patterns: evidence from lake levels and stable isotopes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXit12ktLk%3D&md5=7d85919e10fb56d9ad685ab2063e8cdcCAS |
